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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
With the recent advent of aerobic type exercises such as swimming, cycling,
jogging and tennis there has been a corresponding upsurge in the rate of
deaths relating to cardiovascular exertion. The frequency of heart
failures occurring, for example, in winter months due to the exertion on
the heart by the over zealous snow shoveler is now occurring throughout
the remaining seasons due to heart exertion caused by physical fitness
enthusiasts. A person following the current fashion of weight reduction by
early morning jogging may lose as much as 20 pounds in a month and may
also lose his life. The sudden and continued exertion above a critical
limit upon the heart caused by the tremendous amount of blood transport
and oxygen consumption required results in a breakdown of the heart
structure and, if immediate medical attention is unavailable, death may
result. The unfortunate factor common for most cases of coronary failure
due to overexertion is that the victim never knows when to stop and death
in most cases could have been avoided if the victim didn't continue his
exercise.
The heart muscle, like any other vital organ, can build up tolerances to
long and continued exertion if given time to develop sufficient cellular
structure to accommodate the added workload and to provide for the
increased blood handling capacity. By gradually exposing the heart to
periods of temporary exertion over increasing periods of time, the body as
a whole adapts to a lower oxygen consumption requirement and the heart
readily supplies the increased demands for blood flow.
Several devices are currently available for monitoring the pulse rate
activity of the human heart. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,700
describes a technique for indicating the pulse rate of an inactive user by
electrodes placed under the armpits of a user. This technique provides an
indication of the pulse rate of an inactive user and signals when a
coronary problem exists. U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,698 incorporates a pulse rate
measuring device with a stationary exercise control system and signals
when a particular pulse rate value is reached. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,742,937;
3,807,388 and 3,863,626 describe miniature pulse monitoring devices that
can be worn by persons undergoing physical fitness activities to indicate
when a predetermined pulse rate has been exceeded.
The aforementioned examples of the prior pulse rate indicators provide some
means for detecting and monitoring the pulse rate of a person undergoing
physical exertion and for indicating when the exertion is excessive, but
are not tailored to the individual physiological characteristics of the
user.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A pulse rate indicator is mounted to detect the heart pulse rate of a user.
The indicator determines the average pulse rate of a user at rest and
utilizes this rate as a reference to indicate the pulse rate at a safe
exercise level as well as the pulse rate at a dangerous level.
In one embodiment of the invention, the three conditions of pulse rate are
displayed in color that is analogous to a traffic control pattern.
Consequently, green is selected to represent a rest pulse rate, amber is
selected to represent a safe exercise pulse rate level and red represents
a dangerous pulse rate level.
In another embodiment of the invention, the pulse rates are digitally
displayed in number form as well as in color. Thus, the optimum pulse
exercise rate for each individual user is displayed. Since the optimum
pulse exercise rate varies from user to user depending on the particular
physiological characteristics of each user, the indicator is tailored to
each individual user.
Further embodiments utilize an audible alarm to alert the user in a manner
analogous to the color display.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graphic representation of an electrocardiogram display of the
surface potential changes of a heart in a person at rest;
FIG. 1A is a graphic representation of the normal pulse displayed in FIG.
1;
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of an electrocardiogram display of the
surface potential changes in a heart in the abnormal condition of
tachycardia, which is an excessive heartbeat rate;
FIG. 2A is a graphic representation of the electrical pulses generated in
the circuit of the intant invention representing the abnormal pulse rate
as shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 3 is a graphic representation of the pulse rate for a normal
distribution of male population;
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of the pulse rate indicator of the
instant invention;
FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of one embodiment of the invention wherein
the pulse rate is displayed in digital form;
FIG. 6 is a top perspective view of a second embodiment of the invention
wherein the pulse rate is displayed in color;
FIG. 7 is a side perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 is a pictorial representation of other embodiments of the invention.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows normal pulses as displayed upon an electrocardiogram and with
the standard points P Q R S and T indicated. For the purpose of this
invention, the pulse rate is defined to be the number of times the R pulse
point repeats itself over a given period of time. As shown, R' is the
second occurrence of the R pulse point within a short time increment. The
medical diagnostician measures the period of time between the occurrences
of R and R' as an indication of the condition of a heart. The R pulse rate
is related to the pressure exerted by the blood upon one of its chambers,
and this in turn is an indication of the pressure exerted by the blood
upon the particular artery where the pulse rate is being sensed. It is
therefore common in the medical diagnostic field to attach a sensor such
as a strain gauge or the like, which is responsive to pressure to produce
an electrical pulse having the same frequency and intensity as the pulse
shown in FIG. 1. The waveform of FIG. 1A is the electrical counterpart of
the pulse R of FIG. 1 and represents the electrical variation in intensity
pressure exerted by the heart. The normal pulse rate of FIG. 1 indicates
that there is sufficient time between pulse R and pulse R' for the heart
to recover in its continuing sequence of expansions and contractions.
