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The present invention relates to belt-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled,
automatic firearms having mechanisms for transferring link-connected
rounds from an ammunition magazine to a feed position in an automatic
firearm and to sear mechanisms therefor.
In automatic firearms capable of firing at the rates of about 400 to 500
rounds of ammunition per minute, it is essential to have a reliable
transfer feed mechanism capable of supplying ammunition and removing a
round of ammunition from the ammunition supply carrier such as a link belt
and accurately transferring the round to a feed position in front of the
bolt carrier without causing a stoppage of the automatic firearm. The
rigorous conditions of a battlefield environment demand a high level of
performance where success depends on the reliable performance of the
automatic firearm.
To prevent the bolt carrier from being prematurely driven away from the
barrel when the bolt carrying the round advances to firing position, it is
desirable to utilize an anti-bounce sear to lock the bolt carrier in
position shortly prior to and during the firing of the round of
ammunition. Without an anti-bounce sear, it is possible, as in firearms
within the current state of the art to fire a round of ammunition without
having the bolt fully locked in the barrel thereby causing a stoppage in
the firearm and possible injury to the user.
Prior art automatic firearm transfer mechanisms have been complex,
difficult to maintain and subject to numerous stoppages.
A primary object of this invention is to provide an improved ammunition
magazine assembly, feed mechanism and anti-bounce sear for automatic
firearms which operate more smoothly and efficiently than has occurred in
prior art automatic firearms.
Another object of this invention is to provide such an ammunition magazine,
a feed mechanism and an anti-bounce sear for automatic firearms which
decrease the number of stoppages associated with the feed mechanism to
increase the effectiveness of the firearm in a battlefield environment.
An additional object of the present invention is to improve the
maintainability of automatic firearms which must be used under adverse
field conditions including mud, rain, ice and snow.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an ammunition
magazine capable of storing belted rounds of ammunition which may be
withdrawn easily without stoppages.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an ammunition
magazine which protects the rounds of ammunition from the environment
while providing a visible means for determining the quantity of ammunition
remaining in the ammunition magazine.
A still further object of the present invention is to reduce the complexity
of feed mechanisms in automatic firearms thereby decreasing cost and the
quantities of spare parts which must be maintained.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an anti-bounce sear
which prevents the ammunition round from being fired until the bolt
carrying the round is locked in a firing position adjacent the rear of the
barrel.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide an anti-bounce
sear which reduces the possibility of injury to the user of the firearm by
preventing firing of the ammunition round until the bolt carrier is locked
in the firing position.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from
the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary sectional elevation of an automatic firearm
constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary elevation showing portions of the bolt carrier and
associated components with the bolt carrier in seared position, and
showing in dotted lines the bolt advanced into contact with a round of
ammunition;
FIG. 3 is an elevation similar to FIG. 2 but with the round of ammunition
being chambered;
FIG. 4 is an elevation similar to FIG. 2 but with the firearm locked, the
striker released and the anti-bounce sear in position;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary elevation with parts broken away showing portions
of the bolt carrier, striker and associated components of the preferred
embodiment of this invention in the firing position with the anti-bounce
sear released and a projectile leaving the barrel;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary sectional elevation of the barrel and bolt carrier
retraction gas piston in the preferred embodiment of the present invention
with a projectile having passed a gas port providing communication between
the gases behind the projectile and the gas piston;
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 but with the gas piston retracted past
the exhaust port thereby providing communication between the atmosphere
and the gases;
FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of a sear housing group utilizing
the anti-bounce sear of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is an exploded perspective view of the feed drive mechanism and feed
tray assembly of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of a bolt carrier and
a bolt assembly incorporated in the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the feed mechanism showing the belted
ammunition with a round in the feed position taken along line 11--11 in
FIG. 1;
FIG. 12 is a bottom view of the feed mechanism showing the feed transfer
mechanism in a position for a round of ammunition to be engaged by the
bolt taken along line 12--12 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 13 is a top view of the feed tray and rounds of ammunition showing the
pivot and support for the feed tray taken along line 13--13 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 14 is an exploded perspective view of an ammunition magazine
constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 15 is a rear elevational view of the ammunition magazine shown in FIG.
