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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to variable reluctance step motors of the type in
which a rotor member is rotatably stepped relative to a stator member by
magnetic flux produced as a result of the simultaneous energization of
adjacent windings which extend around circumferentially spaced pole pieces
on one of the members.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The general aim of the present invention is to improve the performance of
variable reluctance step motors of the above type by interposing
circumferentially magnetized permanent magnets within the circumferential
spaces between the pole pieces.
A further object is to use the permanent magnets to reduce the leakage of
winding-produced flux between adjacent and simultaneously excited pole
pieces and to cause more flux to be effectively used in advancing the
rotor to and holding the rotor in its stop or detent positions so as to
increase both the dynamic and holding torque characteristics of the motor.
Still another object is to make advantageous use of the permanent magnets
to reduce overshoot of the rotor past its detent positions and to dampen
oscillation of the rotor as it settles into its detent positions.
The invention further resides in the use of the magnets to reduce the time
required to step the rotor between its detent positions and also to hold
the rotor in a stopped position and retard free-wheeling of the rotor when
all of the windings are de-energized.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more
apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a new and improved step motor embodying the
unique features of the present invention, part of the motor being broken
away and shown in cross-section.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-section taken substantially along the line 2--2
of FIG. 1 and showing the rotor and stator of the motor somewhat
schematically.
FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 but shows the rotor as positioned after
having been advanced through one step.
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 2 but shows one of the positions which the
rotor occupies when all of the windings are de-energized.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the circuit for the windings, the circuit
having been shown in very elementary form.
FIG. 6 shows two curves which provide a comparison of the single-step
displacement vs. time characteristics of a motor incorporating the magnets
of the invention and of an identical motor without magnets.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
One type of variable reluctance step motor with which the present invention
is specifically concerned is a so-called four phase motor 10 shown in
FIGS. 1 to 4. The motor comprises a stator member 11 formed by a laminated
stack of thin soft iron plates defining an outer ring 13 and a plurality
(herein, eight) of radially inwardly extending pole pieces 14 having
arcuately concave inner ends or tips. The pole pieces are spaced equally
and circumferentially around the ring and are grouped into four sets 14a,
14b, 14c and 14d (commonly referred to as "phases") each containing two
pole pieces spaced 180 degrees from one another. The two pole pieces of
each phase are separated from one another by a pole piece of each of the
other three phases and, in this instance, the pole pieces alternate
clockwise around the ring 13 in the sequence a, b, c, d.
Disposed within the circle defined by the tips of the pole pieces 14 is a
rotor member 15 having a central shaft 16 (FIG. 1) journaled in a pair of
bearings 17 mounted in end plates 19 which are connected to opposite ends
of a cylindrical housing 20 within which the stator 11 is secured. The
rotor 15 further comprises a laminated stack of magnetically permeable
soft iron plates secured to the shaft and forming an inner annulus 21
(FIG. 2) and a series of six equally spaced teeth 23 extending radially
outwardly from the annulus. The outer ends of the rotor teeth are
arcuately convex, have substantially the same width as the tips of the
pole pieces 14, and are of a radial length such that small radial air gaps
exist between the teeth and the pole pieces when the teeth are disposed in
opposing relation with the pole pieces.
Step-by-step rotation of the rotor 15 is effected by intermittently
exciting the pole pieces 14 of the four phases in a predetermined
sequence, the two pole pieces of a given phase being excited
simultaneously. For this purpose, multi-turn windings 24a, 24b, 24c and
24d are wound around the pole pieces 14a, 14b, 14c and 14d, respectively.
The windings are wound in a pattern such that adjacent pole pieces have
opposite polarities when the windings are energized. In the illustrated
embodiment, the phase a pole piece 14a at the top of the ring 13 is a
north pole while the adjacent pole piece 14b is a south pole, the next
pole piece 14c a north pole, the adjacent phase d pole piece 14d a south
pole, the second phase a pole piece 14a a north pole and so on around the
ring.
A control circuit for the windings 24a to 24d is shown in very elementary
form in FIG. 5. As shown, the two windings of each phase a, b, c and d are
serially connected with one another to form four series paths which are
connected in parallel across a dc. voltage source 25 and which include
switching devices 26a, 26b, 26c and 26d. While the switching devices most
usually will be in the form of transistors adapted to be rendered
conductive and non-conductive, they herein are shown simply as on-off
switches adapted to be sequentially closed and opened. Closure of a given
switch energizes both windings of the corresponding phase.
To explain the operation of the motor 10 as described thus far, let it be
assumed that the rotor 15 is positiond as illustrated in FIG. 2 in which
two diametrically opposite teeth 23 are disposed in partial
circumferential alinement (e.g., half alined) with the phase a pole pieces
14a and in which another pair of diametrically opposite teeth are disposed
in partial circumferential alinement with the adjacent phase b pole pieces
14b. The position shown in FIG. 2 is one of the stop or detent positions
of the rotor and is the position which the rotor occupies when the
windings 24a and 24b are continuously and simultaneously energized by
closure of the switches 26a and 26b.
