Method and apparatus for collecting, storing and transmitting solar heat

What is claimed is:

1. A hot air solar furnace apparatus comprising in combination:

a framework defining an elongated storage chamber with a floor having an inlet to and an outlet from the storage chamber disposed therein,

heat retaining material substantially filling the storage chamber,

a solar heat collector through which air may be circulated in fluid communication with said outlet and inlet respectively of said storage chamber,

first pump means for circulating air through the heat collector and storage chamber,

second pump means for withdrawing air from the storage chamber and directing it out of the apparatus, and,

a series of baffle members in said storage chamber adapted to direct air flow through the storage chamber so that the surface area of contact of the air with the heat retaining material in the storage chamber is maximized, at least one of said baffle member being disposed between the inlet to the storage chamber and said second pump means.

2. The solar furnace of claim 1 wherein said baffle members extend perpendicular to the length of the storage chamber.

3. The solar furnace of claim 2 wherein said baffle members extend alternatively along the length of the storage chamber upwardly from the bottom of the storage chamber and downwardly from the top of the storage chamber.

4. The solar furnace of claim 3 wherein said framework includes first and second end walls and wherein the baffle members closest to said end walls are parallel to and spaced from the end walls and extend upwardly from the bottom of the storage chamber, and wherein the inlet and outlet of said heat collector are positioned respectively between the planes defined by the first and second end walls and said baffle members closest to said end walls.

5. The solar furnace of claim 4 wherein the inlet of the storage chamber is closer to said first end wall than the outlet of the storage chamber, said inlet of the storage chamber being separated from the inlet of the collector by a baffle member, said outlet of the storage chamber being separated from the outlet of the collector by a baffle member.

6. The solar furnace of claim 1 wherein said first mentioned pump means is positioned within a closed pump compartment in said storage chamber, and duct means beneath said floor member connecting the storage chamber to the pump compartment.

7. The solar furnace of claim 3 wherein said framework is of triangular transverse cross-section and has upwardly convergent top panels.

8. The solar furnace of claim 7 further including a fill opening adjacent the top of one of said top panels.

9. The solar furnace of claim 4 further including a second pump compartment in said storage chamber and wherein said second pump means is positioned within said second pump compartment.

10. A solar furnace apparatus comprising in combination:

a framework defining an enclosed storage chamber,

heat retaining material in the storage chamber,

a solar heat collector in communication with the storage chamber, said heat collector being coextensive with one wall of the storage chamber,

duct means establishing fluid communication between the storage chamber and the heat collector, said duct means being at a lower elevation than both the said storage chamber and heat collector, and

pump means for circulating fluids through said heat collector and storage chamber to transfer the heat from the heat collector to the storage chamber.

11. The solar furnace of claim 10 wherein said heat collector has a passage therethrough which allows fluid to flow from an inlet to the heat collector to an outlet of the heat collector and wherein there are two of said duct means, one being in fluid communication with the inlet to the collector and the other to the outlet of the collector.

12. The solar furnace of claim 11 wherein said collector has a series of baffle members therein defining a series of reversing bends in said passage.

13. A solar furnace apparatus comprising in combination:

An insulated storage chamber having at least one inclined face forming an acute angle with horizontal,

heat retaining material in said storage chamber,

a heat collector mounted upon said inclined face of the storage chamber, said collector including an hermetically sealed front panel through which solar heat rays can pass, a heat absorbent back panel having a plurality of heat absorbing partitions extending perpendicularly relative to said front panel, said partitions being in the form of cups and being disposed in adjacent side by side relationship with their longitudinal axes extending perpendicularly to the front panel, said front panel and back panel defining a circulating passage therebetween, said collector having an inlet opening to said circulating passage and a spaced outlet opening from the passage,

duct means connecting the inlet and outlet openings of said collector to the storage chamber, and

pump means for circulating fluid through the collector and storage chamber to transfer heat from the collector to the storage chamber.