These expansions and contractions force the blood from one chamber to the
other and through the large multiplicity of arteries and veins throughout
the body.
FIG. 2 illustrates an electrocardiogram display of a pulse rate in a state
of excessive exertion known in the medical field as tachycardia. Here the
time between successive pulses is very short and therefore allows the
heart muscles very little time to expand and contract to perform the
necessary functions of blood transport. The distance between recurrent R
pulses therefore is very small and the pulse rate is much higher than the
normal condition depicted in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2A illustrates how the more rapid pulse rate under the condition of
tachycardia is translated by this invention into a series of electrical
pulses having the same pulse rate frequency as the pulse rate
corresponding to the pulse rate occurring within the human body. The
normal pulse rate for an adult male is designated as ranging from between
70-72 beats/minute and for an adult female as from 78-82. Pulse rates in
both men and women rarely exceed 150 beats/minute in normal everyday
activity and pulse rates in excess of 175 beats/minute may be fatal. The
condition of tachycardia as portrayed in FIG. 2 corresponds to a pulse
rate of 170 beats/minute. The condition of tachycardia therefore presents
an excessive burden upon the heart muscle since the heart muscle is
required to perform an excessive amount of work in a very short period of
time.
The pulse rate for humans varies over a wide range as the human progresses
throughout life. Table I, as shown below, illustrates the pulse rate as a
function of age where the pulse rate varies from as high as 150 in the
early stages of life as to as low as 50 in the seventieth year.
TABLE I
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AGE PULSE RATE
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Embryo 150
At Birth 140-130
First Year 130-115
Second 115-100
Third 100-90
Seventh 90-85
Fourteenth 85-80
Fiftieth 75-70
Seventieth 65-50
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This wide spread in pulse rates is also seen in the adult male population
as shown in FIG. 3. Here the pulse rate is illustrated as a bell-shaped
distribution of the healthy adult male population. The average pulse rate,
for example, is 70 and some men have normal pulse rates as high as 90 and
some men have normal pulse rates as low as 50. This distribution of
so-called normal pulse rates from 50 to 90 indicates that the pulse rate
of every individual must be exactly determined before any type of physical
exertion is imparted to the heart. Tachycardia, described earlier as
excessive heart pulse rate, occurs at approximately 170 pulses/minute. The
person with the lower pulse rate of 50 would have to strain his heart to a
substantial degree before the tachycardia pulse rate of 170 would occur.
The person with the so-called normal pulse rate of 90 would reach the
tachycardia condition of a pulse rate of 170 in a substantially shorter
period of time. If a normal distribution is plotted for the onset of
tachycardia based on the 170 pulse value then the range in population
would be that depicted in FIG. 3. It is evident that persons with higher
rest pulse rates would be more prone to the onset of tachycardia than
those with lower rest pulse rates. The problem that this invention directs
itself to is to determine the accepted pulse rate for exercising that
would permit a particular individual to condition his body without
excessive strain on the heart and to determine for each particular
individual the particular pulse rate at which such physical strain would
be excessive.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of the programmable indicator 1 which
includes a wristband 2 supporting an indicator face 3 that displays
digital pulse rate 4. The indicator 1 is supported on a wrist 5 of a user
and the indicator 1 includes a housing 6 that contains the programmable
electrical components. The user can at any time see what his pulse rate is
during any part of his physical exercise program.
