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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is related to copending application "Thin Protective
Overcoat Layer For Optical Video Disc", RCA Docket No. 71,516 by A. E.
Bell, R. A. Bartolini, A. Bloom and W. J. Burke, filed concurrently
herewith and incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to a novel optical recording medium. More
particularly, this invention relates to an optical recording medium
comprising a light reflecting material coated with a light absorbing layer
which is coated with a thin, hard, inert, thermally insulating transparent
layer and overcoated with a thick transparent layer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Spong, in a copending application entitled "Information Record and Related
Recording and Playback Apparatus and Methods", Ser. No. 688,495, filed
Mar. 19, 1976 and incorporated herein by reference, describes an ablative
recording system whereby a focussed modulated light beam, such as a laser
beam, is directed at an ablative recording medium. The recording medium
comprises a light reflecting material coated with a light absorbing
material on a substrate. The thickness of the light absorbing layer is
chosen to reduce the reflectivity to a minimum value so that a maximum of
light energy impinging on it is retained therein and is converted to
thermal energy. This thermal energy causes the light absorbing material in
the area struck by the light to ablate, thereby exposing selected portions
of the light reflecting layer. During readout, the contrast between the
light reflected from the absorbing layer, which is at the reflection
minimum, and the light reflecting layer is detected.
Ongoing work in this area has resulted in the improved performance of the
materials employed. Thus, in an illustrative embodiment of this recording
medium, a substrate which is a flat, smooth, non-conductor of heat is
coated with a thin layer of a light reflecting material, such as aluminum.
The aluminum layer is passivated as described in a copending application
entitled "Ablative Optical Recording Medium" by Bartolini et al, Ser. No.
668,504, filed Mar. 19, 1976. The passivated aluminum layer is in turn
coated with a layer of an organic light absorbing material, such as
4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine, as described in Bloom et al, "Ablative
Optical Recording Medium", U.S. Pat. No. 4,023,185.
Alternatively, the light reflecting layer is coated with a transparent
dielectric material, such as silicon dioxide. A thin layer of a metal is
coated thereon to serve as the light absorbing layer. This configuration
is described in the copending application of Bell entitled, "Information
Record", Ser. No. 782,032, filed Mar. 28, 1977. Titanium is the metal most
frequently used for this embodiment.
In order to eliminate or reduce signal defects or dropouts caused by
surface dust which precipitates onto the medium from the environment, an
overcoat from about 0.05 to 1 millimeter thick is applied to the light
absorbing layer as described in a copending application entitled "Thick
Protective Overcoat Layer For Optical Video Disc" by Bloom et al, Ser. No.
828,815 filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference.
Dust particles and other surface contaminants which settle on the upper
surface of the overcoat layer are so far removed from the focal plane of
the recording lens that their effect on the recording or playback signal
is considerably reduced, and no defects are noticeable on the playback
monitor.
Silicone resin is a good overcoat material. However, the preferred silicone
resin system uses a platinum catalyst to promote curing of the resin.
Platinum can react with amines present in the light absorbing layer,
thereby adversely affecting curing of the resin and attacking the surface
of the light absorbing layer. This reaction, which increases the number of
signal defects or dropouts, can be mitigated but not eliminated by baking
or ageing the dye-coated disc before applying the silicone overcoat. In
addition, organic dyes dissolve in most organic solvents, thereby limiting
the number of materials suitable for use as overcoats.
When a metal light absorbing layer is used, it must have a low melting
point to avoid damage to or optical distortion of the overcoat layer
during recording. Thus, high-melting metals which form otherwise excellent
light absorbing layers cannot be used effectively for recording through
the overcoat layer. An improved recording medium would make it possible to
protect the overcoat layer from thermal or chemical interaction with the
light absorbing layer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
We have discovered an improved optical recording medium of a light
reflecting layer coated with a light absorbing layer and overcoated with a
relatively thick transparent layer, wherein a barrier layer of a certain
thickness is situate between the light absorbing layer and the overcoat
layer. The barrier layer insulates the light absorbing layer and the
overcoat layer from chemical and thermal interactions which might result
in a decreased signal-to-noise ratio of recorded information.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a recording medium of the invention
prior to recording.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a recording medium of the invention
after recording.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a system of recording and playback in which
the present recording medium can be employed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a recording medium for use with a
recording laser beam which provides light of a given frequency. The medium
includes a layer of material which reflects light at the laser frequency
coated with a layer of material which absorbs light at the laser
frequency. The medium is overcoated with a relatively thick layer of
material which suspends any surface dust particles out of focus of the
recording laser beam. In order to insulate the light absorbing layer and
the overcoat layer from chemical and thermal interactions, a barrier layer
is coated on the light absorbing layer prior to application of the
overcoat layer. If desired, the barrier and overcoat layers can be applied
after recording, provided the light absorbing layer is kept clean.
