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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention refers to a system for making use of solar energy,
and more particularly, the invention relates to the control for such a
system for causing it to operate at a high efficiency with regard to the
energy collecting or dissipating process.
It is generally known to use collectors with large surface for absorbing
solar energy or for dissipating thermal energy at night time over a large
area. It is also known to employ e.g. water as a storage medium for solar
energy and to provide for circulation between stored water-thermal energy
and a collector serving as heat exchanger between the circulating water
and the environmental conditions, presented as influx of solar energy.
A specific problem arises here with regard to night time cooling in winter.
The collector may rapidly loose thermal energy through the window as
radiating into the black of the night and the water may begin to freeze.
Another problem is excessive heating in summer, when little or no use is
made of the stored solar energy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide for a new and improved
system for the control of a heat accumulating process which is quite
efficient and adaptive to the environmental conditions under which it
operates.
It is another object of the invention to provide for a new control between
bulk storage of enthalpy and energy collection to obtain uni-directional
flow of energy in such a system.
It is a specific object of the present invention to improve a system which
includes a collector exposed to solar radiation, a water tank and a pump
for sustaining flow of water from the tank through the collector and back
into the tank. The pump is controlled in response to the temperature
differential detected by a thermistor bridge and as effective between
collector and tank water, so that flow of water is sustained only if the
collector has higher temperature than the tank.
The control circuit providing the control operations is of considerable
simplicity. The circuit consists essentially of two thermistors
respectively placed at or near the outlets of collector and water tank
(for monitoring water temperatures) and are (electrically) connected in a
bridge circuit whose diagonal voltage represents merely the monitored
temperature differential and controls a solid state device which in turn
turns the pump on and off in accordance with the temperature differential,
so that pumping of water will result in a flow of thermal energy in the
desired direction only.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, it is
suggested to use the collector sensing thermistor for sensing the approach
to freezing so as to provide for control operations protecting the
collector in one of three ways. Either a slow circulation is sustained to
heat the collector by (as little as possible) energy stored in the tank;
or one can turn on an electric heater in the collector, just sufficient to
prevent freezing, or one can empty the collector. The latter type
protective operation may be used in addition, if the others prove to be
insufficient for reasons of excessively low outside temperatures.
The system, as a whole, is self-adjusting in that thermal energy flows
normally in the desired direction only, but upon freezing, a slight
reversal may be introduced to protect the system; from the collector to
the tank in the case of heating, and from the tank to the collector in the
case of protection. Flow of thermal energy depends on pumping action for
circulating water through the system, thereby moving thermal energy as
contained in the water, and the pump is controlled quite independantly
from actual temperature values in the tank and in the collector. The
control as exercised is provided such that the flow of energy will reverse
only for the protection. In the case of heating, the tank will be heated
as long as solar energy causes the collector to rise in temperature or at
least to assume or maintain a temperature higher than the tank water
temperature. Tank water is continuously passed to the collector as long as
the pump runs. The environment, i.e. radiation from the sun will, in fact,
have added to that energy, if the water leaves the collector at a
temperature higher than on entry. It makes no difference where the
absolute levels of temperature lie; decisive is that the flow of thermal
energy will be from the collector to the tank, which is the case as long
as the water leaves the collector at a temperature that is higher than the
temperature of the tank water, particularly as it is pumped up to the
collector. The setting of the control should be such that the pump is
turned off at the latest when the collector does not increase the
temperature of the water that is being pumped up from the tank.
The system will be set into motion in the morning, when the sun begins to
heat the collector. Some hysteresis should be built here into the system,
because warming up of the collector in the morning is a cumulative effect
and the collector temperature will drop quickly when cold water from the
tank is pump up. The turn-on temperature differential should, therefore,
reach significant values, such as a temperature differential in excess of
20.degree.F before the pump is turned on, but the pump should be turned
off at a much smaller differential, so that no turn-off results from a
subsequent lowering of the temperature differential as cold water is being
fed into the collector while the previously warmed water flows into the
tank.
If during the night the collector temperature approaches 32.degree.F the
collector may be emptied or heated either electrically or by sustaining a
slow circulation through the collector, using some of the energy stored in
the tank to keep the water temperature in the collector safely above
freezing. Heating the collector in one way or another is preferred.
However, dumping the collector content may be needed if protective heating
proves to be insufficient. Conversely, the temperature in the tank may
become too hot. In this case a third bridge circuit, but using the tank
sensor will be used to stop the circulation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and
distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention,
it is believed that the invention, the objects and features of the
invention and further objects, features and advantages thereof will be
better understood from the following description taken in connection with
the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system in accordance with features
of the preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the control circuit as used in the system
shown in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a time diagram of operation of the system shown in FIG. 1 with a
control circuit as shown in FIG. 2.
