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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A number of physiological abnormalities manifest themselves in temperature
differentials in adjacent skin areas. Trauma to the extremities cause such
differentials. The trauma may involve the soft tissues with an
inflammatory reaction, in which case the temperature is increased, or it
may involve arteries with obliteration, in which case cooling will result.
When nerves are damaged, a causalgic-like reaction is common. This may be
characterized by either decreased or increased heat, depending upon
whether the sympathetic nerve is irritated by the trauma (with stimulation
of the nerve fibers and vasoconstriction) or if the nerve is completely
severed, in which case a sympathectomy effect occurs with vasodilation.
Breast cancer is the most frequent form of fatal cancer in women and
accounts for one-fifth of all female malignancies. It has been estimated
that five of every one hundred women will develop breast cancer at some
time during their lives. When breast cancer occurs, even with present day
methods of treatment, it produces a staggering mortality, making breast
cancer the number two killer of women. These deaths are even more
regrettable, since the lesions give rise to lumps in an organ at the
surface of the body that should easily be detected with the technology of
today.
Breast carcinomas are first recognized as palpable masses by our present
methods. The final diagnosis cannot be made by palpation because there are
many benign breast disorders which give rise to similar masses. Benign
tumors occur frequently. Consequently, the final diagnosis rests on
biopsies or needle aspirations and microscopic examination. Once detected,
breast carcinomas are treated by radical mastectomy and sometimes
radiotherapy.
Successful treatment of breast cancer depends largely upon its stage of
development at detection. If metastasis has not occurred beyond the
auxiliary lymph nodes, the cancer may be completely abated. Usually, a
malignant tumor cannot be recognized until it is one centimeter is
diameter. Generally, regional adenopathy and dissemination do not occur at
this state. However, this is not always the case, as the stage of cancer
development is not directly related to the mass size. Regardness, the
earliest possible diagnosis and treatment of a breast carcinoma is
desirable because the possiblity of metastasis to vital areas increase
with time.
Breast cancer has been observed to grow on a linear scale from the time of
clinical recognition until terminal acceleration in the phases of
systematic dissemination. Projection of the linear scale into the
preclinical or occult stage suggests that the carcinoma has been present
for many years. Therefore, there must be some symptoms available when the
carcinoma is in the preclinical stage such that recognition might be
feasible by combined clinical and screening techniques. The fact that
cases recognized in mass screening programs are identified 21 months
earlier than would be possible by clinical palpation is promising, and
groups these cases in the preclinical stage.
The most widely accepted technique for early diagnosis of breast cancer is
X-ray mammography. The lesion is seen as an area of increased tissue
density with spotty calcifications. This technique has been used with some
success. However, there are several drawbacks which have limited its use
to cases in which there is a suspected carcinoma. Mammography has been of
little value for the detection of breast cancer in women younger than 30
years due to the high density of the younger breast. Mammography also has
practical limitations with its expense and time required by radiologists
and technicians.
Thermography is the most recent method aiding in the diagnosis and
screening of breast cancer. Many researchers have screened large numbers
of women with and without suspicious breast characteristics using infrared
radiation from the skin. The infrared emission is proportional to the
fourth exponent of the temperature. A thermal pattern is recorded as a
permanent black and white scan. Though IR thermography has been more
successful than X-ray mammography, its application for diagnosis and
screening is limited due to the high instrumentation cost.
Thermography is a method employed to map a surface temperature pattern.
Ideally, a thermographic technique should give a quantitative,
instantaneous thermogram equivalent to the largest possible number of
individual temperature measurements per unit area with a high degree of
optical resolution and sensitivity.
Cholesteric liquid crystals have unusually high thermal sensitivity. When
applied to a blackened surface, these materials give rise to iridescent
colors, the dominant wavelength being influenced by a very small
temperature change. Liquid crystal thermography is capable of producing a
thermogram over a large area with a temperature sensitivity of 0.1.degree.
C and resolution of 1000 lines per inch.
