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BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An improvement in the method of purifying enzymes and peptides that is
continuous, one step in operation, and modularized, which utilizes
polyacrylamide gel as a medium for continuous separation but does not make
use of a flowing of the buffer through the gel. The method is continuous,
in that the flow of the stream of crude enzymes and peptides is not
interrupted during any stage of the operation. The method is one-step in
the operation of purification as the enzymes and peptides, from the time
they are fed into the gel, undergo a process of purification which
requires no additional steps of purification. The electrophoresis on the
polyacrylamide gel results in high purification as the polyacrylamide is
one unified piece of gel which purifies higher than any other substance
because it provides a high molecular sieving resolution. The "Adjustable
Specialized Geometrically Located Electrode System" results in
purification of enzymes and peptides on a large scale, for the different
geometrically shaped electrodes provide different pathways for each
different enzyme and peptide existing in the crudely applied mixture
thereby enabling the separation, elution, and collection of typical
enzymes and peptides, though as many as one hundred different enzymes and
peptides are caused to flow from the crude protein mixture through the gel
at the same time. The modularization of the interchangeable parts of the
electrode system, which include such geometrically different shapes as
diagonal linear electrodes, arced electrodes, parabolic electrodes, point
and ball electrodes, and other shapes, create a diversity of field
gradients by causing many different particle vectors, and permit a
multifunctional versatile implementation and application of
electrophoresis in the purification of the enzymes and peptides. The
automatic switching system of the electrodes, which last from 1/100th of a
second to 10 seconds, and the on and off repetitive selectivity of the
electrodes, enable the prevention of the electrode system's interference
on one another, and enable the avoidance of short circuits, thereby
providing the creation of required potential vectors. The "Adjustable,
Specialized, Geometrically Located Electrode System" containing the
innovative features of modularization of electrode systems, automatic
switching, repetitive and selective operations of the divergent
geometrically shaped electrode systems, and the divergent geometrically
shaped electrode systems, have not been used in the past or present
methods of electrophoresis.
The method allows a high purification simultaneously as it allows
purification on a large scale, dual factors which do not exist together
under present methods of electrophoresis. The method conceives a
separation in a rectangular thin gel placed between the separate
independent fields perpendicular to each other. The two electric streams
are not operated simultaneously, but rather intermittently, during short
periods of time, switched automatically by controlled automatic switches.
However the gel itself is under a convertable single electrical field
continuously. The intensity of one field or both fields, is in a gradient
form alongside the width of the field applied onto the gel layer. This is
accomplished by introducing electrodes, forming the respective fields, in
such a way that the resistance of the medium is gradually changed along
the width of the field. These changes are adjusted to follow many
different curves such as linear, exponential, hyperbolic, circular and
other shapes, by altering the geometric location and shapes of these
electrodes, the theory being that a greater rate of change in the field
yields a finer separation of particles. A typical configuration of the
linear gradient can be achieved by placing electrodes diagonally alongside
the gel and using the variations in diagonal to control the slope of the
gradient. The exponential gradient may be achieved in the same manner as
the linear but using an exponential curve in the electrodes. The point or
ball electrodes in an exponential system consist of electrodes in small
circles of buffers, one for positive and one for negative. These
electrodes when placed as indicated (in FIG. 2) produce a field which has
an exponential effect on the particle accelerations thereby yielding
better particle separation. Other variations such as concave and convex
hyperbolic curves have proven to yield beneficial results. The enzymatic
preparation mixture is introduced into the gel continuously by a very slow
constant flow, through a thin tubing into a hole crossing the thickness of
the gel, during the application of the electrical fields. The vertical
electrical field is the "separator" of proteins according to their
mobility in the field on account of the net charge, molecular dimension,
and molecular configuration, by applying upon them a vertical vector (A).
The horizontal electrical field applies a vector (B) and causes the
proteins to move horizontally. The proteins pass through the gel via a
series of tiny holes across the thickness of the gel, eluted by the
flowing buffer which runs during the operation. The gradient is the factor
which enables the faster fractions to emerge sooner and closer to the
application point than the slower ones. An ambient temperature is
maintained at any degree needed by circulation of coolant around a
vertical plate from a refrigerated bath, permitting preparative
separations for heat labile substances such as enzymes. A combinational
system is used to yield better separation. Each band that is separated is
run through higher voltage, an electrode separation having better
differentiation to obtain a finer yield. The advantage is that a smaller
system is required for a greater batch of input. Another advantage is that
less heat is dissipated by the system due to the lower voltage required
for a smaller system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 represents a view of the cell using diagonal linear electrodes.