14;
FIG. 16 is a sectional view of the ammunition magazine taken along line
16--16 in FIG. 15; and
FIG. 17 is a fragmentary elevation of the automatic firearm with the
ammunition magazine locked in position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the Figures and particularly FIGS. 1, 8, 9 and 14 there are
illustrated preferred embodiments of the feed transfer mechanism 20, the
anti-bounce sear 21 and the ammunition magazine assembly 22 in a
lightweight squad automatic machine gun 23, generally comprising, as shown
in FIGS. 1 and 14, an operating group 24, a buttstock group 25, a receiver
group 26 a barrel group 27 and a sear housing group 28.
The buttstock group 25 comprises a drive spring guide tube 29, a bolt
carrier drive spring 30, a striker drive spring 31, a backplate 32, a
buffer 33 and a buttstock 34 which is only partially shown in the
drawings. The striker drive spring 31 operates over the drive spring guide
tube 29 and the bolt carrier drive spring 30 operates within the drive
spring guide tube 29 as shown in FIG. 1. The guide tube 29 is secured to
the backplate 32 and the buttstock 34 by two flat head screws 35 which
secures the buttstock 34 to the backplate 32. A lip 37 on the upper
surface of the backplate engages a recess 38 in the main receiver body 196
while a mounting hole 39 at the bottom of the backplate 32 provides for
engagement of a rear takedown pin 40 on the main receiver body 196. The
buffer 33, which may be constructed of energy absorbing elastomer, is
mounted in a buffer recess 41 near the center of the backplate.
The sear housing group 28 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 8 comprises a sear
housing 42, a fire control mechanism 43, and a pistol grip 44. The sear
housing 42 is attachable to the receiver body 196 via a takedown pin 45
inserted in a mounting hole 46 at the rear of the housing and a lug 47 at
the forward end of the housing. The pistol grip 44 is fastened to the rear
of the sear housing 42 with a flat head screw 48.
The fire control mechanism 43 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 8, comprises a
trigger 49, a primary sear 50 which engages a bolt carrier 51, a secondary
sear 52 which engages a firing pin striker 53 having a cam shoulder 53a, a
secondary sear release link 54, the anti-bounce sear 21 and a safety 55.
The trigger 49 pivots about the trigger pivot pin 56 positioned in the
sear housing 42. Notch 57 on the trigger 49 engages a trigger pin 58
positioned in the primary sear 50. The primary sear 50 and the secondary
sear 52 pivot about the sear pivot pin 59 retained in the sear housing 42
by retainer pin 60 positioned in the sear pivot pin groove 61. As shown in
FIG. 1, the primary sear 50 is biased upwardly by a primary sear spring 62
which seats against the sear housing 42 and similarly the secondary sear
52 is biased upwardly by a secondary sear spring 63. The secondary sear
link 54 pivots about a secondary sear pivot pin 64 positioned in the sear
housing 42.
The anti-bounce sear 21 pivots within the secondary sear release link 54 on
a secondary sear actuating pin 64a which extends beyond the sides of the
secondary sear link to engage the secondary sear slots 65 in the secondary
sear 52. An anti-bounce spring 66 biases the anti-bounce sear 21 upward as
shown in FIG. 1 and causes the anti-bounce sear 21 to lock behind the bolt
carrier 51 when the carrier moves to the right of the anti-bounce sear as
shown in FIG. 1. The safety 55 has a slot 67 which permits the primary
sear 50 to be operated when safety lever 68 fixed to the safety 55 by
retaining pin 68a is rotated to align the slot 67 with the primary sear
extension 69. When the safety 55 is in a firing position and the trigger
49 is depressed, the primary sear 50 moves away from the bolt carrier sear
notch 70.
A secondary sear cam 71 flanking the bolt carrier sear notch 70 cams the
primary sear 50 out of position. Bolt carrier 51 when adjacent the firing
position cams the secondary sear link 54 which in turn rotates the
secondary sear 52 to move the secondary sear out of the striker sear notch
72.
