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The present invention relates to feature recognition systems, and more
particularly to a system for recognizing the acoustical signatures of
underwater sound soureces and correlating the signature with known
underwater sound source signatures.
It is generally known that each type or class of submarines, when
submerged, generate a plurality of discrete underwater acoustical
frequencies from propeller cavitation, inboard machinery, etc. The complex
composite wave formed thereby is unique as a "signature" and can be used
for recognition and identification. In ASW (antisubmarine warfare) it is
desirable and often necessary to positively identify these signatures as
opposed to those of other underwater sound sources when the submarine
position has been localized and before executing appropriate action such
as attack if the sound source were an enemy submarine. The most commonly
known means for identifying acoustical signatures requires a frequency
spectrum analysis. The acoustical signals detected by a sonobuoy are
translated in an analyzer into a frequency spectrum and displayed on a
recorder having a constant speed strip chart and a constant speed
reciprocating and traversing pen. The line made by the pen is intensity
modulated in accordance with the frequency predominance producing thereby
a plurality of light and dark lines parallel to the length of the chart in
coordinates of time vs. frequency. The AN/AQA-5 Sonobuoy Indicator Group,
for example, produces such a display by taking 0.2 microsecond samples of
the sonobuoy transmitted signal and integrating each frequency in the
samples so that the line intensity produced by the pen varies with the
frequency repetition rate. Noise frequencies appear as light lines because
their frequency repetition rates are practically zero, while a cavitating
submarine generates discrete frequencies which occur in every sample and
therefore appear as dark lines because of the high frequency repetition
rate.
As applied to ASW and under average noise conditions, about three inches of
recordation is deemed necessary for a skilled operator to positively
recognize and identify an underwater object's acoustical signature. At
conventional chart speeds of about 1 inch per minute, this imposes about
three minutes of delay between when an object is first encountered and
when a decision for appropriate action can be made. This delay may
seriously derogate the effectiveness of ASW missions, particularly in this
age of fast-moving submerged submarines.
The present invention contemplates an entirely new technique of feature
recognition which automatically and instantaneously recognizes and
positively identifies underwater object acoustical signatures by means of
optical correlation of holograms. This is accomplished with a first laser
beam which is frequency modulated in accordance with a sonobuoy-detected
signal and its output is superimposed with a second laser beam of constant
frequency. The resulting beam is intermittently exposed on photographic
film which is developed to form a hologram of an interferometric frequency
spectrum. An optical cross-correlator then compares the hologram with a
"master" film which contains a matrix of frequency spectra for all of the
known acoustical signatures of submarine types and other underwater
objects which may be encountered. If the hologram contains the same
signature as one of the known signatures in the master, a spot of light
will pass to a viewing screen. The vertical and horizontal position
coordinates of the light spot corresponds to and indicates the type of
object detected. The unique capability of lasers to instantaneously
reproduce the frequency spectrum in coherent light beams has alleviated
the need for complex frequency spectrum analyzers of the prior art. More
importantly, the time required by the prior art systems to obtain an
identifiable pattern of frequency distribution has been substantially
eliminated along with the need for a skilled operator.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel
feature recognition system for recognizing and identifying radiating
energy sources, in which complex waves of radiated energy from an
unidentified source is instantaneously translated into its frequency
spectrum, and is automatically correlated with frequency spectra of known
energy sources, and any correlation resulting therefrom is instantaneously
indicated to an operator.
Another object is to provide novel apparatus for recognizing and
identifying the radiated energy signals from a plurality of known radiated
energy signals.
A still further object is to provide a feature recognition system which is
particularly suitable for ASW operations in which sonobuoy-detected
acoustical signatures of underwater sound sources are instantaneously
recognized and identified for prompt and appropriate action thereby
diminishing the chances of an ineffective or aborted mission due to a
fast-maneuvering enemy submarine.
Still another object is to provide a feature recognition system which is
particularly suitable for use as airborne equipment in ASW operations for
recognizing and identifying submerged submarine which is relatively simple
in construction and operation, which alleviates the need for highly
skilled personnel for maintenance and operation, which eliminates possible
errors in judgment by the human operator, and which is light weight and
occupies relative little aircraft space.
Various other objects and advantages will appear from the following
description of one embodiment of the invention, and the most novel
features will be particularly pointed out hereinafter in connection with
the appended claims.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a feature
recognition system of the present invention as applied to an airborne ASW
equipment;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view through the optical axis of a portion of
the embodiment of FIG. 1 taken along the line 2--2;
FIG. 3 represents a fragment of photographic film, produced by the
embodiment of FIG. 1 and as viewed with coherent light, of a spectral
frequency pattern of the acoustical signature of an imaginary type of
submarine; and
FIG. 4 represents a typical matrix of spectral frequency patterns of
acoustical signatures of known types of underwater sound sources.
