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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to masters for spirit duplication systems, and more
particularly, to non-bleed pre-printed spirit duplicating masters.
With the ever increasing work load on teachers and instructors, it becomes
important to use modern technology to relieve the teachers of some of the
duties ordinarily undertaken. One tool of frequent use by educators is
spirit duplication for producing copies of tests and instructional
materials. Conventionally, the instructor types a master from a transfer
sheet having coated on the surface thereof a hectographic ink. U.S. Pat.
No. 2,748,024 to Klimkowski; U.S. Pat. No. 2,824,812 to Drautz, and U.S.
Pat. No. 3,036,924 to Newman, disclose examples of ink compositions which
are coated onto transfer sheets for use in a hectographic duplication
process. As illustrated in Klimkowski, the image is formed in reverse on a
master by transfer from the carbon-type transfer sheet. While Klimkowski
discloses use of diazo salt-color former systems, the ink used on such
transfer sheets typically contains a wax, a mineral oil and/or fatty acid,
a petrolatum, and a dye such as crystal violet.
It has been found that it is also possible to pre-print masters with ink
compositions of this type so that the teacher can use such pre-printed
masters to make copies for students on a given subject without having to
compose the assignment itself. That is, the spirit duplicating ink is
reverse printed directly onto the back side of a sheet to form a master,
rather than being made by a transfer technique at the time of teacher test
preparation. However, in spirit duplicating masters the ink may tend to
bleed through the paper to the front surface giving a "halo" effect to the
image on the front surface. This is particularly critical in the
pre-printed master field since such masters are mass printed months or
even years in advance of use and, thus, must be stored for long periods of
time. The longer the period of storage, with changes in humidity and
temperature taking place during this time, the more chance of a "halo"
occurring. Under some circumstances the "halo", if severe enough, renders
the sheet aesthetically undesirable or it may even be considered
unacceptable because the printing on the front side of the sheet is
obscured and rendered unreadable by the "halo".
At present one solution to the "halo" effect is to attempt to obtain as
close a registry as possible between the printing on the front surface and
the spirit duplicating ink reverse printed on the back side. However,
registry is difficult to obtain and even then most of the "halo" problem
still exists. In my copending application Ser. No. 490,979, I have
disclosed that a more effective solution would be to prevent bleed in the
first place.
In addition, known spirit duplicating inks tend to smear and transfer when
rubbed and on the application of pressure. Generally a protective tissue
layer is used to prevent unintentional transferring and smearing in this
manner. If pre-printed masters are used, it is also necessary to use some
form of protective device such as individual envelopes, a protective
overcoat, or protective tissue sheets.
The necessity of protective tissue sheets is even more evident if a booklet
of pre-printed masters is prepared since there is always the danger of
transfer of spirit-duplicating ink from the back side of one master to the
front of the underlying master. With today's ever increasing cost of paper
the use of interspersed tissue layers in such booklets represents a
considerable cost factor.
Accordingly, the need exists for pre-printed spirit duplicating masters
which do not bleed. While the problem of smearing and bleeding has long
been recognized (see, e.g., Drautz, col. 1, lines 14-20), a satisfactory
solution has not been yet found. No known spirit-duplicating ink,
particularly one capable of being pre-printed on masters, will overcome
these problems. Likewise, even though non-bleeding materials, such as
cetyl alcohol, are known and have been used in printing inks (see, e.g.,
Bernstein, U.S. Pat. No. 2,324,671), their only use has been only to
reduce the rate of evaporation of the ink composition in a solvent
printing process.
Thus, a pre-printed spirit duplicating master which will not bleed or smear
is needed in such areas as pre-prepared instructional material.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a pre-printed
spirit duplicating master which is non-bleeding, and overcomes the
problems of prior art systems in terms of registry. The instant invention
involves the use of an oleophobic resinous barrier material treatment on
the front surface of a paper sheet (giving the sheet a grease resistant
kit test rating of three or more) from which a pre-printed spirit
duplicating master is to be prepared. If desired, a non-bleed ink
composition may be pre-printed onto the masters and the masters collated
into a booklet free of cumbersome and expensive protective layers.
The masters in the booklet may be joined with other materials or inserts
such as records, film strips, transparencies, etc., and is bound along at
least one edge by any conventional technique. Perforations may be used to
facilitate easy removal of the individual masters from the booklet.
Such a booklet may, for example, be arranged by topic. In this way, when
the class reaches a point where a quiz, exam or particular work lesson is
appropriate, the teacher need only extract the particular individual
pre-printed spirit duplicating master from the booklet and prepare copies
for the intended instructional use.
Of course, the non-bleed pre-printed masters of the present invention need
not be formed into a booklet, but may be used individually. In addition,
they need not be used solely in the educational field, but can be prepared
any time hectographic copies are desired on a predetermined subject
matter.