The barrel group 27 comprises a barrel assembly 73, a gas cylinder 74
having a gas port 75 communicating with the barrel assembly 73, a front
sight 76 and a flash suppressor 77. A quick-change barrel 78 is assembled
to the receiver by insertion into a receiver bearing block 79 and rotating
a barrel lock lever having a rod portion 80 ninety degrees to the position
shown in FIG. 4 to engage a barrel extension 81 which is threaded and
pinned to the barrel 78. A bolt 82 carried by the bolt carrier 51 locks
directly to the barrel extension via breech locking lugs 83 when the
carrier advances to firing position.
The operating group 24 shown in FIGS. 1 and 10 comprises the bolt carrier
51, bolt assembly 84 and the firing pin striker 53. The bolt carrier 51
shown is a one-piece fabricated assembly fixed to an integral drive spring
guide tube 85 and a gas piston 86 at the forward end. A feed cam 87 is
machined on the upper surface of a bolt carrier body 88 and a bolt
locking/unlocking cam 90 is machined on the left-hand side of a bolt
housing 91 for the bolt 82. The secondary sear cam 71 and the bolt carrier
sear notch 70 are located at the underside of the bolt carrier 51. Rails
92 on the bolt carrier slide in keyways in the receiver and a bearing
surface 93 behind the gas piston 86 riding in the gas cylinder 74 support
the bolt carrier 51 as shown in FIG. 1 as it reciprocates to drive the
feed transfer mechanism 20, lock and unlock the bolt assembly 84 and
actuate the secondary sear link 54. The bolt assembly as indicated in FIG.
10 is carried by the bolt housing 91 on the bolt carrier 51. A firing pin
95 having a shoulder 95a passes through the rear of the bolt carrier 51,
through the bolt 82 and a bolt cam pin 96. The bolt cam pin 96 extends
beyond the bolt 82, through the cam slot 90, beyond the bolt carrier 51
and into a guide in the receiver which functions to prevent the bolt from
rotating while the bolt is out of the firing position. A firing pin
retainer 98, having head 99 for easy removal, passes through the bolt
housing 91 and a retainer slot 100 in the firing pin 95 to retain the
firing pin in the bolt housing 91 unless the firing pin retainer 98 is
removed. The bolt assembly 84 has a conventional spring actuated plunger
type ejector and a conventional spring locked extractor having a claw
compatible with the ammunition being fired.
The firing pin striker 53 has rails on either side which slide in keyways
in the receiver and the firing pin striker is seared up by the secondary
sear 52. The striker drive spring 31 propels the firing pin striker 53
into impact with the firing pin 95. The forward motion of the striker and
firing pin is stopped when a firing pin shoulder 95a contacts the bolt to
limit firing pin protrusion. As the striker 53 nears the bolt carrier 51,
as shown in FIG. 5, a cam shoulder 53a cams the anti-bounce sear 21 down
to free the bolt carrier 51 to recoil after firing.
The ammunition magazine 22 shown in FIGS. 14, 15, 16 and 17 carries rounds
of ammunition 101 retained in distintegrating metallic split links 102
connecting the rounds of ammunition together to form an ammunition belt
103 which can be stored in a folded condition in the magazine as shown in
FIG. 15. The elements of the magazine assembly 22 include an open ended
housing 104, a cover 105, a latch 106, a belt retaining spring 107, a
viewing window 108 and a spacer insert 109.
The open ended housing 104 has a semi-cylindrical lower chamber 110 opening
into two rectangular upper chambers 111 and 112 which extend upwardly
along the sides of the receiver housing of the firearm when the magazine
assembly is installed on the firearm as shown in FIG. 17. A lip 113
extends around the forward edges of the wall surrounding the rectangular
upper chambers 111 and 112 and the semi-cylindrical lower chamber 110.
Tabs 114a and 115a extend forwardly from upper side walls 114 and 115 of
the upper rectangular chambers 111 and 112. An intermediate connecting
wall 116 which connects the inner side walls 118 and 119 of the upper
rectangular chambers has an upwardly directed tongue 117 as best shown in
FIG. 17 which provides a restraining member to hold the ammunition
magazine against axial displacement from the position shown in FIG. 17.