Referring now to the embodiment of FIG. 1, there is illustrated a radio
receiver 10, such as the Navy's AN/ARR-52 Sonobuoy Receiving Set, which
receives and detects FM r-f signals transmitted from a sonobuoy, not
shown, on a standard transmission frequency. The sonobuoy may be any
conventional type, preferably having an omnidirectional sensitivity such
as the Navy's AN/SSQ-28 Sonobuoy, which is capable of detecting underwater
acoustical signals propagated from submerged sources and of retransmitting
these signals to an airborne receiver. The receiver 10 demodulates the
signal received back into an audio frequency range representative of the
complex form received by the sonobuoy from an underwater sound source.
This signal is fed into a buffer or voltage amplifier 11 for producing an
output control signal suitable for frequency modulating a laser 12a which
may be of any conventional type capable of external modulation. In the
embodiment illustrated a helium-neon (He-Ne) gas laser is contemplated
having a fundamental output wavelength of 6328 angstroms of 4.82 .times.
10.sup.3 Mc with maximum deviation of 1200 Mc, peak-to-peak, at 10 to 3000
cps external modulation. A Model 119 laser by Spectral-Physics, Inc.,
Mountain View, California has been found satisfactory for this purpose. A
plasma tube 13 is mounted in the cavity of an Invar resonator structure 14
having one dielectric resonator mirror 15a fixed to the structure 14 and
an opposing mirror 15b mounted on a fixed piezoelectric element 17. The
output control signal from the amplifier 11 is applied to the element 17
causing it to expand and contract in a direction along the length of the
cavity changing the cavity length between mirrors 15a and b and thereby
changing the frequency of the resonant modes. Excitation of the plasma
tube 13 from a high voltage power supply or exciter 16 consequently
produces a modulating frequency of coherent light output through a
collimating lens 18 to a beam splitter 19. The so-called beam splitter 19
may be any conventional optical device such as opposed prisms which will
divide a beam coming from one direction into two beams leaving in
different directions.
A constant frequency laser 12b powered by the exciter 20 is similar to the
laser 12a except that it has a fixed cavity length, thereby providing a
constant frequency coherent light beam which passes through a collimating
lens 21 to another beam splitter 22. A portion of the constant frequency
beam is reflected to the beam splitter 19 and superimposed on the portion
of the modulated frequency beam conducted straight through forming thereby
an interferometric beam.
An explanation of the characteristics of the interferometric coherent light
formed by superposition of a constant and modulated frequency coherent
light is well known to persons skilled in the art. For example, see "Model
119 Gas Laser, Operation and Maintenance Manual", Issue B, 4/1/64,
Spectra-Physics Incorporated, Mountainview, California, and "An
Introduction to Optics of Coherent and Non-coherent Electromagnetic
Radiations" by George W. Stroke, Electrical Engineering Department,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. For purposes of this
disclosure, it should be sufficient to say that the coherent light beam
resulting from the superposition of the light beams of one constant
frequency laser and one frequency modulated laser will produce, when
exposed on photographic films, a hologram which is the Fourier analysis
(spectrum) of the complex signal used to modulate the piezoelectric
element 17.
The interferometric coherent light beam from the beam splitter 19 is
directed to another beam splitter 23 where the straight through portion
passes to a shutter 24 which intermittently passes the beam through a
condensing lens 26 and a cylindrical lens 27. The beam thereby converges
to a focal point on a photographic strip film 28 at station A. As shown in
FIG. 2, the cylindrical lens 27 magnifies the beam in the dimension
transverse to the length of the film 28 producing thereby a visual
representation or hologram of the interferometric light beam in a
frequency spectrum analysis. The interferometric pattern of the coherent
light beam is characterized by zero frequency at the center of the beam,
with frequency increasing with radial distance from the center. Since the
frequency spectrum is symmetrical about the center or optical axis of the
beam, it is only necessary to record the spectrum on one side of center in
the magnified direction. An iris 29 is therefore provided to limit the
film exposure to a very narrow transverse area of the film. As shown in
FIG. 3, a portion of the length of the film 28 is superimposed with a
broken line to show the outline of area exposed by the iris 29. FIG. 3
also shows a frequency spectrum or signature of an imaginary submarine as
viewed on the processed film 28 with coherent light. The sound source
appears on the film with the predominant frequencies appearing as dark
lines parallel to the length of the film. The abscissa is in units of
frequency, and the ordinate in units of time.
To permit an operator to view in real time the acoustical signature being
recorded on the film 28, the beam splitter 23 reflects a portion of the
interferometric coherent light beam to a separate viewing plate 31 via a
mirror 32 and projecting lens 33.