The light reflecting material can be coated on a substrate with an
optically smooth, flat surface to which the subsequently applied light
reflective layer is adherent. A glass or plastic plate or disc is
suitable. The reflecting layer should reflect light at the wavelength
employed for recording. A gold layer about 800 angstroms thick forms a
good, non-reactive reflecting layer. An aluminum layer from about 250 to
500 angstroms thick is also suitable. The aluminum layer can be oxidized
to a depth of about 30 angstroms in order to passivate the surface.
The light absorbing layer must be absorbing at the wavelength used for
recording. In addition it should form an amorphous, coherent film of a
thickness that minimizes light reflection. Further, the light absorbing
layer should be readily ablatable at low temperatures to form clearly
defined, regularly shaped holes. A layer of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine,
obtained by evaporating the dyestuff Sudan Black B in a vacuum chamber,
forms an excellent coating. Another good light absorbing layer is formed
by coating the light reflecting layer with a layer of silicon dioxide
which, in turn, is coated with a thin layer of titanium.
The overcoat layer should be transparent and non-scattering at the
wavelength used for recording and readout. In addition it should be stable
to ambient conditions. When the signal is recorded through the overcoat,
the overcoat should allow formation of the signal elements beneath it and
readout through it without substantially affecting picture quality.
Silicone resins such as General Electric's RTV 615 and RTV 602 and Dow
Corning's Sylgard 184 form suitable overcoat materials.
Preferably, materials for the barrier layer will be amorphous, optically
transparent and non-scattering at the recording and readout wavelength. In
addition they should be thermally insulating and chemically unreactive
with respect to the light absorbing layer and the overcoat layer. It is
desirable that materials for barrier layers be capable of application
without chemically, physically or thermally disturbing the light absorbing
layer. For example, when organic dyes are used for the light absorbing
layer, since they are readily soluble in most organic solvents, a desired
characteristic of a suitable barrier layer material is the capability of
forming an amorphous layer by a non-solvent deposition process.
As with the overcoat material, the barrier layer should allow formation of
the signal elements beneath it and readout through it without
substantially affecting picture quality. Therefore, it is preferable that
a barrier layer material have a sufficiently high melting point and
hardness to resist rupture during readout. When a metal light absorbing
layer is used, the signal-to-noise ratio of recorded information is
increased about 5 decibels (dB) by choosing a barrier layer which does not
soften when heated during recording.
Both organic and inorganic materials are suitable for use as barrier layers
in the present invention. Inorganic dielectric materials have higher
melting points and provide harder films than organic materials. These
characteristics reduce the likelihood of rupture during recording and
provide a barrier layer which can be used effectively with metal light
absorbing layers having high melting points. In addition, inorganic
materials are not attacked by most organic solvents which are used in
applying certain overcoat materials. Therefore, they are somewhat more
versatile materials for barrier layers than organic materials.
In a preferred embodiment, a silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) barrier layer of
an appropriate thickness is applied to a disc previously coated with light
reflecting and light absorbing layers. Electron-beam deposition under high
vacuum or reactive glow discharge from gaseous monomers such as silane are
the preferred methods of forming the SiO.sub.2 layer. There is no
noticeable difference between SiO.sub.2 layers formed using these two
methods. Resistance heating yields SiO.sub.x, where x is any value between
1 and 2, which is somewhat less durable than SiO.sub.2 but is also
suitable.
Several organic materials also have been identified as suitable for use as
barrier layers. Derivatives of sucrose in which the hydroxyl groups are
replaced by ester groups, such as acetyloxy or benzoyloxy groups, form
good barrier layers. In an illustrative embodiment, a layer of sucrose
benzoate, formed from sucrose in which six or more hydroxyl groups have
been replaced by benzoyloxy groups, is evaporated onto the organic dye
light absorbing layer of the recording medium prior to application of the
overcoat layer. Sucrose octaacetate also can be applied by evaporation to
form a good barrier layer.
Another class of materials which form suitable barrier layers are
pentaerythritol derivatives of rosin acids. These materials are low
molecular weight (3,000 -7,000) thermoplastics which can be applied by
evaporation. Pentaerythritol esters of partially or fully hydrogenated
rosin acids, where the principle rosin acid component is abietic acid and
the softening point is about 104.degree. C., form good barrier layers.
