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Description  |
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This invention relates to a firearm; more particularly this invention
relates to a firearm of the automatic or semiautomatic type.
As is well known, recoil of any gun increases as the gun, or that part of
it which recoils, is decreased in weight or the power of the ammunition
that is fired is increased. The physical reason is that a given cartridge
will develop a characteristic amount of recoil momentum, given a
particular length of barrel, regardless of the type of the gun in which it
is fired (excluding the "recoilless rifle" type). This recoil momentum
results in a kinetic energy of recoil or recoil energy which is
proportionate to the square of the recoil momentum and varies inversely
with the mass of the recoiling part. In other words, doubling the recoil
momentum by increasing the power of the cartridge will quadruple the
recoil energy of the gun. Reducing the recoiling mass on the other hand by
fifty percent will double the recoil energy. Therefore, since reducing the
weight of a gun and increasing the power of the ammunition substantially
increases the gun's recoil, recoil is a critical problem in stability of
lightweight guns when firing powerful ammunition.
One system developed to overcome this problem is called a differential
recoil system. In one variation of this system the barrel and breech are
forced rearwardly against a recuperator spring before firing and held in
this position by a catch or sear. After the gun is loaded and the sear
released, the barrel and breech are then driven forwardly by the spring.
The recuperator spring is designed to impute to the masses of the barrel
and breech a velocity that would be equal to one-half that which would be
attained in a conventional gun. In other words, the spring would give the
barrel and breech a velocity to attain a forward momentum equal to
one-half of the normal recoil momentum for the particular ammunition
utilized. This forward momentum is attained just prior to the barrel and
breech reaching their fully forward or battery position. At this point,
the gun is fired. Since the moving masses at firing have a forward
momentum approximately equal to one-half of the recoil momentum which the
cartridge is capable of producing, one-half of the recoil momentum
produced by the cartridge is utilized in arresting the forward motion of
the breech and barrel, and the remaining half is utilized in throwing them
rearwardly where they are once again caught and held by the sear. It is
important to note that at no time do the recoiling masses of the barrel
and breech contain more than one-half the normal recoil momentum which
would be attained by a conventional gun of the same weight in its
recoiling parts. This is important since the recoil energy is
proportionate to the square of the momentum of the recoiling parts. Thus,
in terms of recoil energy, at no time does the barrel and breech contain
more than one-fourth of the recoil energy of an equivalent conventional
gun. In addition, rather than impacting directly on the firearm's frame,
the recoil momentum is distributed during the movement of the barrel and
bolt. The stability of the gun is thereby greatly improved.
In automatic firearms this system has been generally developed along two
different basic approaches. In the first approach, illustrated by U.S.
Pat. No. 2,146,185, issued to V. Holek, a conventional automatic weapon
mechanism is mounted in a weapon frame in a manner which permits the
barrel a limited amount of motion along the axis of the weapon. The weapon
is fired from the open bolt position, and employs a conventional
mechanically locked bolt. In the Holek weapon, which is gas operated in
the usual manner, an operating rod receives energy from a gas system and
subsequently unlocks and opens the bolt in the customary manner. This
weapon obtains the effect of differential recoil by permitting the barrel
to reciprocate within the frame without metal-to-metal impact with the
frame, the barrel being first moved forwardly by the closing impact of
operating rod and bolt, and then arrested and moved rearwardly by the
momentum produced by firing before an impact with the frame can occur.
Weapons of this type are entirely conventional as to the method of locking
and the method of obtaining energy for operation, and differ from
conventional automatic weapons in having provision for the breech
mechanism and barrel to oscillate over a short distance within the frame
of the weapon while firing. This approach permits the weapon to attain the
stability resulting from differential recoil, and does not require special
types of ammunition or ammunition treatment, but has the disadvantage of
being necessarily complex in construction. The second approach which is
frequently used is described by U.S. Pat. No. 1,144,285, issued to
Rheinhold Becker. In this system the barrel is fixed to the weapon frame
and does not participate in the recoil motion. A simple blowback type of
bolt is used, which is not mechanically locked to the barrel at any time.