In order to effect counterclockwise rotation of the rotor 15 through one
step, the windings 24a are de-energized, the windings 24b are kept in an
energized state, and the windings 24c are energized by closure of the
switch 26c. With the windings 24b and 24c energized, magnetic flux is
produced and passes between the stator 11 and the rotor 15 along two paths
each indicated generally by the reference numeral 27 (FIG. 3). Thus, flux
from the tip of each north pole piece 14c passes inwardly into the rotor
15 via the air gap and the adjacent rotor tooth 23, thence outwardly into
the tip of the adjacent excited south pole piece 14b and then finally
around the outer or back path defined by the stator ring 13. The action of
the flux attracts the rotor teeth adjacent the pole pieces 14b and 14c and
causes the rotor teeth to move counterclockwise from the position shown in
FIG. 2 toward the position shown in FIG. 3. When one tooth is half-alined
with the pole piece 14b and the adjacent tooth is half-alined with the
pole piece 14c, the teeth are in a position establishing minimum
reluctance (i.e., minimum resistance to magnetic flux) in the overall flux
path 27 and, with the teeth having once settled into that position, they
will remain there as long as the windings 24b and 24c are maintained in an
energized state. The rotor may be stepped further in a counterclockwise
direction by de-energizing the windings 24b and energizing the windings
24d while keeping the windings 24c in an energized state, and then by
de-energizing the windings 24c and energizing the windings 24a, and so on.
In each case, four of the rotor teeth 23 will seek alinement with the pole
pieces 14 having the energized windings and will cause the rotor 15 to
step counterclockwise through an angle of fifteen degrees and to
ultimately settle into a detent position in which the four teeth are
half-alined with the excited pole pieces. By energizing the windings in
the phase sequence of d, c, b, a, the rotor can be made to step in a
clockwise direction.
The dynamic torque which the rotor 15 is capable of developing when
stepping between its detent positions is dependent upon the magnitude of
the flux which cuts across the radial air gaps between the pole pieces 14
and the rotor teeth 23 and which passes between the stator and the rotor
along the paths 27. Also, the holding torque (i.e., the force tending to
hold the rotor in a given detent position when adjacent windings 24 are
energized) is dependent upon the magnitude of the flux passing along the
paths 27. Because adjacent pole pieces of opposite polarity are
simultaneously excited, some flux does not pass through the rotor along
the paths 27 but instead passes directly from the north pole piece to the
adjacent excited south pole piece along leakage paths indicated generally
and very schematically by the reference numeral 29 (FIG. 3). Such leakage
flux does not effectively contribute to the magnetic force tending to
advance the rotor.
I have discovered that both the dynamic torque and holding torque of a
given variable reluctance stepping motor can be increased significantly by
interposing circumferentially magnetized permanent magnets 30 in the
circumferential spaces between the pole pieces 14. The flux produced by
the permanent magnets resists leakage of winding-produced flux between
adjacent excited pole pieces along the paths 29 and forces more of the
winding-produced flux to pass along the effective paths 27 between the
stator 11 and the rotor 15. In addition, some of the magnet-produced flux
passes between the tips of the pole pieces 14 and the rotor teeth 23 and
augments the winding-produced flux. As a result of the magnet-produced
flux both resisting leakage of and augmenting the winding-produced flux,
the flux density of the effective paths 27 is increased and thus the motor
is capable of developing greater torque when the windings 24 are energized
with current of a given magnitude.
More specifically, the permanent magnets 30 which are used herein
preferably are composed of rare earth material such as samarium cobalt or
barium titanate and possess a high energy product. The magnets have an
elongated block-like shape and are centered within the spaces between the
pole pieces 14. The magnets may be cemented within the spaces by a bonding
agent such as epoxy or the like, the bonding agent serving to fill up the
spaces and to secure the magnets to the windings 24 and the outer ring 13.
Each of the magnets 30 is magnetized in a circumferential direction. That
is, the circumferentially facing sides of each magnet define the magnet
poles and thus flux passes from one circumferentially facing side of each
magnet and then around the inner and outer ends of the magnet into the
opposite circumferentially facing side of the magnet along the dotted-line
paths indicated generally by the reference numerals 35 and 36 (FIG. 3).
The inner and outer flux paths 35 and 36 are shown isolated and thus more
clearly in FIG. 4.
In keeping with the invention, the magnets are positioned within the spaces
between the pole pieces 14 in such a manner that each pole of each magnet
is disposed adjacent to and in facing relationship with a pole piece 14 of
the same or like polarity. Accordingly, those magnets between the pole
pieces 14b and 14c and those between the pole pieces 14d and 14a are
positioned with their north poles facing clockwise while the remaining
four magnets are positioned with their north poles facing
counterclockwise.