While the pre-printed masters utilizing the non-bleed ink do not require a
box, envelope or protective layer, as is true with the prior art masters,
one may be desirable for packaging or storage purposes or may be desired
when an ordinary spirit duplicating ink is used. When used, the box,
envelope or protective layer provides an additional protective layer or
covering.
The present invention is a pre-printed spirit duplicating master which has
an oleophobic resinous barrier material coated surface. When the masters
are to be formed booklets the oleophobic coating on the front side will
help prevent transfer of the ink from the back side of one master to the
adjacent front surface of the adjoining master. Additionally, an
oleophobic paper prevents bleeding of the ink from the back side, through
the paper, and on to the front of that master so that no "halo" is seen.
This means that registry is no longer of concern. Such oleophobic papers,
which are still receptive to printing inks as well as the spirit
duplicating ink of the present invention, are well known but to my
knowledge have not been used in the past for pre-printed spirit
duplicating masters.
The non-bleed masters of the present invention may be pre-printed with
either an ordinary spirit duplicating ink or a non-bleed ink such as that
which is the subject matter of the parent application. That latter ink
includes a material such as cetyl alcohol in place of the fatty acids and
oils generally used to solubilize the dyes. Cetyl alcohol is solid
(melting point =50.degree. C) and non-bleeding at room temperature, but is
soluble in spirit duplicating fluids for purposes of duplication. It also
solubilizes the crystal violet dye used.
This improved spirit duplicating ink, which is disclosed in parent
application Ser. No. 490,979, has a markedly reduced percentage of oils
from prior art systems, and so is rendered non-bleeding and non-smearing.
Even if small amounts of conventional dye solubilizers are used, these do
not adversely affect the non-bleeding properties of the paper due to the
larger-than-usual amounts of waxes present. Such waxes help contain the
dye solubilizers. The only oil-type materials contemplated are a small
amount of wetting agent, such as lecithin and small amounts of dye
solubilizers. In addition to the cetyl alcohol, wetting agent or dye
solubilizer and crystal violet dye, a carnauba wax, a soft wax such as
spermacetti or candelilla, and filler materials are used in the ink
formulation.
Still, with use of treated paper substrates for preparing masters in
accordance with the present invention non-bleed inks of the type disclosed
in the parent application are not, as there, absolutely required. In fact,
costs and duplicating ability, may lead one to prefer to use
oil-containing spirit duplicating inks since the oleophobic treated paper
alone will prevent back side-to-front surface bleed through.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
pre-printed spirit duplicating master which will not bleed.
Another object of the present invention is to prepare non-bleed pre-printed
masters formed into booklets for instructional use.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the
following description and the appended claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In a pre-printed master for use in educational testing, the front surface
may be printed in typical fashion (for example, by offset printing) with a
positive image, i.e., the test questions as well as instructional material
for the teacher's use. On the back side a reverse image of the material to
be duplicated (i.e., the test questions) is printed directly thereon.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the images on the
front surface are printed on a sheet which has been rendered oleophobic by
a treatment with a fluorocarbon material such as Scotchban Brand Paper
Protector FC-807 from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company of St.
Paul, Minnesota.
This water-based material is coated (at preferably 0.1-0.3% solids) onto
bond paper, preferably having a weight 48-60 lbs/ream (3300 sq. ft.). The
optimum coat weight is 0.03-0.1 lbs. per thousand square feet (25-30
gm/sq/m). With higher coat weights pigments and opacifiers such as
titanium dioxide, kaolin, etc., binders such as styrenebutadiene,
acrylics, and polyvinyl acetate, etc., and other minor amounts of
additives such as lubricants, fungicides, defoamers, etc., may be used.
The coated sheet is then dried to remove the water. Alternatively, the
fluorocarbon may be impregnated into the paper or the fluorocarbon
treatment may be made as an internal (wet end) treatment during the paper
manufacture itself. In either event, the resultant sheet should have a
"kit test" rating of 3+ and preferably 7+.
The "3-M kit test" is prepared and performed as follows:
Twelve solvent-oil mixtures are prepared according to Table I below. Test
specimens of paper (at least 2 .times. 2 inches) are placed on a clean
flat surface, test side up. A drop of test solution from an intermediate
Kit Number is dropped on the test area from a height of about one inch.
Exactly, fifteen seconds after the drop is applied, excess fluid is
removed with a clean swatch of cotton or tissue. The wetted area is
immediately examined. Failure is evidenced by a pronounced darkening of
the specimen caused by penetration. Upon failure, the test is repeated
with a lower Kit Number solution. The "kit test" rating is the highest
numbered solution that stands on the surface of the specimen for 15
seconds without causing failure.