14. The solar furnace of claim 13 further including collector baffle means bridging the space between said front and back panels of the collector and at selected spacings to direct the fluid passing through the collector across substantially the entire surface area of the collector.

15. The solar furnace of claim 14 wherein said framework includes a rectangular bottom panel, two rectangular top panels and two triangular end panels interconnected to form an elongated body of uniform triangular transverse cross-section.

16. The solar furnace of claim 15 wherein said collector is of rectangular configuration and is mounted upon one of the top panels of the framework.

17. The solar furnace of claim 16 further including a reflective panel extending away from the lower edge of the collector at an angle of less than 180.degree. with the collector.

18. The solar furnace of claim 17 wherein said reflective panel is pivotally mounted along the lower edge of the collector so as to be movable about a horizontal axis between various angular positions relative to said collector.

19. The solar furnace of claim 15 wherein each panel of said framework includes a heat insulating material.

20. The solar furnace of claim 19 wherein each panel of said framework consists of a pair of rigid non-heat conductive sheets spaced from each other by a core of foam material.

21. The solar furnace of claim 15 wherein said pump means is situated within the storage chamber.

22. A solar furnace apparatus comprising in combination:

a framework defining an enclosed storage chamber,

heat retaining material in the storage chamber,

a solar heat collector in communication with the storage chamber,

duct means established fluid communication between the storage chamber and the heat collector, said duct means being at a lower elevation than both of said storage chamber and heat collector, and

pump means for circulating fluid through said heat collector and storage chamber to transfer heat from the collector to the storage chamber.

23. A solar furnace apparatus comprising in combination:

an insulated storage chamber having at least one inclined face forming an acute angle with the horizontal;

heat retaining material in said storage chamber;

a heat collector mounted upon said inclined face of the storage chamber, said collector including a hermetically sealed front panel through which solar rays can pass and a heat absorbent back panel having a plurality of heat absorbing partitions extending therefrom toward but not reaching said front panel, said partitions extending generally perpendicular to the plane of said front panel and defining therebetween a honeycomb-like network of solar energy absorbing chambers opening toward said front panel, the zone between the front edge of said partitions and the inner face of said front panel defining a passage through which a fluid can circulate over the front openings of said solar energy absorbing chambers;

said heat collector having an inlet opening establishing communication between said storage chamber and said passage and an outlet opening spaced from said inlet opening and establishing communication between said passage and said storage chamber;

and means for cirulating fluid through said heat collector passage and said storage chamber to transfer heat from said collector to said storage chamber.

24. The solar furnace apparatus of claim 23 wherein the front openings of said solar energy absorbing chambers are broader than the depth of said chambers, to enhance the flow of fluid into as well as over said chambers and thereby increase the heat transfer from said back panel and said chamber-defining partitions to the fluid.

25. An improved method of collecting and storing solar energy, comprising the steps of:

utilizing the inclined face of an insulated heat storage chamber as the back wall of a solar heat collector enclosure which is defined by a heat absorbing back panel and a front panel which is transparent to solar radiation and which is spaced from said back panel;

arranging within said heat collector a plurality of heat absorbing partitions defining therebetween a honeycomb-like network of solar energy absorbing chambers opening forwardly toward said front panel so as to receive and absorb solar energy passing through said front panel, said partitions extending substantially perpendicularly from said back panel toward but not reaching said front panel, so that a zone remains between the inner face of said front panel and said partitions through which a fluid can flow over the front openings of said solar energy absorbing chambers;

establishing a fluid flow circuit through said heat collector zone and into said solar energy absorbing chambers, said circuit further extending from said heat collector to said heat storage chamber and back to said heat collector, whereby circulating fluid will absorb heat from said back panel and said solar energy absorbing chambers and convey it to said heat storing chamber.