Highly crosslinked films prepared in situ by glow discharge or by
polymerization of a reactive monomer deposited on the surface are also
good barrier layer materials. Suitable films include those prepared by
exposing to glow discharge either a mixture of acetylene and nitrogen (1:3
ratio) or perfluoromethylcyclohexane in an argon carrier gas. Using the
method described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,342,754, issued to Gorham and entitled
"Para-xylylene Polymers", highly crosslinked polymeric conformal coatings
can also be prepared having repeating units of the general formula:
##STR1##
where n indicates the number of repeating units in the polymer, and R and
R' can be H or Cl.
The initial antireflection, light absorbing condition of the light
absorbing layer can be preserved if the thickness of the barrier layer is
carefully controlled. Optimally, the thickness of an optically passive,
non-reflecting barrier layer will be equal to m.lambda./2n, where m is an
integer, .lambda. is the wavelength of the recording or readout light from
the laser, and n is the refractive index of the barrier layer material at
the recording or readout wavelength. Thus, when using silicon dioxide as
the barrier layer, with a refractive index of about 1.46 at a recording
wavelength of 4880 angstroms from an argon laser, the optimum thickness is
about 1670 angstroms when m is 1 and 3440 angstroms when m is 2.
The optimum thickness of the barrier layer is also determined by the
thermal properties of the material used. This thickness should be such
that the heat generated during recording does not diffuse through the
barrier layer to the boundary of the overcoat layer during the time it
takes to record an information pit. The thermal diffusion length, l, of a
material is:
l = .sqroot.Kt
where K is the thermal diffusivity of the material and t is the recording
time. For silicon dioxide, K is 6 .times. 10.sup.-3 centimeters squared
per second. Using a time of 30 nanoseconds, during which a given area of
the medium is exposed to the recording laser beam, the thermal diffusion
length is about 1400 angstroms. Thus, the thickness of a silicon dioxide
barrier layer should be greater than 1400 angstroms in order to form a
thermal barrier. Although a barrier layer thickness of 1670 angstroms for
silicon dioxide will preserve the optical passivity of the barrier layer
and adequately prevent thermal damage to the overcoat layer, a thickness
of 3440 angstroms would be preferred.
The invention will be further explained by reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a recording medium 24 of the invention prior to exposure to a
recording light beam comprising a substrate 110, a light reflecting layer
112 with a transparent layer 114 thereon, a light absorbing layer 116, a
barrier layer 118 and an overcoat layer 120.
FIG. 2 shows a recording medium of the invention after exposure to a
recording light beam wherein the light absorbing layer 116 has been
ablated to leave a pit 122, exposing the transparent passivating layer 114
to light while leaving the barrier layer 118 and the overcoat layer 120
intact. It will be understood that the recording medium after recording
contains a plurality of pits 122 rather than the single one shown in FIG.
2.
The use of the present recording medium can be explained in greater detail
by referring to FIG. 3. For recording, the light emitted by a laser 10 is
fed to a modulator 12 which modulates the light in response to an input
electrical signal source 14. The modulated light is enlarged by recording
optics 16 to increase the diameter of the intensity modulated laser beam
so that it will fill the desired aperture of a cover glass corrected
objective lens 18. The enlarged modulated laser beam is totally reflected
by a polarizing beam splitter 20 and passes through a beam-rotating 1/4
wave plate 22 to the objective lens 18. The modulated recording beam then
impinges upon a recording medium 24 as described in FIG. 1 and ablates a
portion of the light absorbing layer to expose a portion of the reflecting
layer. The recording medium 24 is rotated by the turntable drive 26 at
about 1800 rpm in a spiral track. A focus servo 28 maintains a constant
distance between the cover glass corrected objective lens 18 and the
surface of the recording medium 24.
For readout, an unmodulated and less intense laser beam, which will not
cause ablation in the recording medium, follows the same path as the
recording beam to the recording medium 24. The recorded
reflection-antireflection pattern modulates the reflected light back
through the objective lens 18 and the 1/4 wave plate 22. The light, now
rotated by 90.degree. in polarization by the two passes through the 1/4
wave plate 22, passes through the polarizing beam splitter 20 and is
directed by playback optics 30 to a photodetector 32. The photodetector 32
converts the reflected light beam to an electrical output signal terminal
34 which corresponds to the input signal. A tracking servo 36 monitors the
light through the playback optics 30 to ensure that the beam does not
wander from the track during playback.
The present recording media can produce high quality recordings with
signal-to-noise ratios in the range of about 44 - 46 decibels (dB) for the
4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine dye light absorbing layer and about 49 - 52 dB
for the titanium light absorbing layer.
Light induced thermal recording on the organic dye layer through the
barrier and overcoat layers is possible without reducing the
signal-to-noise ratio more than 6 dB. When a titanium light absorbing
layer is covered with a silicon dioxide barrier layer and a silicone resin
overcoat layer, the signal-to-noise ratio increases 8 - 9 dB. The above
signal-to-noise ratios are within the range of broadcast standards.