The weapon is fired from the open bolt position, and the cartridge is
fired just before reaching the fully forward position in the chamber. The
forward motion of the cartridge case and the blowback bolt is then first
arrested by the momentum caused by firing, and then accelerated to the
rear, providing differential recoil in exactly the same manner previously
described, except the bolt is the only reciprocating member. This type of
weapon requires the use of a special over-length chamber, and a specially
shaped cartridge case which permits the front portion of the bolt to enter
the chamber with the cartridge. Since the cartridge case and bolt must be
able to move within the chamber during the period when the propellant gas
pressure is high, the cartridge case must be heavily lubricated. If this
is not done, the forward portion of the cartridge case will adhere to the
wall of the chamber because of the pressure, while the rear of the case
will be forced to the rear with the bolt, causing a case separation and
consequently a major malfunction.
It may be seen from the foregoing that automatic weapons which utilize the
differential recoil principle have either the disadvantage of being
complex in construction or the disadvantage of requiring the use of
special, heavily lubricated ammunition. These disadvantages have prevented
the success of various attempts to apply the principle of differential
recoil to automatic small arms of a type intended for individual use,
although the advantages of differential recoil in providing mildness of
recoil effects and stability in fully automatic fire are highly desirable
in this class of weapons.
As is well known, the use of low powered ammunition in an automatic weapon
permits the use of a simple blowback mechanism in which the bolt is the
only major operating part, and in which the bolt serves to lock the action
effectively through inertia, while, because of blowback action, it also
serves as the operating energy system. In weapons employing such low
powered ammunition, the use of lubricated ammunition is not required, and
the weapon accordingly very simple and reliable. The use of high pressure
ammunition, of the type usually necessary for rifles, machine guns and
automatic cannon, prevents the use of the simple blowback system of
operation, and requires either the special ammunition and heavy ammunition
lubrication common to the system described previously, or the use of a
conventional, mechanically locked breech mechanism, combined with a
separate operating energy system. In the latter case, the weapon becomes
complex in design and manufacture, and in general, less reliable than the
elementary blowback weapon which uses low powered cartridges. Attempts
have been made to produce a gun which can fire high powered ammunition
without the complicity of a mechanically locked breech mechanism, but have
been unsuccessful.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an automatic or
semi-automatic firearm having an operating system which can safely utilize
conventional, unlubricated high-pressure ammunition in conjunction with an
elementary, unlocked blowback bolt.
Another object is to provide a stable automatic or semi-automatic firearm.
Still another object is to provide an automatic semi-automatic firearm
having a system of operation in which the bolt and barrel of the firearm
move together during a period of dangerous barrel chamber pressure to
eliminate or greatly reduce the tendency of the cartridge case to be
ruptured by simultaneous adherence of the front portion of the case to the
wall of the chamber while the back portion is forced to the rear by gas
pressure.
A further object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm
having a system of operation in which the bolt has a designed momentum to
drive the barrel forwardly after the bolt closes against the barrel such
that one-half of the firing recoil momentum is utilized in arresting the
forward motion of the bolt and one-half is utilized in returning the bolt
to its rearward position.
A still further object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm
having a system of operation in which a barrel spring is designed to
arrest the forward movement of the barrel and return it to its rearward
position.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a system of operation in which the barrel has a natural frequency of
vibration against the barrel spring such that the barrel is returned
rearwardly simultaneously with the rearward stroke of the bolt.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a system of operation in which a propellant gas system arrests the forward
movement of the barrel and returns it to its rearward position.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a system of operation in which propellant gases are trapped between the
barrel and the forward end of the frame to assist in arresting the forward
movement of the barrel and then moving the barrel rearwardly.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a propellant gas system for closed bolt firing to move the barrel
rearwardly with the bolt during a period of high firing pressure.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a system of operation in which the chamber of the barrel is fluted to
prevent the cartridge from adhering to the barrel's chamber.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a system of operation with the bolt and barrel having a low coefficient of
restitution or non-resilient impact.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
a system of operation which is easy to field strip and repair.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm having
an operating system which does not malfunction.