Description Submit all comments and votes

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus of collecting, storing and transmitting solar heat and more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for heating building structures and the like.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The tremendous energy output of the sun has been recognized for many years and numerous attempts have been made at harnassing this energy so that it can be converted into a useful state. For example, the sun's energy has been successfully converted into electrical energy with solar batteries and similarly, the sun's energy has been converted into heating systems by so-called solar stoves, furnaces and the like. The solar furnace apparatusses, however, have been typified by extremely large collector plates covering large portions of the roof structure of a building to be heated with the apparatus and large storage chambers usually in the substructure of the building wherein the heat is stored after having been transferred from the collector by a liquid fluid medium. The heat in the storage chamber is then circulated through the building structure by a separate fluid flow.

These systems, which have not only been unwieldly and very expensive to install, have proven to be very inefficient in that there is an excessive heat loss when transferring the solar heat from the collector to the removed storage chamber. Furthermore, these systems have not been capable of being easily installed in existing building structures and have not been devised to cooperate as an auxiliary heating unit to the conventional forced air heating systems commonly found in building structures.

Typical examples of prior art solar heating systems may be found in the June, 1973 issues of Popular Mechanics magazine and in the May, 1973 issue of Popular Science magazine.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has for its primary object the provision of a new and improved method and apparatus for collecting, storing and transmitting solar heat.

It is another object of the invention to provide a compact, self-contained solar heating unit which can be positioned exteriorly of a building structure and with minimum time and expense connected to the building structure so as to convert solar radiation into heat for maintaining a desired temperature within the building structure.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved solar heating system which is readily connected into an existing forced air heating system so as to serve as an auxiliary heating system with minimum alteration to an existing building structure.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved solar heating system which can also serve as a cooling system with minimal physical or mechanical alterations.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a solar heating unit which utilizes a small and compact heat collector yet has the capacity for adequately heating typical residential building structures.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a solar heating apparatus having a reflective panel to increase captured solar radiation and which can also serve as a protective covering for the collector portion of the apparatus in inclement weather conditions.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a solar heating method and apparatus wherein conventional valve means between a collector and storage chamber of the apparatus are eliminated through the unique positioning and types of air transfer ducts and baffles.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a hot air solar furnace in which baffle members are positioned on the collector and in the heat storage chamber to desirably circulate air in obtaining optimum temperature outputs from the unit.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a hot air solar furnace in which air is transferred from a solar collector to a storage chamber with a minimum of heat loss and removed from the storage chamber and transmitted into a building structure with a minimum heat loss.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a hot air solar furnace which has above ground heat storage eliminating the need for costly and disfiguring excavation.

It is another object of present invention to provide means to containerize heat storage with a new and simplified framing technique.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing and other objects are obtained in accordance with the present invention whereby solar heat is collected and stored in an integrated compact unit which is capable of generating a heat flow equal to or surpassing those of much larger unwielding units which have been typical of prior art solar heating units. The solar heating apparatus of the present invention is self-contained in an elongated housing preferably of triangular transverse cross-sectional configuration. This configuration has been found to allow a maximum quantity of heat retaining material, such as gravel, to be stored in the apparatus with a minimum of structural reinforcement. The housing is basically constructed of two rectangular top panels, a rectangular bottom panel, and two triangular end panels which are interconnected to define an enclosed storage chamber for the heat retaining material. The panels are each laminated in such a manner as to give both structural strength and the required insulating qualities for maintaining the temperature of the heat retaining material in the storage chamber. A collector unit is mounted upon one of the top panels of the housing so as to be inclined relative to the vertical in a position to receive the maximum from the Winter sun.