TABLE I
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Volume Volume Volume
Kit Castor Oil Toluene Heptane
Number ml. ml. ml.
______________________________________
1 200 0 0
2 180 10 10
3 160 20 20
4 140 30 30
5 120 40 40
6 100 50 50
7 80 60 60
8 60 70 70
9 40 80 80
10 20 90 90
11 0 100 100
12 0 90 110
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Likewise, the treated paper, through pigmentary or otherwise, should have
an opactiy matching that of typical printing paper. An opacity of 90% or
more in Reflectometer reading is especially preferred. It should also be
printable by offset printing using typical printing inks. Finally, the
treated paper should be resistant to the fluid or "spirit" used in spirit
duplicating.
Scotchban FC-807 treated papers in the desired 40-50 lb/ream (3300 sq. ft.)
and having 3+ kit test rating, available from Fort Howard Paper Co. of
Green Bay, Wisconsin, and others meeting these criteria may be used.
Likewise, melamine, silicone or other oleophobic material treated papers
having these characteristics may also be used. The reverse image of that
portion of the printing on the front surface which is to be duplicated is
pre-printed directly on the back side of such treated sheets. Offset
rotogravure, letterpress, stencilling or aniline printing techniques may
be used to do the preprinting. Exact registry between the printing on the
front surface and the reverse image on the back side is not required.
A preferred hot melt ink formulation such as that disclosed in parent
application Ser. No. 490,979 is generally as follows:
______________________________________
Ingredients Weight Percentage
______________________________________
Wetting agent 0-1
Cetyl alcohol 5-25
Wax 31-48
Dye 35-45
Filler 7-12
Dye Solubilizer 0-10
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The wetting agent may be an emulsifier such as lecithin. The wax is a
mixture of carnauba wax and a soft wax such as spermacetti or candelilla.
The dye may be crystal violet of the type ordinarily used in spirit
duplicating ink compositions; although, the higher-solubility grades are
preferred. Included as possible fillers are attapulgite clay and fused
silica such as Silanox, manufactured by the Cabot Corp. The dye
solubilizer may be conventional fatty oils or other known solubilizers.
Paper sheets (50 lb/ream (3300 sq. ft. weight)) treated on the front
surface to render them oleophobic (a fluorocarbon one-side treated paper
from Fort Howard Paper Co. were offset printed on the front surface, and
then were hot-melt reverse-printed directly on the back side with a
non-bleed spirit duplicating ink of the formulas given in the following
examples:
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Example I
Ingredient Weight Percentage
______________________________________
Wetting agent 0.5
Cetyl alcohol 13.0
Carnauba wax 37.0
Spermacetti wax 7.0
Crystal violet 35.0
Attapulgus clay 6.5
Silanox 1.0
100.0%
Example II
Ingredients Weight Percentage
______________________________________
Wetting agent 0.5
Cetyl alcohol 9.0
Carnauba wax 37.5
Spermacetti wax 7.0
Crystal violet 35.0
Attapulgus clay 10.0
Silanox 1.0
100.0%
______________________________________
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Example III
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Ingredients Weight Percentage
______________________________________
Wetting agent 0.5
Cetyl alcohol 5.0
Carnauba wax 37.5
Spermacetti wax 7.0
Crystal violet 40.0
Attapulgus clay 9.0
Silanox 1.0
100.0%
______________________________________
Oleophobic treated papers of the same type printed in Examples I-III, were
also reverse-printed with an oil-containing spirit duplicating ink as in
the following example:
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Example IV
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Ingredient Weight Percentage
______________________________________
Carnauba wax 21
Mineral oil 13
Fatty acid 6
Petrolatum 5
Crystal violet 55
100%
______________________________________
In all cases the pre-printed masters of the above examples were tested for
smear, storability, bleed, and duplicating capabilities and found to be
acceptable in all respects.
In Examples I-III, the color intensity after a large number of copies had
been run was found not to be as great as in the prior art systems.
However, as a trade-off for this slight loss of color, it was found that
the "halo" effect and smear experienced was markedly reduced. Further, the
pre-printed masters of Examples I-III were formed into booklets of masters
without the need for any interleaved protective tissue. It was observed
that little or no transfer of the spirit duplicating ink occurred from one
master to the adjacent master.
The master of Example IV, which utilized an ink typical of spirit
duplicating inks, had some tendency to smear and so required a protective
tissue. However, duplicating capabilities were better than those of
Examples I-III. In addition the problems of bleed through the paper,
"halo", registry, etc. were overcome as effectively.
While the articles herein described constitute preferred embodiments of the
invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to
these precise articles, and that changes may be made therein without
departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended
claims.
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