Another object is to provide a firearm having a system of operation which
is unusually simple but exceedingly effective.
Another object is to provide an automatic or semi-automatic firearm which
is practical and economically feasible to manufacture.
Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part
appear hereinafter.
In accordance with these objects, the invention comprises an automatic or
semi-automatic firearm. In a preferred embodiment, the firearm contains a
frame which houses a reciprocally mounted barrel and bolt, both of which
reciprocate along the frame's longitudinal axis. In a cocked position, the
bolt is held to the rear of the frame against the force of a bolt driving
spring by a sear. When the firearm is to be fired, the sear is triggered
to release the bolt. At this time, the bolt drives forwardly under the
influence of the drive spring, receives a cartridge and then inserts the
cartridge into the barrel. When the bolt closes against the barrel and the
cartridge is finally seated, a firing pin protruding from the face of the
bolt fires the cartridge. Simultaneously with the firing of the cartridge,
the bolt's mass and velocity is such that as it contacts or impacts
against the barrel it has a forward momentum equal to approximately
one-half of the firing recoil momentum. Upon impacting with the barrel,
the momentum imparted to the bolt causes the barrel to also move forwardly
against a barrel spring which normally biases the barrel in a rearward
position. The impact of the bolt on the barrel tends to be of a type known
as low coefficient of restitution or non-resilient impact. In this type of
impact, the bolt and barrel do not tend to rebound after impact, but
rather remain in contact.
Thus, the bolt and barrel move together immediately after the cartridge is
fired during the dangerous period when there is high pressure in the
barrel. Since the bolt at this time is effectively locked to the barrel,
the bolt supports the rear of the cartridge case, and the case is thereby
prevented from being stretched unacceptably or ruptured because of the
high pressure. After the bolt and barrel have moved forwardly for a short
distance the bolt begins to decelerate in its forward movement due to the
gas pressure in the barrel acting on the bolt through the rear of the
cartridge case. The bolt is eventually stopped by the gas pressure and
then accelerated rearwardly by this pressure and by the bolt drive spring,
which had been over extended due to the forward momentum of the bolt.
Although the bolt moves rearwardly at this time, the barrel continues in
its forward movement causing the bolt and barrel to move apart in opposite
directions. Obviously, at this point, the locking effect between the bolt
and barrel is at an end. This non-mechanical locking effect is properly
designed such that the bolt and barrel remain together until the pressure
in the barrel's chamber is sufficiently reduced to enable the cartridge
case to be extracted without being stretched or ruptured. At the end of
the locking effect, the barrel continues its forward movement for a short
distance until arrested by the barrel compression spring. After which, the
barrel is thrust rearwardly by the barrel spring until coming to rest in
its initial rearward position. The bolt meanwhile continues to move
rearwardly under the influence of the gas pressure and bolt drive spring.
As it moves rearwardly, it extracts and ejects the cartridge case from the
firearm in a customary manner. If the firearm is of the semi-automatic
variety the bolt may be held to the rear by the sear upon reaching its
full recoil position, in which case, the firearm is once again ready to be
fired. However, if the firearm is fully automatic, the bolt is simply
permitted to return and repeat the cycle.
When in operation, the gun is extremely stable. One-half of the recoil
momentum produced in firing the cartridge is utilized in arresting the
forward motion of the bolt and the other half of the recoil momentum is
utilized in returning the bolt to its initial position. Thus, since the
forward movement of the barrel is cushioned against the barrel spring,
neither the bolt nor the barrel have metal to metal impact with the frame
and the frame is therefore only subjected to spring forces. Being
subjected only to spring forces, the frame and operator of the firearm
receive a low and relatively constant force rather than a succession of
impacts as would be the case without the differential recoil effect. Thus
stability is improved.