The collector unit is uniquely designed to absorb solar radiated heat and retain the heat by converting the heat waves, which will readily pass through transparent glass or plastic panes on the collector face, into long wave heat radiation which will not readily pass back through the glass or plastic panes on the face of the collector. The solar heat is absorbed on a base panel of the collector which emits relatively long wave heat radiation that becomes trapped in the collector. The base panel of the collector has a plurality of forwardly opening cups which serve to increase the heat absorption and emission capability of the collector. Depending upon the material from which the cups are made, they usually will not retain the heat imparted thereto by the solar radiation for extended periods of time; accordingly, air is circulated through the collector to transfer the heat absorbed by the cups into the storage chamber of the apparatus wherein the gravel material not only absorbs the heat carried by the air but also retains the heat for extended periods of time due to inherent heat retaining characteristics of gravel and its inherent restriction of convection. The air which passes through the collector and into the storage chamber is re-circulated through the collector so as to continuously transfer heat, when desired, from the collector to the storage unit. For purposes of the present disclosure, this circulating air will be referred to as conditioning air. Since it is important to the optimum operation of the unit that the conditioning air be equally exposed to the entire base of the collector, a series of baffles are provided in the collector to direct the air stream through a series of reversing bends. Similarly, baffles are provided in the storage chamber to direct the conditioning air throughout the entire quantity of gravel in the storage chamber.

A conditioning air pump is positioned within the storage chamber to effect the desired conditioning air flow. The air is passed from the storage chamber to the collector and back into the storage chamber through inlet and outlet ducts which are positioned at an elevation below both the storage chamber and the collector so that when the pump is not in operation, the hot air which is lighter than cold air, and therefore urged to the top of the respective components of the apparatus, will not be able to freely flow between the components so that the ducts establish thermal traps that avoid the necessity of relatively expensive valve means to accomplish the same purpose.

A reflector panel is hinged to the framework of the housing along an edge of the collector unit so that by opening the reflective panel, the solar heat radiation being absorbed by the collector unit is increased. This reflective panel is designed so that in a closed position is overlies the collector unit and thereby protects the relatively fragile glass from detrimental environmental elements such as hail, sunlight in summer months, and the like.

The heat retained by the heat retaining material in the storage chamber is transferred into an adjacent building structure or the like by a utility pump which may also be positioned within the storage chamber and connected to the building structure by suitable insulated duct work having outlets for selectivity distributing the hot air through the building structure. This air flow, which will be hereinafter referred to as the utility air flow, is circulated back through the storage chamber in a manner so as to obtain a maximum heat transfer from the heat retaining material to the air and in a manner such that the utility air is not short circuited and directed through the collector with the conditioning air unless both pumps are operating simultaneously. As will be explained in more detail hereinafter, this is accomplished by positioning the inlet and outlet ducts for both the conditioning air circuit and the utility air circuit on appropriate sides of the baffle members within the storage chamber.

As will be more fully appreciated hereinafter, the unit is ideally suited for connection to an existing forced air heating system in a buildling structure so as to serve as an auxiliary unit to the forced air heating system even though in many instances, the solar heating unit is sufficient in itself to provide the necessary heat for the building structure.

According to the method of the present invention, heat is first absorbed from the sun on a collector surface wherein the collector surface is insulated from the ambient environment and internal air is passed across the collector surface in a heat transfer process so that the heat absorbed by the collector surface is transferred to the internal air. The air is then passed through a duct which is lower than the collector surface into a raised storage chamber wherein it is desired through heat absorbent and heat retaining material in the storage chamber so that the heat in the hot air is transferred to the material in the storage chamber. The heat retained by the material in the storage chamber is transferred into a building structure by directing a utility stream of air through the material in the storage chamber and into the building structure wherein it is distributed as desired throughout the structure.

Other objects, advantages and capabilities of the present invention will become more apparent as the description proceeds taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the solar heating apparatus of the present invention with the reflector panel shown in an open position.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the solar heating unit of FIG. 1 with the reflector panel in a closed position.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the solar heating unit of the present invention as viewed from the reverse side of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an end elevation of the solar heating unit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a side elevation of the solar heating unit of FIG. 1 showing the collector unit.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged vertical section taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged vertical section taken along line 7--7 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical section illustrating the connection of a top panel of the solar heating unit to the bottom panel.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged fragmentary section illustrating the connection of an end panel of the solar heating unit to the bottom panel.

FIG. 10 is a section taken along line 10--10 of FIG. 6.

FIG. 11 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical section taken along line 11--11 of FIG. 6.

