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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of solar energy to heat fluids is an old and well-known procedure
which has in recent years evoked greater interest because of the
increasing shortage of fossil fuels which are most commonly used for such
heating purposes.
While the basic technology of utilizing the sun's rays to heat a fluid,
such as a liquid or a gas, is known, this technology has found limited
application because of the difficulty in making apparatus for this purpose
which is efficient and relatively inexpensive. In large measure, cost of
equipment and of on-site assembly thereof have been a major problem
mitigating against use of solar energy cells to heat small structures such
as one-family residences.
Thus, most solar heating units must be especially fabricated for the
particular structure to be heated. Therefore, such units being custom
fabricated are quite expensive and their use generally limited to large
commercial or educational buildings. Attempts to overcome this problem by
having a standard factory manufactured solar collector for smaller
structures have not been successful since such structures vary so widely
in heating requirements because of their size differences, various types
of construction, local climatic conditions, and the like, that there is no
one collector size that is suitable for any large percentage of these
structures. Modular units have, heretofore, also not been entirely
practical because of the difficulty and cost of assembling and
disassembling them for use.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes the difficulties of the prior art by
providing solar energy heating modules which can be used alone or readily
assembled into solar heating assemblies of varying capacity dependent upon
the heating desired.
Briefly stated, the present invention comprises a solar energy heating
module comprising a sealable chamber having cross-flow radiator means
therein dividing said chamber into a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet
compartment, means to supply a fluid to said chamber, and means to remove
fluid from said chamber. In its preferred embodiment, the invention
includes at least one perforated sleeve in said inlet compartment. The
invention also comprises an assembly of the modules having a common intake
manifold.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of an assembly of
solar heating modules in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is an elevational view, partially broken away, of an alternate
embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIGS. 1 to 4, there is shown solar energy heating assembly 10
comprising a plurality of individual modules 11. While modules 11 have
been shown in perspective view as being in an essentially vertical
position, in use the assembly will be made to face toward the south and
tilted at an approximate 60.degree. angle from the horizontal.
The modules 11 comprise sealable fluid-tight chambers of generally
rectangular shape formed by a top wall 12, bottom wall 13, side walls 14,
rear wall 15, and front wall 16. All of the walls, with the exception of
front wall 16, are preferably made of a non-heat conductive material, such
as wood or plastic, although metals can also be used. Front wall 16 is
formed of a transparent material such as glass or plastic film 17,
preferably a plastic film such as polycarbonate (LEXAN). It is preferred
to use two spaced-apart layers of plastic film 17 as best shown in FIG. 4;
the spacing aiding in preventing heat loss through the front wall.
The interior of the chamber, again with the exception of front wall 16, is
preferably lined with insulating material 18 such as an expanded plastic
foam (Styrofoam) or any other material commonly used for this purpose. The
exposed outer surface of insulating material 18 is covered with a heat
absorbing material such as a black film or black paint of the type
conventionally used.
Upper aligned openings 19 are provided in side walls 14 and upper
perforated sleeve 20 extends across the interior of the module from one
opening 19 to the other. Sleeve 20 can be attached to the chamber by
having the diameter of openings 19 and sleeve 20 matched so that sleeve 20
is force-fit into openings 19 and securely held in place as shown in FIG.
3. Alternately, the sleeve can be held in place by seals as is illustrated
in FIG. 6. Though not shown, the seals can be fashioned so that the
flanges thereof extend for a substantial distance into the chamber. The
flanges can then be perforated to aid in control of fluid flow as
discussed below and sleeve 20 dispensed with. In like manner, lower
aligned side openings 21 are provided in side walls 14 with lower
perforated sleeve 22 or seals with extended flanges affixed therein and
spanning the module 11. Although not depicted, there can be two or more
upper and lower sleeves, or seals with extended flanges, utilized together
with the necessary complementary additional upper and lower aligned
openings.
Radiator means 23 are provided in the module and are attached to the
insulation 18 as by nailing thereto or embedment therein. Radiator means
23, preferably extending diagonally from the top wall 12 to bottom wall
13, divide the interior of the module into fluid inlet compartment 24 and
fluid outlet compartment 25 with perforated sleeve 22 in inlet compartment
24 and perforated sleeve 20 in outlet compartment 25. Radiator means 23 is
preferably a cross-flow radiator of the honeycomb type having cells 26
therein permitting a ready passage of fluids therethrough in a cross-flow
path. Such honeycomb is commercially available under the trade name
"HEXCEL". Radiator means 23 is coated with a heat-absorbing material of
same type used on insulating material 18. Honeycomb cells 26 act as heat
traps and further give a greater amount of surface area to increase the
heating efficiency of the module by collecting as much of the radiation as
possible. In addition, as opposed to conventional flat plate collectors,
honeycomb radiator 23 because of the depth of cells 26 can collect heat
across a wide angle of sun exposure.
As used herein, the term "fluid" is intended to mean both liquids and
gases, such as air and water, which can be heated by electromagnetic
radiation such as the sun's rays.