In a first modification of this system, the barrel mass and the barrel
spring rate are adjusted so as to cause the barrel to have a particular
natural frequency of vibration in conjunction with the barrel spring. This
frequency of vibration is designed such that the time period corresponding
to one-half of a complete oscillation is approximately equal to the
duration of the pressure period within the chamber of the weapon. Thus,
when the system is fired, the spring exerts a rearward force on the barrel
closely equal to but in an opposite direction to the forces tending to
move the barrel forwardly. When the bolt moves rearwardly the spring also
moves the barrel rearwardly. The result is that the time limit of the
locking effect will be extended as the barrel will not only travel
forwardly with the bolt but will also reverse and move with the bolt
during its rearward stroke. Since the bolt supports the cartridge case
over a longer period of time the tendency of the cartridge to stretch is
even further reduced.
In a second modification, muzzle gases, in addition to the barrel spring of
the primary embodiment are utilized to retard and arrest the forward
movement of the barrel. By so acting on the barrel, the muzzle gases
effectively retard the separation of the bolt and barrel and prolong the
locking effect of the bolt and barrel. Because of this, similar to the
previous modification in which the barrel has a particular frequency of
vibration against the barrel spring, the tendency of the cartridge case to
stretch is substantially lessened.
In a third modification, a gas system is utilized in place of a barrel
spring. When the cartridge is fired, propellant gases are passed into a
compression chamber between the barrel and the frame. These gases, acting
similar to the barrel spring, first arrest the forward movement of the
barrel and then drive the barrel to its rearward position.
In still another modification, the system is arranged for closed bolt
firing. In this modification the barrel is initially in a forward position
and moves rearwardly with the bolt when a cartridge is fired. The
advantage of the differential recoil system is lost; but since the bolt
still supports the cartridge during the period of high pressure, this
system is beneficial when closed bolt firing is desired.
Finally, the barrel's chamber may be fluted at the forward end so as to
permit gas on the outside of the cartridge case to counteract the gas
pressure within the cartridge case to still further eliminate any tendency
of the cartridge to stretch as the bolt and barrel begin to separate.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction,
combination of elements and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified
in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the scope of the invention
will be indicated in the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention,
reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial cross-section elevation view of the firearm comprising
the invention.
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the firearm modified with a
muzzle booster.
FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are cross-sectional views showing a sequential
operation of the firearm of FIG. 1.
FIG. 9 shows a partial cross-sectional elevation view of the firearm
modified with a concentric gas system.
FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional elevation view of the firearm modified
with an offset gas system.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the firearm modified to
enable the bolt to be fired from a closed position.
FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 are cross-sectional views showing a sequential
operation of the firearm of FIG. 11.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the firearm of FIG. 11
modified with an offset gas system.
FIG. 16 is a partial cross-sectional elevation view of the firearm modified
with a fluted chamber.
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional end view of the fluted chamber taken along
line 17--17 of FIG. 16.
Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout the several
views of the drawing.
Referring now to the drawings in detail, particularly FIG. 1, the firearm
is designated as 10 and includes a frame 12 housing a reciprocally mounted
bolt 14 and barrel 16. Barrel 16 includes a barrel abutment 18 slidably
received within an enlarged cylindrical chamber 20 of frame 12. A barrel
spring 24 or barrel biasing means is disposed between abutment 18 and a
forward end wall of frame 12 to bias abutment 18 of barrel 16 against an
annular posterior chamber wall 26 of chamber 20. When abutment 18 is
against chamber wall 26, the barrel is in its rearward position; also
hereafter designated as a first position.
A conventional cartridge extractor 28 and firing pin 30 are contained on
the forward end of bolt 14. Disposed between the rear wall of the frame
and the bolt is bolt drive spring 32 for driving the bolt forwardly
against the barrel. This driving spring is designed to drive the bolt
forwardly and cause the bolt to reach a velocity just before closing equal
to approximately one-half that which would be normally reached if the
firearm where fired from a closed bolt position. That is, the bolt is
given a momentum equal to one-half of the firing recoil momentum of the
cartridge being fired. Between the bolt and the barrel is a conventional
cartridge supply magazine 34 or other cartridge supply means for supplying
cartridges to the bolt as it moves forwardly. A customary sear 36, sear
spring 38 and trigger 40 contain bolt 14 in a cocked position in a manner
which is obvious and conventional. When bolt 14 is cocked, bolt drive
spring 32 is in a compressed condition.