FIG. 12 is an enlarged section taken along line 12--12 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 13 is a vertical section taken along line 13--13 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 14 is a vertical section taken along line 14--14 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 15 is a section taken along line 15--15 of FIG. 4.

FIG. 16 is a section taken along line 16--16 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 17 is a section taken along line 17--17 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic horizontal section illustrating the floor plan of the solar heating apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is an enlarged section taken along line 19--19 of FIG. 4.

FIG. 20 is a diagrammatic perspective view illustrating the air currents through the storage chamber of the solar heating apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing a modified form of the solar heating unit of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is an enlarged vertical section taken through an upper portion of a forced air furnace illustrating the connection of the solar heating apparatus of the present invention to the forced air furnace.

FIG. 23 is a section taken along line 23--23 of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a valve plate shown in FIGS. 22 and 23.

FIG. 25 is a circuit diagram of the connection of the solar heating apparatus of the present invention to a conventional forced air furnace system.

FIG. 26 is a diagrammatic representation of the dual switch control for the conditioning pump of the apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is an electrical schematic of the dual switch control of FIG. 26.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The solar heating apparatus 28 of the present invention includes a housing 30 defining an internal storage chamber 32, a collector unit 34 mounted upon one face of the housing 30, and a reflector panel 36 pivotally connected to the housing so as to be movable between an open position exposing the collector unit 34 to the ambient environment and a closed protective position overlying the collector unit.

The framework for the apparatus includes three insulating rectangular panels of substantially the same size which are interconnected along their longitudinal edges to form an elongated housing of triangular transverse cross-section. The three rectangular panels consist of two inclined top panels 38a and 38b and a floor panel 40 with the top panels 38a and 38b forming an angle of approximately 60.degree. with horizontal. Each of the top panels and bottom panel are laminated with conventional plywood sheets 42 on opposite faces and an inner relatively thick core 44 of an insulating material such as a rigid polyurethane foam. The plywood panels are preferably painted or coated with a reflective paint such as a silver paint to better retain heat within the storage chamber.

The panels 38a, 38b, and 40 are connected along their edges with a relatively thin gauge angled metallic strip which is positioned to be self-tightening. Referring to FIG. 8, it will be seen that the lower edge of each top panel is tapered to fit flush against the horizontal top surface of the bottom panel 40 and an angled metallic strip 46, FIGS. 8 and 13, is positioned along the outer edge of the top and bottom panels 38a and 38b so as to have a horizontal leg 48 which lies between the panels and an upwardly inclined leg 50 which is flush with the outer surface of the top panel. Conventional fasteners, such as of the screw type, connect the horizontal leg with the bottom panel and the upwardly inclined leg with the top panel. These fastening strips 46 extend along the length of the bottom of the panels to securely and reliably interconnect the panels. The bottom panel extends beyond the lower edge of the top panel 38b for a reason which will become clear later.

At the juncture of the upper edges of the top panels 38a and 38b, one of the top panels 38a extends across the upper end of the other top panel 38b and is bevelled at its outer end so as to form a 60.degree. angle therewith and establish a smooth juncture of the two panels. The plywood laminate 42 on the outer surface of each of the top panels extends upwardly to the uppermost point of the housing and an angle iron strip 52 is placed downwardly over the junction of the two outermost plywood sheets to extend along the length of the panels. This angle iron strip 52 is suitably fastened to the respective top panels, such as with screw type fasteners, to reliably secure the panels along the top edges thereof.

Triangular shaped end panels 54 and 56 are secured to the end edges of the top and bottom panels 38a and 38b of the housing in a manner which is best illustrated in FIG. 9. There it will be seen that the end panels 54 and 56 extend downwardly to the lower edge of the bottom panel 40 and likewise extend outwardly to the outer edges of the top panels 38a and 38b to completely cover the end edges of the top and bottom panels. The end panels actually extend beyond the top panel 38b at 58, FIGS. 12 and 19, for a purpose to be described later. The end panels are constructed identically to the top and bottom panels in that they are laminates having outer layers 60 of a rigid material such as plywood and an inner insulating rigid foam core 62. The end panels are connected to the top and bottom panels by angled metallic strips 64, FIG. 9, which extend along the junctures of the panels and are fastened thereto as with screw-type fasteners in a self-tightening manner. Each end panel has a removable door 66 closing an opening 68 therein which provides selectable access to pump containing compartments 70 and 72 in the storage chamber 32 which will be described later.