FIG. 2 shows a view of the cell with ball electrodes.
FIG. 3 depicts the cell with parabolic electrodes.
FIG. 4 depicts the cell with parallel linear electrodes.
FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 illustrate the three chambers combined to form an
electrophoresis cell.
FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 depict electrode nodules.
FIG. 12 illustrates a flow system for the process of the invention.
FIG. 13 is a block drawing of the nodularized classes and subclasses.
FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate the electronic switching network.
FIG. 16 is a drawing depicting the connection system of the main classes
and the electrode nodule.
FIG. 12 shows the scheme of the various parts of the electrophoresis
apparatus and the different flowing fractions. FIGS. 1, 2, 3 & 4 show the
scheme of the separating vectors. FIGS. 9, 10 & 11 shows different kinds
of modularized electrodes.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
Enzymes and peptides are protein molecules that catalyze and perform
chemical reactions on animals, plants, and microorganisms. The enzymes
cause the chemical reactions to occur thousands and even millions of times
faster than if the enzymes were not present. In the human body alone there
are more than a thousand different types of enzymes. Industrial enzymes
are derived from plant or animal tissue or from the cells of
microorganisms. To obtain these endoenzymes the cells of the enzyme source
are removed from its associated liquid which contain the secreted enzyme.
When necessary, preservatives are added to these extracts, which are
sybsequently clarified. Enzyme syrups or powdered preparations are made
from these solutions which are concentrated but not highly purified. The
production of high purity enzymes require alternative steps, successive
and/or independent, which start with the raw material or protein mixture.
These steps include: fractional precipitation; differential adsorption and
elution; chromotography; electrophoresis; dialysis; crystalization; and
freeze drying.
Electrophoresis is widely used as a separation technique, particularly in
protein chemistry. It has been valuable as a "gentle" analytical method
for complex organic material enzymes, hormones, proteins, collagens, amino
acids, nucleotides etc. that are changed and destroyed by heat or chemical
action. Many kinds of electrophoretic apparatuses have been developed in
order to achieve convenient, inexpensive, and relatively rapid methods of
purifying large quantities of proteins or providing a high purification.
However, there is no electrophoretic method at present that utilizes an
application of purifying enzymes and peptides which perform both of these
results together and simultaneously- to yield a higher purification and to
provide purification on a large scale. Nevertheless, physicochemical and
structural studies of proteins demand that the protein be extremely high
in purity and require rather large quantities of the purified protein.
Since 1808, when Reuss first discovered the potentialities of the method of
electrophoresis by observing the transfer of water from an anode chamber
to the cathode chamber as an electric current passed through an
earthenware diaphragm, and 1880, when Kohlrausch, Henry and others
developed the electrokinetic theory, and 1930, when Tiselus developed the
moving boundary method, the improvements in the electrophoretic process
has been vast and worthy indeed. At the present time there are at least 18
different classifications of electrophoretic methods based upon medium
types, and approximately 100 more or less different techniques within
these classifications, however, each one of these classifications have not
altered or modified the standard application of one pair of parallel
electrodes in an equal field. Each one of these classifications do not
provide the simultaneous results of both high purification of enzymes and
peptides and purification of the same on a large scale. A review of all
the present classifications of electrophoretic processes include the
following medium types all of which do not contain the innovative features
of our invention which consist of modularization of electrode systems,
automatic switching, divergent geometrically shaped electrode systems, and
repetitive & selective operations of the said systems.
The 18 different classifications include the following:
1. The Microscopic (analytical) medium type which is a free supporting
medium, contains one pair of parallel electrodes in an equal field. (See
reference #1).
2. The Boundary (analytical) medium type which includes a free supporting
medium (see reference #2) or which includes a supporting medium where no
molecular sieving is performed (see reference #3) contain one pair of
parallel electrodes in an equal field.