The operation of the firearm will now be described following the
operational sequence of FIGS. 3 through 8. The firearm is prepared to be
fired by cocking bolt 14 and holding the bolt against the force of driving
spring 32 by sear 36 (FIG. 3). The gun is fired by releasing sear 36 with
trigger 40. Once the sear is released, bolt 14 moves forwardly picking up
a cartridge 41 from supply magazine (FIG. 4) and inserts the cartridge
into the barrel's chamber. When the cartridge is finally seated and the
bolt contacts or impacts against the barrel, as shown in FIG. 5, firing
pin 30 fires the cartridge. It should be noted that alternatively the bolt
can be designed to impact on the cartridge case, and through the cartridge
case, against the barrel.
Impact of the bolt on the barrel drives the barrel forwardly. The bolt and
barrel are designed so that this impact is non-resilient, that is the bolt
and barrel do not rebound apart after impact. This design is necessary to
maintain the bolt and barrel in a locked position from the moment of
firing until the high firing pressure developed by the propellant gas is
reduced. Some of the factors which are considered in this design are the
dampening effect of the cartridge entering the chamber and in forcing the
projectile into initial engagement with the rifling, the mechanical effort
of forcing the extractor over the rim of the cartridge and the subsequent
engagement of the extractor with the cartridge. A spring or other
dampening means may be provided between the bolt and barrel to further
insure a non-resilient impact.
The bolt has a velocity on impact to give its mass a forward momentum equal
to approximately one-half the recoil momentum of the particular cartridge
being fired. The result is that one-half of the recoil momentum from
firing is utilized in arresting the bolt's forward movement and one-half,
or the remainder, is utilized in returning it to its rearward position.
The masses of the bolt and barrel are also designed such that as the bolt
impacts against the barrel and moves it forwardly against the barrel
spring, the barrel and bolt remain together during their forward movement
until the gas pressure in the barrel's chamber is sufficiently reduced to
allow the cartridge to be extracted without being ruptured or unduly
stretched. At this point, shown in FIG. 6, the bolt's forward motion has
been arrested by the gas pressure which then reverses and accelerates the
bolt rearwardly. However, barrel 16 continues in its forward movement for
a short distance until arrested by barrel spring 24. This position (as
seen in FIG. 7) is hereafter referred to as the barrel's forward or second
position. Thereafter, as seen in FIG. 8, the barrel spring returns the
barrel to its rearward position and the cartridge case is ejected in a
conventional manner as the bolt moves rearwardly.
The bolt is held by the sear upon reaching the full recoil position if the
firearm is to be of the semi-automatic variety, in which case the firearm
has returned to the position it was in before being fired. If the weapon
is to be fully automatic, the bolt is simply permitted to return forwardly
and repeat the cycle. With correct spring design, the spring energy
capacity of bolt spring 32 and barrel spring 24 is sufficient to prevent
either the bolt or barrel from having metal to metal impact with the frame
while the cartridge is being fired. Therefore, since the recoil momentum
acts only on the springs, not on the frame, the stability of the firearm
is improved.
In the above embodiment, as described, the initial separation of the bolt
and barrel results as much from the continuing forward motion of the
barrel as to the rearward recoil of the bolt. Thus, if the forward motion
of the barrel can be retarded and arrested, or possibly reversed, at the
time the bolt begins its rearward movement, instead of separating from the
bolt, the barrel would remain effectively locked to it. Thus, since the
bolt remains with the barrel for a longer period of time the cartridge
would be supported even during the time when there is relatively a low
pressure in the barrel and any tendency of the system to stretch the
cartridge case would be prevented.