A water-repellant sheet metal covering 74 is provided over the top panel 38a and the end panels 54 and 56 so that these panels will be protected from deterioration by moisture in the ambient environment.

The top, bottom and end panels cooperate in confining a heat retaining material 76 such as gravel in a manner such that the weight of the gravel does not place excessive outward pressure on the housing. In other words, since gravel is naturally piled with inclining sides, the pressure on the top walls 38a and 38b of the housing, since they too are inclined, is minimal. In the preferred form, the heat retaining material 76 is a granite rock of approximately 11/2 inches in diameter so that the spaces between the rock particles are sufficient to allow the flow of air through the storage chamber. A fill opening 78, FIGS. 3 and 6, is provided near the top edge of one of the top panels so that gravel can be poured through the opening to fill the storage chamber. An insulated door 80 removably seals the opening 78 during operation of the apparatus.

The storage chamber 32 of the apparatus has a plurality of baffles or barrier plates 81, 82 and 84 positioned therein to encourage the desired circulation of air through the gravel material as will be described in more particularity later. The baffle members include two upstanding baffle members 80 and 82 of trapezoidal configuration which are flush with the bottom wall and extend slightly over half the height of each of the top panels thereby separating the lower portion of the storage chamber into two end sections 86 and 88 and a central section 90, FIGS. 6 and 20. The third depending baffle member 84 is suspended from the upper portion of the top panel members at approximately their longitudinal center and is of triangular configuration to fit flushly against the inner surfaces of the top panel members and extend slightly over half the height of the top panel members so as to overlap the upward extend of the upstanding baffles. Each of the baffle members is secured to the abutting top and bottom panel members by suitable fasteners 92, FIG. 10, which could be angle iron strips.

The reflector panel 36 in the preferred form includes a framework 37 in which three high reflective sheets 39 of aluminum or the like are retained. The sheets may follow a modified parabolic curve to concentrate solar radiation on the collector unit 34. The framework 37 is pivotally mounted as by a hinge 41 to the floor panel 40 of the apparatus. The reflective sheets, of course, could be other suitable materials such as mirrors, or the like, and if the mirrors were readily susceptible to breakage, a large number of relatively small mirrors could be mounted in the framework 37 so that replacement of damaged or broken mirrors would not be a great economical burden.

The collector unit 34 which is probably best illustrated in FIGS. 1, 5, 7 and 11-14, is of a size substantially the same as the top panels of the housing and is mounted directly on the outer face of the top panels 38b. The collector unit includes an outer peripheral rigid frame 94, a front insulating glass portion 96, and a back heat accumulator portion 98. The insulator glass portion and heat accumulator portion are separated by a plurality of baffle members 100 and 102 which, as will be explained hereinafter, serve to circulate air uniformly through the collector.

The peripheral frame 94 abuts the inner surfaces of the extensions 58 of the end panels beyond top panel 38b so as to be insulated along the associated two sides from the ambient environment and an elongated wedge shaped insulating block 104 lies across and is attached to the top portion of the peripheral frame to insulate the top portion from the ambient environment.