The inner walls 118 and 119 have latch notches 120.
In one preferred embodiment, the housing 104 and cover 105 are formed of
plastic material by injecting molding of nylon and fiber glass material.
The cover 105 is provided with a channel 121 as best shown in FIG. 14 which
mates with the lip 113 to provide a dust cover for the ammunition stored
in the magazine. Retention of the cover 105 on the housing 104 is
accomplished with snap tabs 122 which extend above the upper edge of the
cover and snap over the upper walls of the upper rectangular chambers 111
and 112 when the cover is properly positioned on the open ended housing as
shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. An additional means for retaining the cover on
the housing and preventing snap tabs 122 from becoming disengaged includes
a retaining tab 123 which extends upwardly from the upper edge of cover
105 and a slot 124 in rearwardly extending tab 125 on wall 116 wherein
retaining tab 123 is positioned in slot 124 when the cover 105 is properly
installed. A feed slot 126 shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is formed by an outer
guide wall 127 extending inwardly at an angle from outer wall 115 and an
inner guide wall 128 extending upwardly from the upper wall of chamber
112. A reinforcing member 129 extends between the inner guide wall 128 and
the upper wall of chamber 112 to provide rigidity for the inner guide wall
128.
Latch 106 (best shown in FIGS. 14 and 17) includes two pivoted latch
members 130 and 131 having outwardly extending tab members 132 and 133
which permit manual retraction of the latch members 130 and 131 when the
user desires to remove the magazine from the firearm. The latch members
are pivoted about pivot pin 134 shown in FIG. 17 and are biased into
engagement with notches 120 by spring 135 compressed between the receiver
housing and a T-shaped guide pin 136 which is fixedly attached to latching
members 130 and 131 thereby causing simultaneous movement of latching
members 130 and 131.
The belt retaining spring 107 is fixedly attached by rivets to outer side
wall 115 in the position shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 within a notch 138 in
outer guide wall 127. The belt retaining spring 197 has a sharply curved
nose joined by a lower curved leg portion 139 which permits the rounds of
ammunition 101, as best shown in FIG. 15, passing the belt retaining
spring 107 to deflect the spring out of the way and has an upper leg
portion 140, approximately perpendicular to lower leg portion 139, which
is resiliently urged to a position behind a round of ammunition to prevent
the ammunition belt from dropping back into the ammunition magazine. The
back wall 141 of the open ended housing contains the viewing window
assembly 108 formed by a slot 142 in the rear wall 141 and a retaining
recess 143 within which a transparent window panel 114 is retained by
adhesive or by a frictional fit. A notched member 145 extends from the
rear wall 141 behind each of the upper chambers to mate with a trigger
guard pivot pin 146 when the magazine is installed on the firearm. The
belt retaining spring 107 holds the round 101 in the feed position;
however, the retainer can be moved manually to allow the belted ammunition
to be returned into the magazine if desired.
The receiver group 26 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a charging handle assembly
157 (partially shown in FIG. 17), a rear sight assembly 158, a feed cover
assembly 155 having a feed cover 156 and the feed transfer mechanism 20, a
cover latch 159, a feed tray 161, a front handguard 163, a barrel lock 80,
a magazine latch 106 and a receiver assembly 165.
The charging handle assembly 157 is located on the right hand side of the
automatic firearm and is guided by a slot 166 (as shown in FIG. 2) in the
receiver assembly 165. A lug at the forward end of the charging handle
assembly picks up the bolt carrier 51 for charging as the charging handle
assembly 157 is pulled to the rear. The charging handle assembly 157 is
retained in the forward postion by detents and does not reciprocate during
firing. The feed cover 156 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is locked in the
closed position by a feed cover latch 159.