Cholesteric liquid crystals demonstrate color-temperature sensitivity when
in the cholesteric phase. The cholesteric phase is exhibited by many
esters of cholesterol and several other organic compounds. These compounds
are members of the larger class of molecular order called the mesomorphic
or liquid crystalline phases. All members of this group exhibit a state of
matter with an order of molecular arrangement intermediate between a true
three dimensional crystal and a liquid. These compounds demonstrate the
cholesteric phase within a specific temperature range, below and above
which they exist as three dimensional solids and liquids, respectively.
Many efforts have been made to utilize liquid crystals in thermography of
the human anatomy. For instance, the crystals have been encapsulated in
natural and synthetic polymers and formed into thin sheets. This procedure
does not yield a high resolution means for detecting small temperature
differences because of the high heat capacities of the polymers. The heat
of the body is taken up by the polymers so that the liquid crystals are
not sufficiently affected to manifest small temperature differences in
adjacent area segments.
Other attempts have been made to enclose liquid crystals in various kinds
of polymer matrices. The products produced have not been satisfactory
because of interference with the expected liquid crystal reaction by
solvent contamination.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,590,371 by Hugh Shaw, Jr. layers the liquid crystal between
two transparent flexible pieces of plastic. However, in this approach, no
means has been provided for keeping the normally viscous, fluid liquid
crystal contained between the plastic pieces, and no means has been
provided for giving protection to the liquid crystal from contamination at
the edges of the sandwich. Further, such a "sandwich" is delicate to
handle since the two plastic pieces slip on each other with the liquid
crystal acting as a lubricant.
Additionally, the liquid crystals themselves tend to flow within the
package so that in some sections of the package the liquid crystal layer
is thicker than in other sections. These sections, of course, have higher
heat capacities than the thinner sections so that true temperature
differentials on the skin surface are not faithfully recorded.
Another method in which liquid crystals have been used on the skin to
detect tumors and other temperature phenomena of diseases and disorders of
the body has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,533,399. In accordance with
the procedure of the patent, the skin is coated with an application of
polyvinyl alcohol and carbon black. The polyvinyl alcohol layer is allowed
to dry; then a layer of liquid crystals is applied over the polyvinyl
alcohol layer. The carbon black is needed to provide a sufficiently dark
background to view the colors of the liquid crystal. This technique has
severe limitations since the liquid crystal can only be used once.
Additionally, the procedure is messy, and it is difficult to remove the
polyvinyl alcohol and liquid crystal applications by washing.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,908,052 refers to a laminate which is two polymeric layers,
at least the top layer being substantially transparent, sandwiching a
layer of liquid crystals. The top polymer film is bonded to the bottom
film in a grid pattern by heat sealing through the layer of liquid
crystals. Heat sealing through liquid crystal layers is an old technique
which has been employed, for example, for the preparation of novelty items
in which a layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two polymer
films and heat sealed in a selected design, for example, a bird or animal
design.
Products formed by heat sealing through liquid crystals have been found
generally unsuitable for temperature sensing devices requiring high
sensitivity and good stability since heat sealing through the crystals
contaminates them.
The procedures heretofore utilized to obtain thermograms of the human skin
with liquid crystals have suffered from one or more of the following
problems.
a. Heat capacity of product components other than liquid crystals is too
high.
b. The products are expensive to prepare.
c. The products cannot be sterilized.
d. The products are not sufficiently flexible to conform to the skin areas
under test.
e. The products do not satisfactorily protect the liquid crystals from the
environment.
f. The products do not provide for uniformly thin layers of liquid crystals
suitable for rapid and accurate response to temperature differentials.
g. The products do not have sufficient sensitivity and stability to be
relied upon as a useful medical tool.
THE INVENTION
This invention makes possible the accurate and reproducible determination
of temperature differentials with high resolution by providing an
inexpensive device which is flexible, easy to use, stable, sensitive and
may be used repeatedly without loss of any of its advantages.
The invention provides a temperature measuring device suitable for
measuring temperature differentials of large surfaces. In the device,
there are a plurality of separate dots of liquid crystals which change
color in a selected temperature range sandwiched between two thin,
performed, self-supporting, flexible films. The top film is transparent so
that color changes in the liquid crystals can be observed. The bottom film
is normally opaque. The separate films are sealed together in a grid
pattern along narrow seal lines so as to form a multiplicity of separate
cells, each cell containing a dot of liquid crystal.
