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Description  |
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an electronic sound generating system and, more
particularly, relates to a sound generating system for a stringed musical
instrument such as a guitar.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As is well known, it is often desirable that the sound produced by a
musical instrument be sensed and the sound reproduced with a different
characteristic such as a higher volume.
With a stringed instrument such as a guitar, for example, various types of
systems have heretofore been suggested and/or utilized for picking up the
produced sounds and then reproducing them at higher volume. Included in
such arrangements have been guitar pickups of the magnetic type positioned
to detect variations produced by the strings of a guitar and generating
electrical signals in response thereto.
Prior systems, however, while utilizing RF frequencies for transmission of
signals after developing of the same by pickup coils, have not been
successful in utilizing RF frequencies as a part of the pickup technique.
The use of such a technique, however, has the advantage of substantially
eliminating hum due to 60 hertz line frequencies and facilitating the
maintenance of separate signals for each string of a multi-stringed
instrument such as is the conventional guitar.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides an electronic sound system for a stringed musical
instrument that utilizes RF frequencies as a part of the pickup technique.
In addition, a sound system is provided that maintains signal separation
between a plurality of signals derived from separate strings of a
multi-stringed instrument and enables a stereo output to be produced for
each string. Provision is also made to sustain vibrations of a string to
enhance system sound reproduction.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an electronic sound
system for a stringed musical instrument.
It is another object of this invention to provide an electric sound system
for a stringed musical instrument that utilizes RF frequencies.
It is still another object of this invention to provide an electronic sound
system for a stringed musical instrument that maintains signal separation
between a plurality of signals derived from separate strings of a
multi-stringed instrument.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an electronic sound
system for a stringed musical instrument that provides a stereo output.
It is still another object of this invention to provide an electronic sound
system for a stringed musical instrument that includes means to sustain
the vibrations of the strings of the instrument.
With these and other objects in view, which will become apparent to one
skilled in the art as the description proceeds, this invention resides in
the novel construction, combination, and arrangement of parts
substantially as hereinafter described, and more particularly defined by
the appended claims, it being understood that such changes in the precise
embodiment of the herein disclosed invention are meant to be included as
come within the scope of the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings illustrate complete embodiments of the invention
according to the best mode so far devised for the practical application of
the principles thereof, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a top view illustration of the sound system of this invention
shown utilized with a guitar as the musical instrument;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the sound system of the invention
associated with a single string of a musical instrument;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-section view of the pickup coil and string as
shown in FIG. 2 illustrating positioning of the coil with respect to the
string;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the sound system of the invention
utilizing dual pickup coils associated with a single string of a musical
instrument and providing a stereo output;
FIG. 5 is a partial cross-section view of the dual pickup coils and string
as shown in FIG. 4 illustrating positioning of the coils with respect to
said string and to one another;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the sound system of this invention
associated with a plurality of strings of a musical instrument;
FIG. 7 is a partial cross-section view of the pickup coils and associated
strings illustrating relative positioning of the same;
FIG. 8 is a partial cross-section view showing positioning of the pickup
coils and associated strings illustrating positioning for stereo output
from a plurality of strings;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the sound system of this invention
utilizing dual pickup coils associated with a single string of a
multiple-string musical instrument, and illustrating signal processing
techniques which may be used therewith;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the sound system of this invention
having vibration sustaining means included therewith; and
FIG. 11 is a partial cross-section view of the vibration sustaining device
and string illustrating positioning of the device with respect to the
string.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, the numeral 11 indicates generally the
preferred embodiment of the sound system of this invention shown utilized
in FIG. 1 with a conventional guitar 12 as the musical instrument (which
guitar may be, for example, a base guitar), although the invention can be
utilized with any musical instrument having electrically conductive
strings. While only one string 14 of guitar 12 is shown in FIG. 2 for
illustrative purposes, it is to be realized, of course, that such a guitar
would normally include a plurality of strings (such as strings 14A, 14B,
14C, 14D, 14E and 14F as indicated in FIG. 1, for example) and that such
strings can be electrically conductive, such as metallic strings as are
conventional.