The feed transfer mechanism 20 shown in FIGS. 1 and 9, supported on the
feed cover 156, is actuated by a rotary feed drive ring 170 which rotates
about the barrel extension 81. The feed drive ring is retained on the
barrel extension by a retaining ring 171 as shown in FIG. 1. A depending
cylindrical lug 172 as shown in FIG. 9 on the lower surface of the drive
ring 170 acts as a cam follower to rotate the feed drive ring. The rotary
motion of the drive ring is translated into linear motion of a feed
actuator slide 173 through a drive pin 174 which engages in downwardly
opening slots 175 on the feed actuator slide 173 when the feed cover 156
is closed. The feed actuator slide 173 reciprocates in feed guideways 176
on the feed cover 156. A feed lever 177, retained by a snap ring 178 on a
shouldered pivot pin 179 mounted on the feed cover 156, has rounded ends
180 as shown in FIG. 9. One end 180 of the feed lever 177 is free to slide
in a feed groove 181 in the feed actuator slide 173 and the other end is
free to slide in a pawl slot 182 in a feed pawl slide assembly 183 to be
described herein.
Movement of the feed actuator slide 173 is transmitted through the feed
lever 177 to the feed pawl slide assembly 183 which reciprocates along a
pawl guideway 184 on the feed cover 156. When the feed cover 156 is open,
a torsion spring 185 having one end inserted in a hole 186 on the feed
lever 177 and a second hole 186' in the feed cover moves the feed slide
actuator 173 upwardly as viewed in FIG. 12. In this position, extensions
175a on the feed slide actuator interfere with the drive ring 170 if an
attempt is made to close the cover and the bolt carrier is not at sear
position; therefore; preventing a possible double-feed condition. The feed
pawl slide assembly 183 has a spring loaded feed pawl 187 as best shown in
FIG. 9, which engages the ammunition round 101 at two points to provide
positive alignment with the feed tray 161. Cleaning slots 188 on the feed
slide actuator 173 and the feed pawl slide assembly 183 clean the
guideways 176 and 184. A front cartridge depressor 190 biased downwardly
by a front spring 191 and rear cartridge depressor 192 biased downwardly
by a rear spring 193 are pivoted in the feed cover. Both cartridge
depressors pivot about an axis parallel to the centerline of the barrel
and act to guide and control the incoming belted ammunition. Additionally
the cartridge depressors locate and hold the cartridge in a feed groove
194 ready for pickup by the bolt as shown in FIG. 2. The front cartridge
depressor 190 holds the split link 102 during stripping and guides the
cartridge towards the chamber 195. A spring biased safety pawl 199 shown
in FIGS. 9, 11 and 13 retains the first round of ammunition in the feed
groove 194 and prevents the ammunition belt from sliding back into the
ammunition magazine.
The receiver assembly 165 (FIGS. 1 and 2) includes a main receiver body
196, a barrel sleeve 197, a barrel guide tube 198 and a charging handle.
Keyways in the rear of the receiver body 196 guide and support the striker
53 and the rear of the bolt carrier 51. The barrel guide tube 198
internally guides and supports the front of the bolt carrier and forms a
continuous cylinder with the barrel gas cylinder 74. The barrel sleeve 197
is pressed and pinned in the main receiver body 196 to form a cavity for
the barrel extension 81 and a bearing support for the rotary feed drive
ring 170.
The complete operating cycle includes: feeding a round into position in the
feed tray groove, stripping the round from the belt, chambering the round
in the barrel chamber, locking the bolt inside the barrel extension,
firing the round by having the firing pin strike and detonate the
cartridge primer, unlocking the bolt from the barrel extension, extracting
the empty case from the chamber, ejecting the empty case from the
receiver, and charging by engaging the bolt carrier sear notch with the
primary sear and engaging the striker with the secondary sear.
The cycle starts by placing the belt of ammunition 103 in the feed tray 161
as shown in FIGS. 9 and 15 and positioning the first round of ammunition
over the feed tray groove 194 as shown in FIGS. 9 and 11. Belt retaining
spring 107 and spring biased safety pawl 199 prevent the ammunition belt
from sliding back into the ammunition magazine 22 or away from the feed
groove 194. Actuating the trigger 49 releases the bolt carrier 51 from the
seared position as shown in FIG. 2 which allows the bolt carrier 51 and
bolt assembly 84 to be driven forward by the expansion of the drive spring
30.