In the device of this invention, each cell is a separate unit. Useful
products can be prepared to contain from about 40 to 400 cells per square
inch, each cell containing a dot of liquid crystal, each cell surrounded
by a thin seal line. A typical grid pattern in which the separate cells
are square shape might contain 100 cells per square inch, each cell with
an area of 0.01 square inch formed with heat seal lines about 0.01 inch
wide.
Ideally, the heat seal line should be sufficiently wide so that a cut can
be made without breaking the seal. In this manner, the contained liquid
crystals are fully protected from the environment. The separate segments,
however, are normally so small that no problem arises if one or more of
the seals are broken.
There are a number of advantages to the unique structure of the temperature
differential measuring devices of this invention. As aforesaid, the
crystals are substantially completely protected from the environment.
Additionally, the liquid crystals are prevented from flowing so that the
uniformly thin layer initially laid down is stable throughout the useful
life of the product. The product is flexible, and may be easily formed to
the shape of the portion of the anatomy under test. The heat capacity of
the thin plastic film is relatively low so that effectively the crystals
are substantially directly exposed to or in contact with the heat source.
The products may be repeatedly reused without loss of accuracy.
Addtionally, the products are relatively inexpensive to prepare.
Since the cells are formed around dots of the liquid crystals, there is no
danger of the liquid crystals being affected by the heat used to form the
seal lines, either by the heat itself or by heat accelerated reaction
between the crystals and the other components of the final product such as
the polymer film, the heat sealant, or any residuals present in these
components as a result of their method of manufacture. Moreover, there are
substantial savings in the amounts of liquid crystals employed since the
crystals are applied as dots rather than layers.
Any of a variety of thin, flexible, preformed polymer films may be used to
prepare the products of this invention. Typical examples of such films
include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters such as polyethylene
terephthalate, cellulose acetate, and the like. The top film, that is the
film through which the color play of the liquid crystals will be observed,
is preferably transparent, or at least translucent. The film adjacent the
surface, the temperature of which is to be measured, is normally opaque.
Various sealants may be employed. Of these, the presently preferred,
especially for units requiring high accuracy, are heat sealable polyvinyl
chloride and polyvinylidene chloride. These are preferred because they are
readily available with extremely low amounts of residual materials which
could contaminate the liquid crystals or react with them.
In order to best observe the color play of the liquid crystals, they should
be observed against a dark, preferably black, background. Thus the bottom
film is preferably rendered opaque by reason of dispersion of suitable dye
or pigment in the film. Alternatively, the film may be coated with an
opaque coating. One convenient procedure is to disperse channel black,
iron oxide or other suitable blackening agent in the film or in the heat
seal layer.
For the preparation of the products of this invention, the films are
normally from 0.00025 to 0.002 inches in thickness. It has been observed
that with most polymer films this thickness provides optimum strength and
flexibility without adversely affecting heat transfer from the substrate
to the liquid crystals. With films of this thickness, the liquid crystals
are the dominant mass component of the product.
Cholesteric liquid crystals which are useful for the practice of this
invention may be selected from a wide variety of available materials
including, for example cholesteryl halides, such as cholesteryl chloride,
cholestryl bromide and cholesteryl iodide: cholesteryl nitrate and other
mixed esters of cholesterol and inorganic acids, cholesteryl esters of
saturated and unsaturated, substituted and unsubstituted organic acids,
especially cholesteryl esters of C.sub.1 to C.sub.22 aliphatic,
monocarboxylic acids, e.g., cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl crotonate,
cholesteryl chloroformate, cholesteryl chlorodecanoate, cholesteryl
chloroeisocanoate, cholesteryl butyrate, cholesteryl caprate, cholesteryl
oleate, cholesteryl linolate, cholesteryl linolenate, cholesteryl laurate,
cholesteryl erucate, cholesteryl myristate, oleyl cholesteryl carbonate,
cholesteryl heptyl carbonate, decyl cholesteryl carbonate; cholesteryl
esters of unsubstituted aryl, alkenaryl, aralkenyl, alkaryl and aralkyl
organic acids and halogenated derivatives thereof, especially cholesteryl
esters of those organic acids containing an aromatic moiety and from 7 to
19 carbon atoms, such as cholesteryl p-chlorobenzoate, cholesteryl
cinnamate; cholesteryl ethers, e.g. cholesteryl decyl ether, cholesteryl
lauryl ether, cholesteryl oleyl ether, etc.