As is conventional, guitar 12 includes a body 15, a neck 16, and a head 17.
Strings 14 are conventionally secured at one end above body 15 by means of
bridge 18, which bridge is conventionally fastened to the body 15 of the
guitar. The other end of each string passes over a bridge 19 at head 17 of
the guitar and is connected to tuning screw 20 at head 17 of the guitar.
Obviously, the vibrating portion of the string between bridges 18 and 19
is thus held elevated above the body, head and neck of the guitar.
The conventional guitar, as briefly described hereinabove, has the sound
system 11 of this invention associated therewith. String 14 is connected
at opposite ends with electrical leads 22 and 23, which leads are
connected with a signal generator (such as an RF oscillator) 24. RF
oscillator 24 may be conventional and produces an RF output signal at a
predetermined RF frequency with the output signal having a constant
amplitude. By operating at RF frequencies rather than at audio
frequencies, the problem of 60 hertz power line hum pickup is eliminated.
This output from oscillator 24 is coupled through leads 22 and 23 to
impress an RF current of constant amplitude on string 14.
A sensor (such as a conventional pickup coil) 26 is positioned adjacent to
a portion of string 14, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The positioning of the
pickup coil is such that the coil is inductively coupled to the adjacent
string. Mechanical motion or vibration of the string varies the amount of
inductive coupling between the string and the coil causing amplitude
variations in the RF signal induced in the coil. A preferred positioning
of coil 26 with respect to string 14 is shown by FIG. 3, and as can be
seen therefrom the extended plane of the coil preferably intersects string
14.
As shown in FIG. 1, the varying amplitude RF signal induced in pickup coil
26 is conducted to signal processing circuitry 27, which circuitry
includes an AM detector 28 (see FIG. 2), with the pickup coil being
connected with the processing circuitry through electrical lead 29. AM
detector 28 may be of conventional design and may include an audio
amplifier (not shown). The output of the AM detector is an audio signal
which corresponds to the mechanical vibration of the string, and it may be
used in any way desired such as, for example, by being coupled on lead 31
to drive a conventional speaker 32 (as indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2).
As shown in FIG. 4, the sound system of this invention may be utilized to
produce a stereo output. As shown, RF oscillator 24 is connected with
string 14 in the same manner as described hereinabove in connection with
the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
In addition, as also shown in FIG. 4, pickup coil 26 is positioned in the
same manner as described hereinabove in connection with the embodiment as
shown in FIG. 2, and the output therefrom is coupled in the same manner to
AM detector 28. As shown in FIG. 4, however, a second sensor (pickup coil
36) is provided the output of which is coupled to a second AM detector 37
through electrical lead 38. The output from AM detector on lead 39 may be
used to drive speaker 40, while the output from AM detector 28 on lead 31
may be used to drive speaker 32 (both outputs being amplified, if
desired). Pickup coil 36 may be identical to pickup coil 26 but is
positioned with the plane of the coil normal to the plane of coil 26, as
is shown by the partial cross-section view of FIG. 5.
With the coils 26 and 36 positioned at right angles with respect to one
another, each reproduces only those vibrations in its respective plane.
This results in both coils reproducing the vibrations of string 14 with
its characteristic frequency, but the relative phases and amplitudes are
dependent on the angle of mechanical vibration of the string with respect
to coils 26 and 36. This pickup technique is therefore somewhat analogous
to a technique employed in conventional stereo phonograph pickups,
however, in this case, the pickup is directly from the string itself. In
this respect, the stereo output is compatible with conventional
matrix-type quadriphonic decoders, and, when reproduced through such a
system, the variations in phase and amplitude between channels would be
perceived by a listener as changes in direction of the sound. It is
important that the pickup be of the RF type since the magnetic fields of
conventional pickups would interact and allow little, if any, separation
between channels.