Proceeding now to the detailed description of the drawing, FIG. 1 shows a
relatively large, flat plate collector 10, having a large "black" surface
exposed to the radiation of the sun and mounted, for example, to the
southside roof of a dwelling. Meandering duct 11 is provided directly
underneath the black surface in good thermal conductive relation therewith
or even constituting part thereof. Water flows through the collector duct
11 which is fed thereto by a pipe 12 and discharged therefrom via a pipe
13.
Water is pumped up in pipe 12 by an electrically controlled pump 15,
drawing water from a storage tank 16, particularly from the bottom
thereof. Water flows into the tank through pipe 13 simply by force of
gravity as the tank is presumed to be in a lower portion of the building.
There is no inherent necessity for this spatial relation, but that will
simply be the result of considerations of practicality.
A check valve 14 prevents backflow of water in the path, when pumped. The
pipe 13 (or 12) has a portion 13a which is of reduced cross-section
throttling the rate of flow. The rate is quite small as will be shown
shortly. However, reference numeral 13b denotes a by-pass of normal
cross-section, and being operative only when a valve 19 is open. That
valve is normally open but closed under control of circuit 20 when the
pump maintains a circulation of water through the collector for preventing
freezing.
A heat exchanger 17 may be included in tank 16 for feeding the heating
system 18 of the building. However, the water of tank 16 itself could be
circulated through the heating system; on the other hand, temperature
control and constant water temperature in the user circuit is more readily
obtained when the circulations are kept separately. This way, the
collector-tank circulation can accumulate as much thermal, solar energy as
the collector can gather on a day by day basis and as weather conditions
permit. That amount of energy may differ from day to day.
The pump 15 is controlled by the circuit 20 operating in such a manner that
water is permitted to descend through pipe 13 only when the collector
water is hotter than the water in the bottom portion of the tank 16. Then
and only then will pump cooler water from tank 16 up to the collector 10
for being heated before return to the tank. The valve 19 opens the by-pass
for this operation.
For normal operation, control circuit 20 operates the pump 15 on the basis
of the temperature differential between collector temperature and tank
temperature. The temperature differential is detected by measuring the
temperature of the water in the collector (transducer 21) and by measuring
the temperature e.g. at the outlet of or otherwise near the bottom of tank
16 (transducer 22). The control circuit 20 processes the signals provided
by transducers 21, 22 for controlling pump 15. One will preferably use
thermistors as temperature sensing transducers.
By way of example, during the day water is heated in the collector at
130.degree.F or higher, up to 160.degree.F or even more. The tank
temperature may rise to 115.degree.F or higher, but during solar heating
the temperature difference will become significant. If the tank
temperature approaches boiling, circulation may be stopped entirely by
turning the pump 15 off. Alternatively, circulation may be reduced by
closing valve 19 so that only very small amounts of heated water are added
to the tank.
As evening approaches, the temperature differential between tank and
collector will be reduced, i.e. the collector temperature will approach
the tank temperature. The development of the tank temperature will depend
to a considerable extent on the amount of energy that is being withdrawn
from the tank, but the capacity of the tank should be sufficient, so that
the temperature drop in the tank will be a gradual one and that drop can
be expected to occur much slower than the drop in collector temperature
around sundown and later.
As the temperature differential approaches the turn-off point, circuit 20
stops the pump 15. During the night the collector tempeature will drop
drastically, even below the tank temperature, though the tank temperature
will drop also, particularly if the system runs as central heating system.
In the morning the collector temperature will begin to rise again. Since
thermal energy has been taken from the tank during the night the tank
temperature did drop further, so that the pump will be turned on shortly
after the collector tempeature begins to rise following sunrise.
Should the temperature in the collector as monitored at 21 drop dangerously
close to freezing during the night, circuit 20 will turn the pump 15 on
again, but will open valve 19 so that only a small amount of water is
permitted to circulate through the collector, just sufficient to keep the
water in the collector moving using some of the still stored energy in
tank 16. Alternatively, or if the tank temperature drops to dangerously
low levels in spite of the low circulation, dump valve 111 is opened to
empty the tank. A condition for empyting the collector could be that the
tank temperature approaches collector temperature, that is to say, the
collector has actually cooled the tank content so that the danger arises
that the entire water content may freeze. As a further alternative or
supplement the collector may be electrically heated.