As best shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the individual modules 11 are assembled
simply by placing one against the other in abutting relation and sealing
the entire assembly by utilizing suitable sealing means such as bushings
27 at side wall openings 19 and 21. The bushings are of a size so as to
also function to interconnect the perforated sleeves 20 and 22 in each of
the modules to form, when the modules 11 are assembled, an aligned series
of perforated sleeves 20 and sleeves 22 all being in fluid flow
communication.
Perforated manifolds 30 and 31 made of metal or plastic, are then inserted
through the perforated sleeves so as to extend through the entire module
assembly with the outermost ends of each manifold suitably sealed as by
attaching cap 32 thereto. Not shown is the fan or other means used to
drive the fluid, such as water or air, into the bottom manifold 31 out
through the perforations in the manifold 31 and sleeve 22 and into the
chambers where the fluid is heated by the rays of the sun. The heated
fluid, due to the force of the fan and by being heated, will flow into
inlet compartment 24, through radiator 23, and into outlet compartment 25
where the fluid will enter into the perforations of sleeves 19 and
manifold 30 to be returned to the structure being heated.
Suitable means such as gaskets 33 are utilized to seal the manifolds 30 and
31 where they extend beyond the limits of the module assembly. An
important feature of the instant invention is that the manifolds are
perforated only along certain spaced intervals of their length. This is
best illustrated in FIG. 3 wherein the manifold 30 is not perforated for a
portion of its length where the two modules are abutted. Perforations 34
can be varied in size so as to control the flow of fluid into the modules.
Perforations in sleeve 22 can also be varied in size and location to
assist in controlling the flow of fluid in conjunction with perforations
in manifold 31. In addition, there is no need to insulate the manifolds
since they are enclosed in modules 11.
It is readily apparent that a single module with the manifolds therein is
suitable for use, but the instant invention provides the flexibility of
having a plurality of the same size modules assembled to form a heating
means capable of heating larger amounts of fluid. In addition, it is
possible in each module, to eliminate the upper perforated sleeve 20 and
manifold 31 in the module and simply utilize a single opening 19 in one of
the side walls 14 of an individual module as an egress for the fluid to a
manifold at the opening. Moreover, lower perforated sleeve 22 need not
have perforations around its entire circumference, but only for a limited
portion thereof permitting adjustment of the sleeve 22 during installation
to vary fluid flow. While described with reference to a single module, it
is intended that these modifications be applied to an assembly of a number
of modules.
Thus, the modules 11 and manifolds 30 and 31 can be prefabricated and
readily assembled on the site where they are to be used. Since every
module has a standard size, the manifolds can be made so that the
perforations are placed therein at the factory. The manifolds can be made
of lengths much longer that the individual modules so that there is no
need for welding, brazing, and/or gluing to unite individual pieces of
manifold for the entire length of the assembly. The manifolds being of
lengths much longer than that of combined number of modules it is a simple
matter to simply cut off the excess length and cap the manifold as shown
in FIG. 1. Thus, for purposes of illustration, the individual units of
FIG. 1 can be made so as to be 4 feet wide by 8 feet high and to have a
thickness of 6 inches. The thickness of the modules has been exaggerated
in the drawings in order to be able to better illustrate the interior
thereof. Thus, the eight modules shown in FIG. 1 will span a distance of
32 feet. A plastic pipe of 36 or 40 foot length can be prefabricated at
the plant with perforations therein, inserted through the assembled
modules on the site and the extra length simply sawed off and the sawed
end capped as shown in FIG. 1.
It will be understood that the size of the individual units can be varied
so as to enable production of several standard models having different BTU
capacities when operating under optimum conditions. Thus, once the heating
requirements of a structure are known, the number of already prefabricated
modules needed to meet such requirements are brought to the site and
assembled as discussed above. It will be evident that, by maintaining the
height of the module as standard and by varying the width, it is possible
to combine modules of varying heating capability to meet a wide variety of
heating requirements.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, there is shown therein an alternate embodiment
of the present invention wherein the individual modules are hexagonal in
shape and can be combined as illustrated in FIG. 5 to give a honeycomb
effect. Modules 51 having a hexagonal shape are combined so that their
side walls 54 abut and the combined assembly presents a face consisting of
the front walls 56 of modules 51. Several of modules 51 have been broken
away to show honeycomb cross-flow radiators 63 therein as well as sleeves
60 and 62 and manifolds 59 and 61. The major difference in this embodiment
is that a larger number of manifolds are required to pass fluid into and
carry heated fluid from the module assembly. In FIG. 6, seals 70 are shown
having cap portions 71 with flanges 72 extending therefrom into the
chamber. Sleeve 60 is shown supported on flanges 72.
From the foregoing, it will be evident that a large variety of structural
shapes can be used in accordance with the present invention, thus
permitting use of the instant invention on a wide variety of buildings. In
fact, in the instant invention, the modules can be incorporated, if
desired, as part of the structure of the building by forming a portion of
the roof or wall of the building that faces south.
While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred
embodiment, it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular
form set forth, but, on the contrary, it is intended to cover such
alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the
spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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