As shown in FIG. 6, each string of a multiple-string instrument may be
connected with a different RF oscillator (only two strings 14A and 14B
have been shown connected with oscillators 24A and 24B in the illustration
of FIG. 6) with each oscillator producing an output signal at a different
RF frequency. while fewer oscillators or even a single oscillator may be
used to place RF signals on the strings, the recovered audio signals would
lack separation thus compromising the performance of the system, as will
become clear. Each string (14A and 14B) has a different pickup coil 26
(designated as pickup coils 26A and 26B in FIG. 6) positioned adjacent
thereto so that each coil is inductively coupled with a separate string,
as is indicated in FIG. 7. In like manner, additional strings could be
connected so that a guitar with six strings, for example, could have six
oscillators and six pickup coils. Obviously, each string would induce
amplitude varying signals in its adjacent pickup coil. Since each pickup
coil might also pick up signals induced from other strings, each channel
has a filter 44 (designated as filters 44A and 44B in FIG. 6) connected
between the pickup coil and the AM detector (each AM detector being
designated by the numerals 28A and 28B in FIG. 6). Each filter 44 is tuned
to pass essentially only the frequency of the RF oscillator connected with
the string adjacent to the pickup coil associated with the filter. Thus,
the output signal from each AM detector corresponds to the vibrations of
its associated string only.
Each output signal (at leads 31A and 31B as shown in FIG. 6) contains a
single primary frequency corresponding to the mechanical vibration of its
associated string. Such a single-frequency signal can be processed in
audio signal processor 46 before being combined with output signals from
other strings. Such audio processing may be performed by conventional
means and may, for example, include varying the amplitude, phase, and
harmonic content of the signal. Frequency multiplication or division might
also be employed. Therefore, a conventional guitar, for example, could be
made to sound like another instrument, changed in pitch, and otherwise
produce sound effects normally associated with an electronic music
synthesizer. In this respect, it would be possible to design an electronic
music synthesizer using a guitar, for example, instead of a keyboard as a
controlling device. This versatility stems from the fact that separate
outputs are provided for each string, and is a direct result of use of the
RF type pickup. It would not be possible with a conventional pickup which
has signals from several strings mixed together in a single output.
While not shown in detail, the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 6 could be
combined so that a stereo output is provided for each string of the
instrument. FIG. 8 shows by partial cross-section an arrangement for
positioning of the pickup coils to achieve a stereo effect for multiple
strings. For this embodiment, a pair of pickup coils (designated as coils
26A-36A and 26B-36B) would be positioned adjacent to each string with the
outputs from each pickup coil coupled through individual filters (as
described in connection with FIG. 6) to individual AM detectors (as
described in connection with FIG. 4). Such a system used with a
conventional six string guitar, for example, would produce six different
pairs of outputs. Each pair of outputs would correspond to the mechanical
vibrations of a single string with its characteristic frequency but
different amplitudes and phases as described in connection with FIG. 4.
Obviously, the AM detector outputs in such a system could be individually
processed as described in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 6, and
therefore this system also could be used as the controlling device in a
music synthesizer.
FIG. 9 illustrates a typical arrangement of circuitry associated with a
single string of a system having multiple strings and stereo pickup coils.
Pickup coils 26 and 36 are connected to AM detectors 28 and 37, as in FIG.
4, through filters 44 and 48, as in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 9, outputs 31
and 39 from AM detectors 28 and 37 may be channeled to the inputs of a
conventional four-quadrant analog multiplier module 51, the output of
which is passed through low-pass filter 52. The output on lead 53 of the
low-pass filter would correspond to the difference in phase and amplitude
between the signals derived from the two pickups 26 and 36, and therefore
would correspond to the angle of mechanical vibration of the string.
Such a string could be used to envelope modulate one or more of the output
signals, or vary their harmonic content. These are exemplary of the
possible uses of the phase-related signal on lead 53 and are illustrated
in FIG. 9. In the first case, the output on lead 39 and the phase-related
signal on lead 53 are used as inputs of two-quadrant analog multiplier 54.