The circuit 20 shown in FIG. 2 includes a sensing bridge 25 with d.c. bias
circuit 30 for the bridge circuit which includes the two thermistors 21
and 22 establishing two of the four branches; two resistors 26 and 28 are
the other two branches, one of the resistors being actually a
potentiometer, 28, to change the balance between branches 22-28. The d.c.
bias is applied to the junction between the thermistors and the junction
between the resistors. The bridge diagonal voltage is taken between the
potentiometer 28 tap and the junction between thermistor 21 and resistor
26. The diagonal voltage is applied to a differential amplifier 34, which
is used as comparator with positive feedback for hysteresis.
The potentiometer 28 together with positive, zero-output feedback by
resistor 35 determines the differential in temperature, .DELTA.TW, which
sets the pump 15 into motion. Specifically, if the two thermistors exhibit
a particular difference as to their respective temperature dependent
resistance, commensurate with the temperature differential adjustment as
per potentiometer setting, amplifier 34 will respond. The amplifier 34 may
control a relay driver 36 which in turn operates a pump relay 23 to turn
pump 15 on when the collector temperature exceeds the tank temperature by
the value as set by potentiometer 28.
while the pump is working, the collector heats water which is being pumped
up, and the heated water flows back into the tank. Since the capacity of
the collector is smaller than that of the tank, the water temperature of
the tank will rise slower, but it will rise. Nevertheless, the temperature
differential between collector and tank will remain sufficiently large to
keep the pump working. Thus, as the tank water is being heated, the
resistance of thermistor 22 drops also but that drop will not have any
effect on the control as long as the collector water remains hotter than
the tank water.
It may be advisable e.g. to set the potentiometer to a level so that a
relatively large spread in temperature is needed to set the system into
motion in the morning (e.g., .DELTA.TW = 20.degree.F). The temperature
must change, so that the voltage at the junction between the two
thermistors will rise to a particular value before the pump is turned on.
Now, it should be avoided that upon pumping cold water up to the collector
the system would be shut down again shortly after having been turned on,
resulting in an intermittent operation, unless prevented. Such
intermittency would not be a disadvantage from the point of view of
"pumping" solar energy, but is wasteful as to pumping energy expanded
particularly with regard to turning the pump on and off. Also, the pump
will wear faster. Therefore, the circuit has a built-in hysteresis, so
that a decline in collector temperature following turn-on will not turn
the system off. The amplifier circuit has positive feedback (resistance
35) for this purpose.
By operation of the positive feedback when the amplifier is off, a
significant value of the input differential is needed to cause the
amplifier to change state; however, subsequently, the positive feedback
controls the differential operational amplifier to change state (for
turning the pump relay off) for a much smaller bridge differential. As a
consequence, a smaller temperature differential is required to turn the
pump off and a large temperature differential is required to turn the pump
on; the circuit thus has a built-in hysteresis due to the positive
feedback and the pump will, therefore, remain on even if the temperature
in the collector declines after turn-on and pumping.
Eventually the temperature of the collector will begin to decline, e.g. in
the afternoon the collector will be heated to a lesser extent than around
noon or in the early afternoon, and the temperature differential will
diminish; the resistance of the two thermistors will tend to equalize.
However, the system should continue as long as the water leaves the
collector warmer than it entered.
The bridge voltage drops below the value as set by 28 and 35 when the
temperature differential is quite small again, whereupon the pump is shut
down. Subsequently, the residual water in the collector will cool further
but that causes a change in the input of amplifier 34 in a direction away
from the pump turn on level. When the sum comes up, the cycle will start
anew.
Turning now to the night time problem, it will be recalled that thermistor
21 monitors collector temperature. Accordingly, a second potentiometer 29
is provided and connected across the d.c. bias circuit 30 to establish a
second bridge which shares elements 21-27-28 with the first mentioned
bridge. Potentiometer 29 is adjusted so that an amplifier 37 is operated
when the thermistor indicates that the collector threatens to freeze.
Amplifier 37 operates a releay driver 39 which in turn operates a relay 24
for control of the valve 19. Positive feedback resistor 38 introduces a
hysteresis also here to prevent hunting of the protective control for
analogous reasons as outlined above.
The illustrated circuit shows a logic circuit interposed between amplifiers
34, 37 and relay drivers 36, 39. But for the logic circuit the latter
drivers were not needed. The And/Or circuit 41-40 makes sure that, either
the response of amplifier 34 (tank temperature sufficiently below
collector temperature) or amplifier 37 (collector temperature close to
freezing) will turn the pump 15 on. Response of both amplifiers 34, 37
(tank and collector temperature close to freezing) constitutes an error
condition and is used logically to prevent the pump from being turned on.