Referring to FIG. 7, the indicator 1 includes a contact type pulse detector
7 which extends from the indicator 1. The detector 7 contacts the radial
artery in the vicinity of the user's wrist and relays the detected pulses
to the programmable integrated circuit within the housing 6. The pulse
detector 7 shown as depending from the indicator 1 can also be part of the
wristband 2 since the band would provide a larger surface for detection
purposes. The detected pulse rate is digitally displayed upon the viewing
indicator face 3.
A traffic control analogy may be utilized to display cnditions of pulse
rates. FIG. 6 shows such an embodiment which includes red, amber and green
indicating lights on the viewing indicator face 3. The indicator 1
activates the red, amber and green lights in the following manner. When
the start and reset knob 10 is depressed energy is supplied by means of a
miniature disc-shaped battery contained in the indicator 1 (not shown) and
successive heart pulse beats are detected by detector 7 and processed
within the indicator 1. The green light indicates that an average rest
pulse rate has been determined. This is similar, for example, to the
common traffic signal indicator where the green light indicates "go" and
the presence of the green light insures the operator that the pulse is
being detected and that the battery is operational.
When the user begins to exercise moderately the pulse rate is detected and
counted and an optimum exercise pulse rate for the particular average rest
pulse rate is determined. For the example given earlier of the medium
normal pulse rate of 70, the optimum exercise pulse rate should be 50
greater than the average rest value. Thus, for the 70 rest rate a pulse
rate of 120 is the optimum exercise pulse rate for the user and an amber
light begins to glow at this rate. The green light would therefore become
extinguished at this value and the exerciser is instructed that he has
reached the optimum safe exercise pulse rate period. Thus, the optimum
safe exercise pulse rate calculated on the basis of 50 beat/minute above
the rest value pulse rate indicated by the amber glow continues until a
pulse rate of 150 pulses/minute is achieved. At this point the amber light
is extinguished and the red light begins to glow indicating to the
exerciser that the danger pulse rate condition has been reached and that
the exerciser must slow down in order to extinguish the red light and
regenerate the amber light.
Table 2, shown below, illustrates the color conditions of green, amber and
red along with the corresponding rest, optimum exercise, and dangerous
pulse rates for the normal pulse conditions. Although the optimum exercise
pulse rate for each group is determined by the addition of 50 pulses or
beats/minute above the rest rate, to avoid the onset of tachycardia a red
signal is energized to glow at a reduced safety pulse rate of 150
pulses/minute.
TABLE 2
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GREEN AMBER RED
(Rest Rate)
(Exercise Rate)
(Danger Rate)
Low Normal
50 100 150
Normal 70 120 150
High Normal
90 140 150
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The color pattern can be utilized in the digital display embodiment shown
in FIG. 5. Here the numeric display characters themselves can be caused to
glow green, amber or red depending upon the pulse rate condition during
exercise. The numerals indicating the average high normal rest rate of 90,
in the example of Table 2 can be made to glow green. When the safe optimum
exercise rate is reached the numerals glow in an amber color indicating to
the user that this particular numerical value is his optimum safe exercise
pulse rate. Although higher numerical pulse rates remain amber as exercise
continues the user knows that he has exceeded the optimum safe pulse rate
and should begin to slow down. If he doesn't slow down, and the pulse rate
reaches 150, then numerals indicating this dangerous pulse rate are
displayed in red. If he does not slow down at this stage of exercise, the
tachycardia may occur.