The unexposed photographic film is intermittently transported by a motor 34
and sprocket 36 from a supply reel 38 past the iris 29 and the exposed and
developed or processed film is stored on a take-up reel 39. To insure
synchronous shutter operation with film transport, the shutter 24 is also
mechanically linked by a shaft 40 to the motor 36. After the film 28 is
exposed at Station A, it is passed through a film processor 41 at
processing Station B where the frequency spectrum is photographically
developed and fixed forming thereby a hologram. The hologram, when viewed
with incoherent light such as from an incandescent source, in
unintelligible; however, when viewed with coherent light, the frequency
spectrum is clearly visible such as illustrated in FIG. 3. It is
contemplated that the film processor be of the rapid processing type in
order that the hologram produced thereby can be cross-correlated with
relatively short lag time after exposure, i.e., less than 20 seconds. The
process employing Kodak bimat film such as described in Kodak Pamphlet No.
P-63, is satisfactory for this purpose.
From the processing Station B, the film then advances to a
cross-correlation Station C where the hologram is cross-correlated with a
frequency spectrum signature master 42. Referring to FIG. 4, the master 42
comprises a matrix of distinct frequency spectra or acoustical signatures
43 of known underwater sound sources on transparent film and arranged in
rows and columns identified numerically and alphabetically, respectively.
For example, the signature in Column 2, Row B, may be the signature of a
specific class of submarines, while the signature in Column 4, Row C, may
represent the signature of a different specific class of submarines. The
number of signatures included in the master 42 would be limited only by
design and the number of known signatures pertinent to the intended use of
the invention. Positive recognition and identification of the unknown
acoustical signature occurs when the hologram on the film 28 arrives at
Station C. The portion of the coherent light beam which passes straight
through beam splitter 22 is directed to another beam splitter 44 wherein
the portion thereof which passes striaght through is directed to a
converging lens 46 and then a collimating lens 47. The lenses 46 and 47
form thereby collimated rays of the coherent constant frequency light beam
for illuminating the entire signature master 42. The collimated light
which passes through the transparent areas of all of the signatures 43 are
condensed to a focal point on the film 28 by a condensing lens 48. If the
unknown acoustical signature on the film 28 as viewed with coherent light
is identical to one of the known acoustical signatures 43, the coherent
light beam will pass through the film 28 to a projecting lens 49 and a
viewing screen 51.
The surface of the screen 51 is divided by visible lines into rows and
columns of equal rectangular areas each corresponding in position and
identification to the rows and columns of signatures 43 of the master 42.
Thus, when an unknown acoustical signature, recorded as a hologram on the
film 28, corresponds to a signature 43 at a particular column and row on
the master 42, a spot of light will appear at the same column and row on
the screen 51. By the spot's position, the operator may then quickly
identify the unknown signature.
Continuous monitoring of the viewing screen 51 is not necessary because an
audible alarm system will indicate when such a spot, irrespective of its
position, appears on the screen 51. That is, a beam splitter 52 having its
diagonal surface positioned at the focal point of the lens 49 laterally
reflects a portion of the coherent light beam through a condensing lens 53
to a photocell 54 for actuating an alarm system which includes an
amplifier 55 and a horn 56.
A series of consecutive holograms of the detected acoustical signature is
also viewable at Station D through which the processed film 28 passes
after cross-correlation Station C. This enables the operator to visually
inspect and evaluate the detected acoustical signature recorded over a
time period. A laterally reflected portion of the coherent light beam from
beam splitter 44 is directed to a diagonal mirror 58, through a condensing
lens 59, and a collimating lens 61 for illuminating a relatively large
area of the film 28 at Station D. A lens 62 projects the series of
acoustical signatures contained in the illuminated area onto another
viewing screen 63.
The operator is thereby presented with four distinct indicia of detected
underwater sound sources. First, viewing screen 31 presents an
interferometric frequency spectrum or acoustical signature of the sound
source as it is received by the receiver 10 and recorded at Station A.
Second, a horn 56 audibly alerts the operator of the occurrence of a
cross-correlation between a known signature on the master 42 and the
unknown signature on the hologram of film 28. Third, the viewing screen 51
identifies by the column and row position of a spot of light for the
particular acoustical signature detected. And fourth, the viewing screen
63 displays to the operator the recorded acoustical signature over a span
of time.
From the foregoing description, some of the many advantages of the feature
recognition system of the present invention should now be apparent. The
need for complex space and time consuming frequency spectrum analyzers has
been obviated. The frequency signature of a radiating energy source is
displayed instantaneously as compared to several seconds for conventional
equipment. The incoming signature does not have to be processed, changed
or translated. The system will give a discrete signal to an operator when
a recognizable signature exists thereby removing any chance of human error
in judgment. It is also capable of presenting a historical picture of the
signature for comparison over a span of time.
It will be understood that various changes in the details, materials, steps
and arrangements of parts, which have been herein described and
illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made
by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the
invention as expressed in the appended claims.
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