One method of extending the duration of the locking effect of the barrel
and bolt is by modifying the barrel spring. In this modification, the
barrel mass and the barrel spring rate are designed so as to cause the
barrel to have a particular natural frequency of vibration in conjunction
with the barrel spring. This fixed frequency of vibration is designed such
that the time period corresponding to one-half of the complete oscillation
of the barrel is approximately equal to the duration of the pressure
period within the chamber of the weapon. Thus, when the firearm is fired,
the spring will assist in retarding the forward motion of the barrel but
will also reverse and move the barrel rearwardly when the bolt moves
rearwardly. Thus, the time length during which the bolt will be locked to
the barrel is substantially extended. Since the locking effect is
extended, the cartridge case is supported by the bolt for a longer period
of time or until the pressure in the barrel's chamber further subsides.
This causes the cartridge case to be extracted after the pressure within
the barrel's chamber has subsided to a low level, and accordingly, the
tendency for the cartridge case to stretch is substantially eliminated.
In a second modification, another method of prolonging the locking effect
of the barrel and bolt is shown. In this modification a muzzle gas system
is utilized as seen in FIG. 2. The firearm is the same as the embodiment
shown in FIG. 1 with the exception that the frame 42 of the firearm
extends forwardly of the barrel 44 and has a frame end wall 46 threadably
secured to its forward end. This end wall 46 has a cylindrical opening 48
slightly larger than the projectile 49 to allow the projectile to pass
through the opening without interference.
In operation, as the projectile leaves the barrel, the pressure of the gas
47 expelled at the barrel's muzzle between the barrel and end plug 46
assists the barrel spring 24 (FIG. 1) to decelerate the forward motion of
the barrel to keep it locked to the bolt. The gas pressure also assists
the barrel spring to move the barrel rearwardly at the same time the bolt
moves rearwardly. Thus, the tendency of the barrel to separate from the
bolt by moving forwardly while the bolt is stopped and reversed is
reduced. Since the bolt remains locked with the barrel for a longer period
of time, as discussed in relation to the previous modification of the
barrel spring with a fixed natural frequency of vibration, the cartridge
case is extracted at a lower chamber pressure which substantially
eliminates the possibility of the cartridge case being unacceptably
stretched. Other than this, the firearm operates the same as described for
the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1.
In a third modification, instead of using a barrel spring to arrest the
forward movement of the barrel and return the barrel to its rearward
position, a gas system is provided. Referring to FIG. 9 which shows one
embodiment of this modification, a concentric ported gas system, the
barrel is formed with an annular barrel shoulder 50 which reciprocally
rides in a cylindrical chamber 52. The chamber is formed by the barrel in
combination with an annular rearward wall 54 and an annular forward wall
56 of frame 58. The forward portion of the chamber between barrel shoulder
50 and forward wall 56 is hereafter referred to as an expansible pressure
chamber 59. Immediately forward of barrel shoulder 50 are a series of gas
ports 60 arranged around the barrel's circumference for passing high
pressure gas from the barrel to expansible pressure chamber 59. A
relatively weak barrel spring 62, located forwardly of chamber 59, is
substituted for the stronger barrel spring 24 of the first embodiment
shown in FIG. 1.