The insulating glass portion 96 of the collector unit consists, in the preferred form, of three spaced layers 106a, 106b and 106c of glass with each layer of glass having two coplanar glass or plastic panels 108a and 108b separated at the longitudinal center of the collector by a center plate 110. Each glass or plastic panel is separated from the glass panel in the next adjacent layer by a rubber sealant strip 112 which extends around the periphery of the panel. Referring to FIG. 17, the rubber sealant strips extending along the adjacent ends of the glass panels at the longitudinal center of the collector are seen sandwiched with the glass panels between an outer angle iron strip 114 which is secured as by a rivet to the center plate 110 and an inner channel member 116 which is also secured to the center plate as by a rivet. The periphery of each glass panel is embedded along with the rubber sealant strips 112 in a caulking compound 118, FIG. 17, to hermetically seal the perimeter of the insulating glass portion of the collector so that heat accumulated in the heat accumulator portion of the collector cannot escape back to the ambient environment around the periphery of the glass panels. In FIGS. 11-13, the top, bottom and side edges respectively of the glass panels are seen similarly sandwiched between an outer angle iron strip 120 and an inner channel member 122 each of which are affixed in any suitable manner to the outer frame 94 of the collector unit. Accordingly, the glass panels 108a and 108b on each half of the glass insulating portion of the collector unit are retained in parallel spaced relationship and are sealed around their periphery to prevent heat loss.

The heat accumulator portion 98 of the collector unit includes a planar back plate 124, preferably a sheet of black coated metallic coil or the like which lies against or is affixed to the outer plywood sheet 42 of the top panel 38b. A plurality of forwardly opening cups 126, preferably of cylindrical configuration and made of aluminum and coated black, are positioned upon the black aluminum back sheet and define spaces 128 therebetween which expose the back sheet 124. Again, preferably the cups are coated or annodized in a black color as black is known to be the best heat absorbent color. The cups may be loosely disposed upon the back plate 124 or could be secured thereto if desired. It will be appreciated that the cups enlarge the surface area of the heat accumulator 98 and thus the solar thermal energy capturing ability of the apparatus. In fact, by using cups which are approximately 2 inches in length and 23/4 inches in diameter, the surface area of the heat accumulator will be increased approximately 4.75 times over that of a planar heat accumulator. As clearly seen in FIGS. 11-13, the forward extent of the accumulator caps 126 is rearwardly spaced from the insulator glass 96 defining an open space or passage 130 therebetween through which air can freely pass. The baffle members 100 and 102 are positioned within this space to direct the conditioning air currents along a predetermined path which fairly uniformly covers the entire array or matrix of accumulator cups whereby a complete and effective transfer of heat from the accumulator cups to the air can be effected.

As best illustrated in FIG. 15, in the preferred form, there are three rising baffle members 100 which extend upwardly from the lower edge of the collector unit in uniformly spaced relationship and two depending baffle members 102 which extend downwardly from the top edge of the collector unit into the centralmost spaces between the three rising baffle members. Each of the baffle members extend approximately 3/4 of the height of the collector. Referring to FIGS. 16 and 17, these baffle members can be seen to be comprised of the back-to-back channel members 132 and 116 with the channel members 116 on the center baffle 100 being those at the longitudinal center of the collector unit which support the adjacent center edges of the glass panels 108a and 108b. The remaining baffle members, as shown in FIG. 15, serve to support the glass panels and additional rubber spacer sealant strips at intermediate locations so that the glass insulating portion 96 of the collector unit is adequately supported and less prone to damage. Of course, each of the baffles are secured to the back plate and the underlying plywood sheet of the top panel by suitable fasteners.

Referring now to FIGS. 13-15 and 20, it will be seen that the lower horizontal portion of the frame 94 of the collector unit has rectangular openings 134 and 136 at opposite ends thereof which communicate with the space 130 between the glass insulator section and the heat accumulator section of the unit. The opening 134 is the inlet opening to the collector while the opening 136 is the outlet opening. Air entering the collector through the inlet opening 134 is confined in the space 130 between the glass insulator portion 96 and heat accumulator portion 98 and is directed along a path defined by the baffle members which passes through a series of reversing bends as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 15, thereby forcing the air to pass across all of the accumulator cups in the collector. Turbulence created by the configuration and positioning of the cups assists in the more efficient transfer of heat.