The visual display indicators depicted in both FIGS. 5 and 6 can have
different degrees of light intensity and may have other attention
directing characteristics. The amber light, for example, might be caused
to blink at the optimum safe exercise pulse rate so that the operator, for
example, by looking at the face of the indicator 1 would know that he is
exercising within the safe condition of pulse rate. By practice he could
pace himself by observing that his particular pulse is beating at the rate
of the blinking light. By breaking his stride he could lower his pulse
rate to remain at the optimum. Other attention directing means may be
incorporated within the indicators of FIGS. 5 and 6 which could include an
audible beep device which could be made to vary in frequency in accordance
with the pulse rate. The rest condition green, for example, would require
no indicating tone and the amber condition would require an auditory beep
merely to indicate to the exerciser how fast his pulse rate is going with
no possible indication of alarm. The dangerous condition indicated by the
pulse rate occurring when the indicator is glowing red would have a
rapidly repeating beep and the red light simultaneously could be caused to
blink at the same rate to alert the exerciser to slow down.
FIG. 8 depicts alternate embodiments of the pulse sensor of this invention.
Here a jogger depicted generally at 21 could carry an indicator unit 1
mounted within a sweatband 23. Here the sensor 7 would contact the
vicinity of temporal artery for receiving and recording pulse rates as
described earlier. This particular embodiment would require only an
audible indicator and the aforementioned red, amber and green indicator
lights could be absent. Here the only requirement is that when the pulse
rate of 150 is reached then the indicator 1 would begin to beep and the
user would summarily have to slacken his pace until the sound disappears.
A simplified embodiment is also depicted by the wristband 22. Here again
the indicator 1 would contain the same necessary circuit elements to
provide an audio beep when the pulse rate detected from the radial artery
reaches 150 pulses/minute.
Alternate embodiments within the scope of this invention include audible
and visual low pulse level indication when the pulse rate falls below the
recorded rest rate average value. This feature would indicate an abnormal
physiological condition to the user. Since the pulse rate is lower when
sleeping or lying down the long distance driver, for example, would
receive an indication that he is starting to doze at the wheel and the
audible and visual alarm would alert him of a very dangerous situation.
The digital readout display device of FIG. 5 may serve the health conscious
executive who is under a condition of emotional and mental stress even
when in a sedentary position at his office. The visual indication of a
rising pulse and the occurrence of an amber light in the absence of
physical exercise would indicate to the user that his emotions are
interferring with his cardiovascular activity. Keeping within the scope
and teachings of the instant invention several safety features may be
further incorporated within the indicator 1 depicted within the
embodiments of FIGS. 5 and 6. Should the exerciser fail to heed the
occurrence of the blinking light and the loud and intermittent beep
emanating when the pulse rate exceeds 150 then after a time delay the beep
is caused to increase in intensity and begin to sound the Morse Code
Mayday audio alarm. This would direct a rescuer to the danger, for
example, if the user should succumb to heart disease similar to arrythmia
and becomes disabled. If the dangerous condition persists for an
additional time period then the Mayday distress call also becomes
transmitted within the citizens and police broadcast bands in order that
immediate help be directed to the stricken individual. The operation of
the inventive pulse indicator of FIG. 4 may be explained as follows.
A block diagram of the electric circuit of the indicator is illustrated in
FIG. 4. This circuit includes a detector or sensor 7 which may, for
example, comprise a thin silicon metal piezoelectric transducer or a
piezoelectric strain gauge consisting of barium titanate or barium
zirconate. The detector 7 may be attached to the wrist or head of a jogger
21 as designated in FIG. 8 and is included in the indicator 1. The sensor
7 produces an electric output signal as shown in FIGS. 1A and 2A at every
pulse beat as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The electrical output signal is
amplified in the amplifier 210 and then peak detected in the shaper
circuit 222. The shaper circuit 222 may, for example, comprise a peak
detector and a squarer circuit that detects the peak of the R pulse 211 in
the Q R S waveform shown in FIG. 1. The shaper circuit 222 is made
variable to tailor it to the individual physiological characteristics of a
user because the peak amplitudes of Q R S pulses vary from individual to
individual.