Recording media with lower signal-to-noise ratios are useful for consumer
video disc or digitally encoded information records.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples, but
the invention is not meant to be limited by the details described therein.
EXAMPLE 1
About 100 discs 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) in diameter were coated with
light reflecting layers of gold about 800 angstroms thick or aluminum
about 300 angstroms thick. The aluminum light reflecting layers were
oxidized to a depth of about 30 angstroms in order to passivate the
surface. The light reflecting layers were then coated with light absorbing
layers of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine about 400 angstroms thick on the
gold layers and about 525 angstroms thick on the passivated aluminum
layers. The 4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine was formed by the evaporation and
thermal decomposition of Sudan Black B dyestuff.
A representative sample of 20 of the resultant recording media was exposed
to 50 nanosecond pulses of light having a wavelength of 4880 angstroms
from an argon laser as in FIG. 3. The best recordings were obtained at a
power setting of about 150 milliwatts from the laser and had
signal-to-noise ratios in the range of about 46 - 52 dB.
Ten of the sample recording media tested above, were then baked at
50.degree. C. overnight and spin coated with overcoat layers about 0.1
millimeter thick of General Electric's RVT 615, a room temperature
vulcanizable silicone resin. This material is a highly crosslinked polymer
formed by mixing a resin having the general formula:
##STR2##
wherein x is an integer, with a curing agent having the general formula:
##STR3##
wherein y is an integer and R can be H or CH.sub.3 with the proviso that
at least one R is H, in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The resin was
cured by baking at 50.degree. C. overnight.
Recording on the resultant recording media was carried out as described
above with a laser power setting of about 300 milliwatts. The
signal-to-noise ratios obtained were in the range of about 38 - 42 dB.
The remaining ten sample recording media were coated with silicon dioxide
barrier layers about 1670 angstroms thick using either electron-beam
deposition under high vacuum or reactive glow discharge from silane. The
silicon dioxide layers were then overcoated with a 0.1 millimeter layer of
the RTV 615 silicone resin and cured at 50.degree. C. overnight.
Recording was carried out on the resultant recording media as described
above with a laser power setting of about 300 milliwatts. The
signal-to-noise ratios obtained were in the range of about 44 - 47 dB.
EXAMPLE 2
About 50 discs 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) in diameter were coated with a
light reflecting layer of aluminum about 500 angstroms thick. The aluminum
layers were coated with a layer of silicon dioxide about 800 angstroms
thick. The silicon dioxide layers were then coated with a titanium layer
about 75 angstroms thick.
Recording on a representative sample of 12 of the resulting recording media
was carried out as described in Example 1. The laser power setting for the
best recording was about 350 milliwatts, at which the signal-to-noise
ratios were in the range of about 40 - 44 dB. At a power setting of about
300 milliwatts a signal-to-noise ratio of about 42 dB was obtained for a
representative disc.
Two of the sample recording media were overcoated with General Electric's
RTV 615 as described in Example 1. Recording was carried out on the
resultant recording media as in Example 1. The laser power setting for the
best recording was about 250 milliwatts at which a signal-to-noise ratio
of about 39 was obtained. At a power setting of about 300 milliwatts the
signal-to-noise ratio for the representative disc was about 38 dB.
The remaining ten sample recording media were coated with a layer of
silicon dioxide about 1670 angstroms thick as in Example 1. The samples
were then overcoated with the RTV 615 as in Example 1.
Recording was carried out on these recording media as described in Example
1. The laser power setting for the best recording was about 250
milliwatts, and the signal-to-noise ratios obtained were in the range of
about 49 - 52 dB. At a power setting of about 300 milliwatts the
signal-to-noise ratio for a representative sample disc was about 50 dB.
EXAMPLE 3
A disc about 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) in diameter was coated with a
gold layer about 800 angstroms thick. The gold layer was coated with a
layer of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine dye about 400 angstroms thick as
described in Example 1.
Recording on the resultant recording medium was carried out as described in
Example 1. The laser power setting for the best recording was about 150
milliwatts at which a signal-to-noise ratio of about 44 dB was obtained.
At a power setting of 250 milliwatts a signal-to-noise ratio of 43 dB was
obtained.
A layer of sucrose benzoate (about 1630 angstroms thick) with about 75
percent or more of the --OH groups replaced by
##STR4##
groups was then evaporated onto the dye layer of the recording medium. The
sucrose benzoate layer was coated with a layer of General Electric's RTV
615 about 0.1 millimeters thick as described in Example 1.
Recording was carried out on the resultant recording medium as in Example
1. The laser power setting for the best recording was 250 milliwatts from
the laser, at which a signal-to-noise ratio of about 41 dB was obtained.
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