Some exemplary mixtures of cholesteric liquid crystal materials which can
be employed in accordance with this invention include, but are not limited
to, the following in which weight percent is based on the total weight:
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Mixture I
Range = 34-36.degree. C
Composition =
46% Oleyl Cholesteryl Carbonate
54% Cholesteryl Nonanoate
100%
Mixture II
Range = 33-35.degree. C
Composition =
49% Oleyl Cholesteryl Carbonate
51% Cholesteryl Nonanoate
100%
Mixture III
Range = 32-34.degree. C
Composition =
52% Oleyl Cholesteryl Carbonate
48% Cholesteryl Nonanoate
100%
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The liquid crystals or liquid crystal mixtures will, of course, be selected
to be responsive to temperature differentials in the temperature range to
be measured.
Typically, the thickness of the liquid crystal drops will be from 0.001 to
0.003 inches.
The products of this invention have been described principally as
temperature differential measuring devices containing liquid crystals
which change color in the temperature range normally encountered on the
skin of the mammalian body between two thin, flexible, preformed polymer
films, a bottom film which is preferably opaque either inherently or by
reason of an opaque coating, and a top film through which color changes in
the liquid crystals can be observed; the two films being sealed into a
grid pattern comprising a multiplicity of separate cells separated by seal
lines, each cell containing a separate portion of liquid crystal
composition.
The bottom film is, of course, the film which will be in contact with the
area under test. This film may be coated with an adhesive, preferably a
pressure sensitive adhesive such as a polymethacrylate, to aid in keeping
intimate contact between the measuring device and the surface to be
measured.
When reference is made to the temperatures normally encountered on the
surface of the skin, the description should be understood in the context
for which the devices comprising this embodiment of the invention are
intended. The temperature differentials to be measured are those arising
because of some actual departure from temperatures typically encountered
with healthy individuals. These departures, although very informative to
the physician or veterinarian, are, in fact, relatively small in
magnitude.
As mentioned above, the seal lines provide a convenient method for cutting
the device to any desired shape while, at the same time, protecting the
enclosed liquid crystals from contamination. It is not necessary, however,
that the cut be made along the seal lines. In fact, in many instances, it
will not be convenient to do so. However, even in those instances, only
very small amounts of liquid crystals will leak from the device, and the
other enclosed segments of liquid crystals will be fully protected. The
device can be formed into any desired shape, for example, a brassiere or a
previously formed bandage or cast. If desired, it can be sewn into the
aformentioned carrier.
Surprisingly, despite the presence of the seal lines, there is
substantially no interference with the color pattern formed in the device
when it is used for testing. The color patterns of the device correspond
to the temperature patterns of the skin.
While particularly useful as medical tools, the products of this invention
can be utilized to measure temperature differentials on other surfaces,
for example a bearing housing, the surface of a heat exchanger, a pipe for
conducting hot or cold liquids, the surface of a vessel in which a
clinical reaction is taking place, the temperature of the surface of a
fermentation vessel, or any of a large number of other surfaces whether or
not they are regular in shape.
A particular advantage of the products of this invention is that they can
be made without undue expense to any desired degree of sensitivity and
accuracy. For measuring temperature differentials on human skin,
differences of as little as 0.1 degree can be meaningful. On the other
hand, the temperature of a fermentation vessel can vary by as much as two
degrees, or even more without causing concern.
For the preparation of products with sufficient sensitivity to be employed
in medical diagnosis, the separate film comprising the heat sealable sheet
material should contain less than 50 mg per ream of components which will
react with the liquid crystals, either during manufacture or storage.