The shaped output pulse is applied to a counter 230 where the pulses are
counted. At the end of a predetermined period, which may, for example,
comprise 15 seconds or alternatively one minute, the count in the counter
230 is transferred through transfer gates 240 to a storage device 260 by a
pulse from a clock or timer 270. The clock or timer may, for example,
comprise the timer on the wristwatch worn by the jogger. After a slight
delay, the counter 230 is reset by the clock 270 via delay 250. The
storage device 260 may, for example, comprise a plurality of storage
circuits such as shift registers. The count in the first storage circuit
is transferred to the second storage circuit when the second count in the
counter 230 is transferred through the transfer gates 240 to the storage
circuit. At the end of a predetermined number of counts, an averaging
circuit 280 adds the pulse counts stored in the storage device 260 and
divides by the number of counts to determine the average rest pulse rate
over a predetermined period. This average pulse rate is applied to a
comparator circuit 290 and displayed in a display device 200. Thus, the
display device 200 displays the average or rest pulse rate of the jogger.
The display device 200 may, for example, display in green, amber or red
and may include light-emitting devices that digitally display the pulse
rate. The average rest pulse rate is usually displayed in green.
The averaging circuit 280 also includes a set element 218 to fix or set the
average of the pulse rate so that this figure remains constant during
jogging. Alternatively, if an individual knows accurately his rest pulse
rate, this rate may be set into the averaging circuit 280 by the manual
set 220. Both the switch and set element 218 and the manual set 220 are
coupled to the knob 10 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. During the jogging period,
the pulse rate is applied through the transfer gates 240 to the comparator
290. The average rest pulse rate stored in the averaging circuit 280 is,
as explained previously, incremented by the number 50 to set the optimum
safe exercise pulse rates. During a period when exercise is being done,
the display device 200 may, for example, digitally display the pulse rate
at that particular moment. When the pulse rate reaches the established
optimum safe pulse rate number, this number is digitally displayed in
amber and an audible indicator 300 may beep as described earlier. When the
pulse rate reaches the danger pulse rate of 150 the comparator 290, set to
detect this critical number, causes the display device 200 to glow red.
Additionally, audible indicator 300 may beep at an increased rate.
The time delay 250 connected to the counter 230 also provides the alternate
safety function that when the circuit is first energized by means of knob
10 connecting energy source 278 to the circuit components the time delay
250 will not allow the sensor 7 to energize the aforementioned green light
until a sufficient time span has occurred so that a representative average
rest pulse rate can be determined. This is important since it is possible
that an impatient jogger may upon early waking, when the pulse rate is at
its lowest, immediately commence jogging and receive a false amber
indication as to the optimum exercise pulse rate since the aforementioned
rest rate average was excessively low. The time delay, for example, would
give the user adequate time to provide sufficient sample pulse counts to
the counter so that a true rest rate pulse average can be determined
before the go ahead signal is indicated by means of the aforementioned
green light. The components of the circuit depicted in FIG. 4 may comprise
an integrated circuit. However, it is not necessary that the detector 7 be
directly connected within the circuit. An alternate embodiment, for
example, could consist of a sensor which incorporates an ultrasonic
transmitter and the other circuit components could be at a remote location
from the sensor.
A heavily bundled snow shoveler wearing gloves may be unable to hear the
audible alarm indicated from the pulse sensor and audible alarm on the
wrist but would clearly hear an audible alarm generated within the
sweatband embodiment described earlier as in contact with the temporal
artery due to the proximity of the temporal artery and the ear. In the
event that the snow shoveler may be reluctant to wear the complete sensor
contained within the sweatband similar results could be achieved by
locating the detector and transmitter portion of the circuit within a
wristband proximate the radial artery and locating a simple receiver in
the vicinity of the ear by means of a sweatband or similar device. Here
the excessive pulse rate would be detected in the ultrasonic region and
regenerated in close proximity to the ear within audible range. It is to
be further noted that energy source 278 may be a self-contained battery of
the rechargeable type and may provide power to each and every circuit
element as required including the green, amber and red display elements
which for their purpose of size and efficiency may comprise light emitting
diodes.
Although several limited embodiments have been described as operative
examples of the inventive pulse rate indicator this is by way of example
only and is in no way intended to limit the scope of this invention to
these specific examples.
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