If the water in the tank 16 is not two warm, and ambient conditions are
severe, the tank temperature may drop and now suddenly the differential in
signals between 21 and 22 may again drop but from the opposite direction.
That condition could be sensed separately to control turn off of pump 15
while dump valve 111 opens for emptying the collector 11.
Instead of maintaining a low rate circulation, the response of freeze
control amplifier 37 could be used directly to open the dump valve 111. In
this case, and/or structure 41/40 and constriction 13a could be omitted; a
by-pass is likewise not needed in this case. Moreover, the relay drivers
36 and 39 may likewise not be needed if the amplifiers 34 and 37 have
sufficient gain to drive relays. The two circuits are completely
decoupled.
In lieu of dumping water or maintaining a slow rate warm water circulation,
the response of amplifier 37 can be used to turn a heater on in collector
11, sufficient to heat the collector. The heating of the collector could
be used directly, without pump, so that circuit 40 and 41 can be omitted
also in this case. Thermistor 21 could be used additionally as
thermostatic control for the intensity of the heating or, if the heating
is rather strong, one may operate in alternating on-off cycles.
The circuit includes a thrid bridge, composed of bridge branch 22, 28 and a
potentiometer 27. Thermistor 21 senses tank temperature, and potentiometer
27 is set at a value to cause the voltage derivable from this third bridge
to change polarity when the temperature in the tank approaches and exceeds
a danger point, such as 211.degree.F or thereabouts, depending on response
of the system. This bridge voltage is monitored by a differential
amplifier 45 which when responding and providing a non zero output changes
the balance on the input for circuit 34 to obtain pump shut down.
Alternatively, an additional water reservoir could be added, or the hot
water stored, say, in 18 could be dumped or diminished and replenished by
cold water. In this case circuit 45 would control appropriate valves
rather than the circuit 34. It should be noted, that the circulating
system 11, 13, 16, 12 should have at some high point a pressure relief
valve, because if the pump is shut down for reasons of a excessively high
tank temperature, the collect will certainly boil.
The integration of the control circuits, one for the solar energy
conversion system as such, and second as "anti-freeze" protection and the
third one as boiling control, enhances stability considerably and avoids
operations that are conflicting, without requiring any mutual blocking. It
should be noted here that in winter the stopping of solar energy
conversion and the danger of freezing may occur quite rapidly in
succession while onset of conversion in the morning may occur shortly
after cessation of the protection operation. On the other hand, prevention
of boiling should not conflict with legitimate collection of energy.
Moreover, components and wiring will be saved if the three control
circuits share the thermistors.
FIG. 3 shows an operating cycle as covering about a day and a half. Time is
plotted along the abscissa and the two curves represent collector and tank
temperature. It can thus be seen that a relatively large temperature
differential .DELTA.T.sub.on is needed to turn the pump on. Assuming a
sunrise shortly after 6 a.m., the temperature in the collector will rise
sharply as cold water is not added.
As the pump is turned on, the collector temperature will drop but not to
the level of the tank temperature. The turn-off temperature differential
has been set so small, so that this drop in collector temperature does not
reach this smaller turn-off differential .DELTA.T.sub.off. Since heating
increases steadily, the collector temperature will rise again in spite of
the adding of relatively cold water from the tank, and throughout the day
a relatively large temperature differential will prevail. Should the tank
temperature rise too high, the circulation may be temporarily stopped or
cold water is added to the system to prevent boiling.
At some time in the afternoon, the collector temperature will not increase
further, but is still at a higher temperature than the tank temperature.
The pump will be turned off as the collector temperature approaches the
tank water temperature. The differential amplifier will change state at a
much smaller input differential than the differential that caused turn-on
in the morning.
As the pump is turned off, the water temperature in the collector may rise
again as the inflow or colder water has ceased. However, that rise can be
expected to stay below the turn on differential .DELTA.T.sub.on. Shortly
thereafter the collector temperature will decline and cool rapidly, while
the warm or hot water tank will lose its thermal energy only gradually,
until a new pump cycle is started next morning.
During the night, e.g. shortly after midnight, the collector temperature
may approach freezing level. Pump 15 and valve 19 are turned on again (or
the heater for the collector is turned on). The "anti-freeze" equipment
stays on until the temperature begins to rise again. Shortly thereafter
solar influx may begin and the cycle is repeated.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above but all
changes and modifications thereof not constituting departures frorm the
spirit and scope of the invention are intended to be included.
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