Where the temperature differential to be measured is 1.degree. to
2.degree., the heat sealable sheet material may contain up to 500 mg per
ream of reactive materials. The reactive materials may be residual
materials from the manufacturing process such as monomers, solvents and
the like which may react with or dissolve in the liquid crystal
composition selected and modify the temperature at which color change will
take place. Polymer films and heat sealants with low residuals may be
obtained commercially or may be prepared. Obviously, it is not necessary
to utilize these more expensive manufacturing components when a high
degree of accuracy is not necessary.
The processes by which the products of this invention may be prepared will
be best understood by reference to the figures in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of systems which can be used,
FIG. 2 illustrates a flat platen of a type utilizable in the systems of
FIG. 1, and
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a second process which may be used to
prepare products of this invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, roller 1 is a supply roll for film 2 which passes over
guide rolls 3 to filler station 4. Filler station 4 may be of any known
design for placing dots of liquid crystals on film 2. If all of the liquid
crystals compositions are identical, the dots are conveniently gravure
printed on film 2. If the composition will vary, the dots may be deposited
by an array of hypodermic needles, each of which is fed by a micropipette.
Such systems are well known and need not be described here.
After the film 2 leaves the filling station, it is registered with film 5
from supply roll 6. The film is guided into registry by guide rolls 7. The
laminate is formed at the sealing station comprising top platen 8 which is
flat and bottom platen 9 which is also flat.
Bottom platen 9 is characterized by a plurality of holes 10, each hole
corresponding to a printed dot of liquid crystal composition. Bottom film
2 is brought into registry with platen 9 so that the printed dots are over
holes 10. The top platen 8, which is normally the heated platen, is closed
for a suitable time and pressure to effect a heat seal.
Surprisingly, the heat seal can be effected without smearing the dots of
liquid crystal composition, even if the dots are very close together.
As an assist in registering the array of liquid crystal dots of the holes
in the platen 9, one can emboss wells into the substrate film 2, meter the
amount of liquid crystal desired into each well, and seat the wells into
the platen holes prior to sealing. This is more of a convenience than a
necessity. If the procedure is used, a debossing station 11 of any of a
number of known designs is placed upstream of the filler station.
After the seal has been formed, the laminate 12 is guided to the cutting
station. The design of the cutting station 13 is conventional, so that no
details are shown. The cutting station 13 is not essential, but is very
convenient, especially if a large number of small units, for example
disposable clinical thermometers, are to be prepared from one laminate. In
that event, the scrap laminate will be collected on roll 14 after passing
guide rolls 15. The cut pieces may be collected in container 16.
On the other hand, the cutting station may be omitted, and the completed
laminate collected on roll 14.
If a flat platen is employed, the movement of film 2 and laminate 12 will
be indexed movement. For continuous operation, the flat platens 8 and 9
can be replaced with rolls. If rolls are employed, the top roll will
normally be the heated roll. The bottom roll will have a plurality of
holes on its peripheral surface. Continuous operation is especially useful
if the liquid crystal composition dots are all identical, and they are
gravure printed. The indexing procedure is especially useful if the dots
are of differing composition.
FIG. 3 illustrates the alternate procedure. In the figure, 17 is the supply
roll, 18 the film, 19 the guide rolls, and 20 the filler station. The top
film 21 is fed from supply roll 22 through the nip of heating roll 23 and
roll 24 with relief holes on its peripheral surface. Guide rolls 25 serve
to bring the top film into position. The formed laminate 26 then passes
cutting station 27, if employed, and the scrap or finished product, as the
case may be, is collected on roll 28 after passing guide rolls 29.
In a specific example of the production of the product of this invention,
the substrate was a colaminate comprising 0.001 inch aluminum foil
undercoated with 0.002 inch polypropylene and overcoated with polyvinyl
chloride heat seal composition. The cover film was 0.0005 inch
polyethylene terephthalate coated on its underside with polyvinylidene
chloride heat seal composition. The volume of each drop of liquid crystal
composition was approximately 10 microliters. The dots were laid down by
gravure printing at a density of 100 dots per square inch. The density of
relief holes on the flat platen was the same as the density of the dots.
The cover film was heat sealed onto the aluminum foil between two flat
platens.
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