The output on lead 55 would then be the output of AM detector 37 envelope
modulated by the signal on lead 53. In the second case, four-quadrant
analog multiplier 56 is used to produce the second harmonic of the output
on lead 31 from AM detector 28. This second harmonic output on lead 57 is
used as an input to a two-quadrant analog multiplier 58 with the
phase-related signal on lead 53 being the other input. The resulting
envelope modulated second harmonic is combined with the fundamental signal
on lead 31 in summing amplifier 59, producing a composite output on lead
60.
Obviously, higher harmonics can be generated by the use of additional
four-quadrant multipliers, and the techniques of the examples described
hereinabove may be combined to give separate control of any number of
harmonics of the signal from an individual string. Again, this is possible
only because the RF pickup technique provides individual outputs from each
string.
FIG. 10 shows a further embodiment of this invention that is shown in
connection with FIGS. 1 and 2 but could be utilized with any of the
embodiments described hereinabove.
As shown in FIG. 10, RF oscillator 24 is connected with a string 14 of
guitar 12 in the same manner as described in connection with the
embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Thus, pickup coil 26 is positioned
adjacent to string 14 and provides an RF signal of varying amplitude to AM
detector 28 which, in turn, provides an audio signal which may be used,
for example, to drive speaker 32.
As shown in FIG. 10, AM detector 28 also provides an output through
amplifier 61 to vibration sustaining device 62. As shown in partial
cross-section in FIG. 11, vibration sustaining device 62 includes a coil
64 wrapped around a permanent magnet 65 and it is positioned adjacent to
the same string as is coil 26. A separate vibration sustaining device may
be provided for each string. Permanent magnet 65 exerts a force on string
14, the amount of force being varied by electrical current in coil 64.
Thus, the signal from amplifier 61 varies the force exerted on string 14
by sustaining device 62 and alters the string's vibration.
Different effects may be obtained by varying the phase, amplitude, or
harmonic content of the signal used to drive the sustaining device. For
example, an analog multiplier may be used to generate the second harmonic
of the signal from AM detector 28 as in FIG. 9. The second harmonic could
then be used to drive the sustaining device. The resulting force on string
14 from sustaining device 62 would cause it to vibrate in an overtone
mode.
The vibration sustaining device must be used with an RF type pickup. If
used with a conventional pickup, the string would inductively couple the
sustaining device to the pickup thus producing spurious oscillations.
While not shown in detail herein, it is to be realized that modifications
could be made to the system of this invention as needed or desired, and
that such modifications as would be obvious are intended to be within the
scope of this invention. For example, a number of oscillators could be
connected with one string, and a single multiple pickup could be used for
several strings rather than using separate pickups (each pickup coil would
be part of an L-C resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of its
associated string).
In operation, the output leads of an RF oscillator are connected to
opposite leads of a metallic string (or a plurality of output leads for a
plurality of oscillators are connected to different metallic strings) of
the musical instrument such as a guitar to place an RF current on the
strings. The pickup coil (or coils for multiple strings) is then
positioned adjacent to the string (or to each of a plurality of strings
where multiple coils are utilized) so that an RF signal of varying
amplitude is induced in the coil when the string is vibrated during
playing of the instrument. The RF signal is then detected and sound
produced therefrom. A stereo effect is produced by placing dual pickup
coils normal to one another and adjacent to a selected string or strings,
and vibration of the selected string or strings can be maintained by use
of the oscillation sustaining device as described.
The oscillators can be positioned anywhere conveniently close to the
musical instrument utilizing output leads 22 and 23 of sufficient length
to permit movement of the instrument by a musician as desired. The pickup
coil or coils 26 (and/or 36) are mounted adjacent to a portion of the
string that vibrates when the instrument is played, and may be connected,
for example, on the body or neck of the guitar as indicated in the
drawings. The signal processing circuitry (which includes AM detectors and
filters) may also be positioned anywhere conveniently close to the musical
instrument utilizing leads 29 of convenient length to again permit
movement of the instrument as desired by a musician.
In view of the foregoing, it can be appreciated that this invention
provides a novel sound system for a musical instrument such as a guitar.
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