With the foregoing arrangement, leakage flux tending to pass directly from
an excited north pole piece 14 to an adjacent excited south pole piece
along the leakage path 29 is resisted or bucked by the flux which is
produced by the intervening permanent magnet 30 and which passes in the
opposite direction along the path 35. In effect, the leakage path 29 is
made of higher reluctance by the permanent magnet flux so that more of the
winding-produced flux tends to pass between the stator 11 and the rotor 15
along the effective path 27. The magnet-produced flux not only reduces
leakage of the winding-produced flux but also that portion of the
magnet-produced flux which passes along the inner path 35 tends to add to
or augment the winding-produced flux in that portion of the path 27 which
spans the radial air gaps between the pole pieces 14 and the rotor teeth
23. Accordingly, the total flux passing effectively between the radial air
gaps is significantly increased so as to enable the motor 10 to develop
more torque, both during steady state stepping of the rotor 15 and when
the rotor is held in a detent position by continuous energization of the
appropriate pairs of windings 24. Tests have demonstrated and confirmed
that one particular motor constructed in accordance with the invention and
incorporating permanent magnets between the pole pieces is capable of
developing between 25 and 30 percent more running torque than an identical
motor without the magnets when the two motors are operated under identical
conditions and by the same voltage source.
It should be recognized that because of the inertia of the rotor 15, the
rotor teeth 23 tend to pass by or overshoot the excited pole pieces 14
rather than stopping immediately in detent positions in which the teeth
are half-alined with the pole pieces. After the teeth have overshot the
pole pieces in one direction, the flux attracts the teeth in the reverse
rotational direction and the teeth tend to overshoot the pole pieces
reversely but by a shorter angular distance. Thus, the rotor has a
tendency to oscillate back and forth as the teeth seek out and settle into
their detent positions.
I have found that the interposition of the permanent magnets 30 within the
circumferential spaces between the pole pieces 14 appreciably shortens
initial overshoot of the rotor 15 past its detent positions and
significantly dampens oscillation of the rotor so as to reduce the time
required for the rotor to settle into each detent position. This
advantageous aspect of the magnets is made clear by FIG. 6 in which the
curve 40 illustrates the angular displacement of the rotor 15 of the
present motor 10 with respect to time when the rotor is advanced through a
single step. The curve 41 shown in FIG. 6 illustrates the single step
displacement vs. time characteristics of the rotor of an identical motor
operated under the same conditions but without permanent magnets
interposed between the pole pieces.
By comparing the two curves 40 and 41, it will be seen that the rotor 15 of
the present motor 10 advances from a dead stop at one detent position and
through one step of fifteen degrees to the next detent position at a
faster rate and thus in a shorter time than the rotor of the magnetless
motor. Moreover, the distance by which the rotor 15 initially overshoots
the detent position is only about one-half the initial overshoot distance
of the rotor of the magnetless motor. Finally, the rotor 15 settles into
its detent position much more quickly than and does not oscillate nearly
as much as the rotor of the magnetless motor.
The reasons why the permanent magnets 30 reduce overshoot and dampen
oscillation of the rotor 15 are not known with precise certainty. It is
believed, however, that the flux produced by the permanent magnets
influences the inductance of the windings 24 in such a manner as to permit
a faster current rise in the windings which are newly energized to effect
stepping of the rotor from one detent position to the next. The flux in
the paths 27 thus rises faster to cause the rotor to begin moving sooner
and at a higher rate. The faster moving rotor and the magnet-produced flux
cause the current in the just energized windings to increase, the current
in the steadily energized windings to fluctuate, and the current in the
just de-energized windings to decay in such a manner relative to the
transient position of the rotor that the net flux actually exerts a
negative or reverse torque on the rotor as the latter approaches its
detent position and moves through the last three or four degrees of the
fifteen degree step. The reverse torque tends to overcome the inertia of
the rotor and brings the rotor to a faster stop than is the case with the
magnetless motor where no reverse torque is exerted on the rotor until the
latter actually reaches its detent position. With the rotor 15 having
overshot its detent position by a shorter distance, it can return
reversely to the detent position more quickly and with less reverse
overshot. Moreover, upon returning to its detent position, the reversely
rotating rotor 15 is subjected to a higher positive or forward torque than
the rotor of the magnetless motor and thus the rotor 15 settles into its
detent position more quickly and with less oscillation.
The magnets 30 further provide the motor 10 with positive detenting torque
in that the magnets tend to hold the rotor 15 in a stopped condition after
all of the windings 24 have been de-energized. Upon de-energization of all
of the windings, the magnet-produced flux causes the rotor to advance
one-half step (assuming that there is little or no load on the shaft) out
of its normal detent position to the position shown in FIG. 4 in which one
diametrically opposite pair of rotor teeth 23 move into virtually perfect
circumferential alinement with the previously most nearly adjacent pole
pieces 14. The magnet-produced flux spanning the radial air gaps between
the alined rotor teeth and pole pieces tends to resist movement of the
rotor from this position and thus retards free rotation of the rotor.
While the use of magnets to produce detenting torque is not new per se, I
believe that it is indeed new to provide detenting in the four-phase motor
10 which has been described.
From the foregoing, it will be apparent that the present invention brings
to the art a new and improved step motor 10 which, when compared with an
identical magnetless motor, is capable of producing higher dynamic and
holding torque, possesses detenting torque, and is capable of executing a
single step in less time while settling out more quickly and with less
oscillation of the rotor. It should be appreciated that the principles of
the invention are applicable to a so-called stacked motor in which the
stator is divided into axially and angularly spaced sections and in which
angularly adjacent pole pieces of opposite polarity are simultaneously
excited.
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