In operation of the firearm utilizing this gas system, the gun is fired
exactly as described in the first embodiment. That is, the bolt is
released from the sear and projected forwardly against the chamber of the
barrel by the bolt barrel spring 32 (FIG. 1). The barrel is initially in a
rearward position with barrel shoulder 50 abutting annular wall 54. As the
bolt closes against the barrel and fires the cartridge, a portion of the
high pressure propellant gases from the bore escape through ports 60 into
pressure chamber 59. The gas is tapped from the barrel at a position as
close as possible to the barrel's chamber to allow the gas pressure to act
on the barrel as soon as possible after firing. As the gas pressure enters
into pressure chamber 52, it acts on barrel shoulder 50 to first arrest or
retard the forward motion of the barrel and then return the barrel to its
rearward position. Forward barrel spring 62, a relatively weak spring, is
only utilized to insure that the barrel is in its rearward or first
position at the start of the firing cycle. The advantage of utilizing a
gas system is that the gas pressure in the system applies force in
proportion to the force being applied to the bolt through the rear of the
cartridge. This enables the locking effect to be prolonged since both the
bolt and the barrel are arrested in their forward movement simultaneously
and then propelled rearwardly together. In fact, the locking effect can be
prolonged until the firing pressure subsides to a negligible level. The
bolt after separation from the barrel continues to be propelled rearwardly
by the gas against the bolt spring exactly as previously described. It is
essential that the system be arranged to have a minimum initial volume
when the barrel is in its rearward position to insure the most rapid and
accurate matching of the bolt's acceleration. In this modification the
masses of the bolt and barrel and the momentum imparted to the bolt are
designed to insure that recoil momentum is utilized in arresting the
forward movement of both the barrel and bolt and in returning them to
their initial positions. As in the previous embodiments, stability of the
firearm is improved since the recoiling parts "float" in the frame and
metal to metal impact with the frame is eliminated.
In another embodiment of the gas system, as shown in FIG. 10, instead of a
concentric ported gas system of FIG. 9, an off-center or eccentric gas
system is provided. In this system the barrel supports on its lower
surface a cylindrical housing 63 open at one end and communicating at its
closed end with the interior of the barrel through propellant gas port 64.
Slidably received within housing 63 is a piston 65 journalled on an end
plug 66 threaded into the open end of housing 63. The space between the
piston and the closed end of the chamber forms an expansible pressure
chamber 68. The exterior end of the piston abuts against a portion of the
frame 69 where the frame is enlarged to accommodate the housing. Port 64
lies immediately forward of the barrel's chamber so that propellant gas
will pass into expansible pressure chamber 68 as soon as the cartridge is
fired.
The operation is the same as described for the concentric ported gas
system. When the bolt impacts against the barrel and the cartridge is
fired, propellant gas passes through port 64 into pressure chamber 68. By
acting on the closed end of housing 63, the pressure of the gas first
arrests the forward movement of the barrel and returns it to its original
rearward position.
In a fourth modification seen in FIG. 11, the firearm is modified to be
fired from a closed bolt position. The operational sequence of this
modification may be seen by referring to FIGS. 12, 13 and 14.
Referring first to FIG. 11, a barrel is reciprocally mounted in frame 72 as
in the first embodiment, but barrel spring 24 (FIG. 1) is eliminated.
Similar to the modification shown in FIG. 10, the bottom portion of the
barrel is cast with a cylindrical housing 74 having a closed end and open
end threaded to an end plug 76. End plug 76 contains a central opening to
journal a piston 78. The space between the closed end of housing 74 and
piston 78 defines an expansible pressure chamber 80 which is in
communication with the interior of the barrel through opening or port 82.
The port opens into the interior of the barrel immediately forward of the
barrel's chamber to enable propellant gas to pass into pressure chamber 80
as soon as a cartridge is fired. Frame 72 of the firearm is enlarged to
allow housing 74 to reciprocally ride in the frame and the exterior end of
the piston abuts against the frame where shown. A stepped shoulder or wall
84 of the frame limits the rearward movement of the barrel. To bias the
barrel forwardly barrel spring 86 is disposed between the frame and
housing 74.
In operation, the components are in proper relationship for firing as shown
in FIG. 13. At this time, barrel spring 86 biases barrel housing 74
against piston 78. This is the forward or first position of the barrel.