Referring now to FIGS. 7, and 13-15, it will be seen that the inlet and outlet openings 134 and 136 respectively of the collector unit are connected through rectangular passages 138 and 139 in an insulating foam block 140 to insulated ducts 142 and 143 which are cut or otherwise formed in the floor panel 40 of the housing. The ducts 142 and 143 open into the storage chamber 32 of the apparatus. The duct 142 communicating with the inlet opening 134 of the collector unit is in fluid communication with a conditioning air pump 144 mounted within the enclosed compartment 70 in the storage chamber. The pump 144 is also in fluid communication with an outlet 146 from the storage chamber via a duct 148. The ducts 143 and 148 each have screens covering their openings into the storage chamber 32 and each screen has a mesh size less than the size of the rock material stored in the storage chamber so that the rock material cannot pass into the ducts. The screened opening 150 connecting the duct 143 to the storage chamber, will hereafter be referred to as the conditioning air inlet to the storage chamber while the screened opening 146 will be referred to as the conditioning air outlet from the storage chamber.

It will, therefore, be seen that a circulating path is established through the collector and the storage chamber with the conditioning air pump serving as the means for effecting the desired circulation of the conditioning air. The conditioning air pump draws the air from the storage chamber through the duct 148 which again is cut or otherwise formed in the bottom panel of the housing so as to be at a level beneath both the collector and storage chamber and open into the conditioning air pump compartment as well as into the end section 86 of the remaining open area of the storage chamber so that air which has passed through the storage chamber is drawn downwardly into the duct 148 before being passed through the conditioning air pump and subsequently into the collector unit. The purpose for the three under-the-floor ducts 142, 143 and 148, is to prevent the free flow of air between the spaces connected by the ducts eliminating the need for conventional fluid flow valves.

It is important that once the heat has been transferred from the collector into the storage chamber that it not be allowed to escape from the chamber by convection during non-operation of the circulating pump. Since hot air rises to the top of the storage chamber it will not pass downwardly through any of the ducts connecting the storage chamber to the collector unit and thereby allow heat to escape from the storage chamber. Accordingly, by placing the ducts at a level beneath both the storage chamber and the collector unit, the hot air is prevented from escaping from the storage chamber and the use of conventional and relatively expensive valves are avoided. To insulate the ducts from the underlying terrain on which the apparatus is supported, insulated pads 152 are positioned beneath the ducts, even though a complete insulating panel approximately the size of the bottom panel could be used. Preferably, a vapor barrier 154 in the form of a corrugated metal or plastic sheet would separate the insulating panel from the bottom panel and the ducts to prevent the ingress of moisture.

The flow of conditioning air through the storage chamber of the apparatus is best illustrated in FIG. 20 wherein it is seen that hot air leaving the collector unit through the outlet opening 136 emerges through the screened opening 150 at the inlet end of the storage chamber and is forced to pass upwardly over the baffle member 82 into the heat retaining gravel and then follow a downwardly and upwardly reversing path below and above the three baffle plates 80, 82 and 84 in the storage chamber until it is drawn downwardly through the screened outlet opening 146 at the opposite end of the storage chamber and subsequently blown by the conditioning pump into the collector unit through the inlet opening 134. In this manner, the hot air being directed into the storage chamber from the collector unit is forced to pass through the storage chamber in such a manner as to come into contact with substantially all of the heat retaining gravel material in the storage chamber. It should be realized that the inlet end of the storage chamber will normally be substantially hotter than the outlet and during operation of the conditioning pump since the hot air entering the storage chamber will lose its heat to the gravel material as it passes through the storage chamber (provided that circulated air temperature is higher than storage temperature) so that by the time the air reaches the outlet end of the storage chamber it is somewhat cooler than when it entered the storage chamber.

In addition to the three aforementioned under-the-floor ducts 142, 143 and 148, the apparatus has two additional under-the-floor ducts 156 and 158 defining inlet and outlet ducts respectively of the utility air circuit so that the heat retained by the material in the storage chamber can be transferred via a flow of utility air through an adjacent building structure. The inlet duct 156 for the utility air is seen in FIG. 7 to