As the bolt carrier 51 moves forward, the feed cam 87 shown in FIG. 10
causes the feed ring 170 to rotate clockwise (as viewed from the rear of
the firearm) causing movement of the actuator slide feed lever 177 and
feed slide pawl assembly 183 as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The feed pawl
185 moves into position behind the next round in the belt, ready to index
the round to the feed tray groove 194 when recoil movement begins. as the
bolt carrier 51 recoils after firing, the feed ring 170 is rotated
counter-clockwise by the feed cam 87. This action causes the feed pawl
slide assembly 183 to move in the opposite direction, thereby pushing a
round 101 into the feed tray groove 194 and forcing an empty link 102
through a link guide 195 on the feed tray.
As the bolt assembly 84 travels forward, the bolt 82 engages the base of
the cartridge 101 as shown in dotted lines in FIG. 2. The downward
pressure of the front and rear cartridge depressors 190 and 192 hold the
round in positive contact with the bolt assembly. The front cartridge
depressor 190 also prevents forward motion of the links 102 as the round
101 is stripped from the belt by the forward motion of the bolt 82. When
the nose of the round contacts a chambering ramp 196 on the feed tray, the
round is deflected downward and into the barrel extension 81 as shown in
FIG. 3.
The round 101 then continues into the chamber 195 until it is fully seated
and the base of the round is flush with the face of the bolt 82 as shown
in FIG. 4. When the round 101 is fully seated in the chamber 195 the
extractor snaps over the rim of the cartridge and the ejector is depressed
flush with the face of the bolt. As the round is chambered, the bolt
enters the barrel extension 81. The locking action of the bolt cam pin 96
against the cam slot 90 on the bolt carrier causes the bolt to rotate
221/2 degress in a counter-clockwise direction completely locking the bolt
as shown in FIG. 4.
As the bolt carrier nears the firing position, the secondary sear cam 71
actuates the secondary sear 52 and allows the striker 53 to move forward.
The anti-bounce sear 21 moves up behind the bolt carrier 51 as the bolt
carrier contacts the barrel extension 81 (shown in FIG. 4). The striker 53
is driven forward by the expansion of the striker spring 31 until the
striker impacts the rear of the firing pin 95 which then moves forward
through an aperture in the face of the bolt striking the cartridge primer
and causing detonation (FIG. 8).
The striker 53 cams the anti-bounce sear 21 out of position behind the bolt
carrier 51 (shown in FIG. 5) as the striker reaches the firing position.
After the round has ignited and the projectile passes the gas port 75,
(shown in FIGS. 6 and 7) expanding gases enter the gas cylinder 74 through
the gas port 75. These rapidly expanding gases act upon a face of the gas
piston 86 at the forward end of the bolt carrier 51 and force it to the
rear to the position shown in FIG. 2.
As the bolt carrier recoils, the bolt cam pin 96 acts against the cam slot
90 in the bolt carrier 51 causing the bolt to rotate clockwise 221/2
degrees thus unlocking the bolt from the barrel extension 81. As soon as
unlocking is complete, the bolt carrier carries the bolt rearward and the
extractor pulls the cartridge from the chamber. As the cartridge is
withdrawn from the chamber 195 the ejector expands and pushes the base of
the cartridge case to pivot the case around the extractor. This action
causes the case to spin out of the receiver through the ejection slot on
the right hand side of the firearm.
During recoil the bolt carrier 51 and the striker 53 are carried rearward
and bolt carrier drive spring 30 and striker drive spring 31 are
compressed. Rearward movement of the feed cam 87 on the bolt carrier 51
causes the feed drive ring 170 to rotate counter-clockwise (as viewed from
the rear of the firearm) causing the feed pawl 185 to slide back over the
next round 101 to be fired. As long as the trigger 49 is depressed, the
bolt carrier will not sear up; however, the striker engages the secondary
sear each cycle. When the trigger is released and the primary sear 50
moves into position to engage the bolt carrier, firing will cease.
From the foregoing detailed description, it will be evident that there are
a number of changes, adaptations and modifications of the present
invention which come within the province of those skilled in the art.
However, it is intended that all such variations not departing from the
spirit of the invention be considered as within the scope thereof as
limited solely by the dependents claims.
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