After bolt 88 is closed against the barrel, the trigger, not shown, of the
firearm is triggered causing the bolt's firing pin to fire the cartridge
in a conventional manner. When the cartridge is fired, gas pressure
escaping into the compression chamber acts on the closed end of housing 74
causing the barrel to move rearwardly. The gas system is designed to exert
a sufficient rearward force on the barrel to overcome various forces which
tend to move the barrel forwardly such as the initial engraving of the
rifling into the forwardly moving projectile, the projectile friction
force and if a necked type cartridge is used, the forward force exerted by
the gas pressure on the shoulder of the cartridge. The system is also
designed to accelerate the barrel's mass rearwardly at a rate equal to the
rearward acceleration of the bolt which is accelerated rearwardly by
propellant gas pressure acting on the rear of the cartridge. Since the gas
pressure does force the barrel back at a rate equal to the rearward
acceleration of the bolt, the barrel and bolt are effectively "locked"
together during their rearward movement. This locking effect is designed
to continue until the pressure within the chamber of the barrel subsides
sufficiently to allow the cartridge to be extracted. At this time, the
barrel stops when arrested by barrel spring 86 (FIG. 14) which is the
barrel's rearward or second position. The bolt however continues to be
propelled to the rear, as seen in FIG. 16, until the gas pressure
subsides. The cartridge is ejected from the weapon in a conventional
manner on the bolt's rearward stroke. After the gas pressure subsides
barrel spring 86 returns the barrel to its forward position and bolt drive
spring 90 returns the bolt against barrel 70. The bolt receives and
inserts a cartridge into the chamber of the barrel on its forward stroke
whereupon the firearm is again ready to be fired.
Obviously the advantages of the differential recoil system as mentioned in
the preferred embodiment and modifications thereof is lost. However, this
closed bolt gas system is of value to prevent the cartridges from being
overly stretched when closed bolt firing is desired.
Instead of an off-center compression chamber, the closed bolt gas system
may be provided with a concentric pressure chamber shown in FIG. 15. In
this system similar to the structure shown in FIG. 9, the barrel is formed
with an annular barrel shoulder 92 which reciprocally rides in a
cylindrical chamber 94 formed by the barrel in combination with an annular
rearward wall 96 and a threaded annular forward end wall 98 of frame 100.
The forward portion of the chamber between barrel shoulder 92 and forward
wall 98 is hereafter referred to as an expansible pressure chamber 102.
Immediately forward of barrel shoulder 92 are one or more gas ports 104
arranged around the barrel's circumference for passing high pressure gas
from the interior of the barrel to pressure chamber 102. Ports 104 lie
immediately forward of the barrel's chamber to insure that propellant gas
pressure will be received in pressure chamber 102 as soon as the cartridge
is fired.
As an additional means to insure that a cartridge case is not stretched
beyond an acceptable range, a fluted barrel chamber may be employed with
any of the above embodiments or modifications thereof. As seen in FIGS. 16
and 17, chamber 106 of the barrel 108 is cut with shallow longitudinal
flutes 110 disposed along the forward portion of the barrel's chamber. The
drawing for clarity, exaggerates the depth and width of the flutes 110.
Being that the chamber is fluted, propellant gas pressures act both on the
interior and exterior of the forward position of the cartridge case where
the flutes are located. This substantially reduces the cartridge area over
which the internal firing pressure acts to force the cartridge against the
chamber wall. The adherence of the cartridge case to the wall during high
firing pressure is accordingly lessened.
Although the firing means for the above embodiments and modifications
thereof consisted of a conventional firing pin on the end of the bolt, it
should be understood that other conventional means of firing the cartridge
may be employed such as electric primed ammunition or a mechanically
actuated firing pin.
It should be evident from the above description that a novel firearm has
been developed which has a number of distinct advantages over the prior
art. The firearm utilizes an operating system which provides for effective
locking and operating energy supply without the use of a conventional
locking system and energy supply system. That is the barrel and bolt are
in mechanically free contact. This is accomplished by designing a blowback
bolt with a particular mass and closing velocity and a reciprocating
barrel with a particular mass. These components are designed such that the
bolt impacts against the barrel without rebound and drives it forwardly
while remaining in close contact with the barrel until high firing
pressure within the barrel's chamber substantially subsides. Since the
bolt supports the rear of the cartridge case during the period of high
firing pressure, the cartridge does not stretch or fracture and
malfunctions of that type are eliminated. The bolt's momentum at i | | |