3. The Zone Electrophoresis (analytical) medium type which includes a
supporting medium of no molecular sieving (see reference #4) or which
includes a supportive medium of molecular sieving (see reference #5)
contain only one pair of parallel electrodes in an equal field.
4. The Zone Electrophoresis Preparative (two-stage) medium type, which
includes a free supporting medium (see references #6 & #7), or which
includes a supporting medium of no molecular sieving (see reference #8) or
which includes a supportive medium of molecular sieving (see reference #9)
contain only one pair of parallel electrodes in an equal field.
5. The Zone Electrophoresis Preparative (single-stage (a) flow elution)
medium type, which includes a supporting medium of no molecular sieving
(see reference #10) or which include a supporting medium of molecular
sieving (see reference #13) contain only one pair of parallel electrodes
in an equal field.
6. The Zone Electrophoresis Preparative (continuous) medium type which
includes a supporting medium (see reference #14 & #15) or which includes a
supportive medium of no molecular sieving (see references #16 & #17) or
which includes a supportive medium of molecular sieving (see reference
#18) contain only one pair of parallel electrodes in an equal field.
All these 18 different classifications of medium types, include
approximately, more or less, 100 different known techniques and
approaches, all of which do not make use of the innovative features of our
invention which consist of modularization of electrode systems, automatic
switching, divergent geometrically shaped electrodes, and the repetitive
and selective operations of the said systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore among the principal objectives of this invention to improve
on the method of electrophoresis by satisfying two conditions
simultaneously, the high purification of enzymes and peptides and the
purification of enzymes and peptides on a large scale, without the usual
concomitant disadvantages of non-electrophoretic purifying techniques,
requiring increased procedural steps, increased time, increased labor, &
increased costs. The improvement contemplates and includes within its
scope a continous preparative electrophoresis in which polyacrylamide gel
serves a medium for continuous separation but without a flowing of the
buffer through the gel. The new method conceives a separation in a
rectangular thin layer gel placed between two separate independent field
systems perpendicular to each other. The two electrical field systems do
not function simultaneously, but rather operate during short periods of
time and are switched automatically by controlled automatic switches. The
gel itself is continuously under a convertable single electrical field.
The intensity of both fields is adjustable by its geometric shape and
makes a gradient form alongside the width of the field applied onto the
gel layer. This is accomplished by the introduction of both electrodes in
a diagonal position in such a way that the resistance of the medium is
gradually decreased along the width of the field. The apparatus and
temperature is regulated by achieving fractionation of heat sensitive
materials. The enzymatic preparation mixture is introduced into the gel
continuously by a very slow constant flow through a thin tubing into a
hole crossing the thickness of the gel during the application of the
electrical fields. The vertical field "separates" the proteins according
to their mobility in the field, on account of the net electric charge, the
molecular dimension, and the molecular construction, by applying on them a
vertical vector (A). The horizontal electrical field applies a horizontal
vector (B) and causes the proteins to move horizontally. The proteins pass
through the gel and out via a series of tiny holes across the thickness of
the gel, eluted by the flowing buffer which runs during the operation. The
gradient factor enables the faster fractions to emerge sooner and closer
to the application point than the slower ones. An ambient temperature is
maintained at the needed degrees by the circulation coolant around a
vertical plate, from a refrigerated bath, permitting preparative
separation for heat labile substances sych as enzymes. The modularized
interchangeable parts contain several diverse configuration including
diagonal linear electrodes, exponential electrodes, arced shaped
electrodes, and other geometrically shaped electrodes. These different
geometric shapes apply different particle velocities, thereby enabling a
finer separation, & a continuous electrophoresis, by means of higher
voltage in a smaller area with less expenditure of power. These different
geometric shapes allow a high purification of enzymes and peptides
simultaneously, as the continuous electrophoresis permits purification of
enzymes and peptides on a large scale.
While for the ease of convenience the specification will refer throughout
the application to the following structures:
A. Chassis Main Body (FIG. 13; 7) which includes a rectangular structure
containing gel that has input ports for crude preparation and output ports
for the enzyme output, interconnection brackets for the connection of
accelerating and separating electrodes, and electrode systems. On the left
side, where the positive particles gravitate, is located the positive
separating electrode system which separates only positive electrodes,
positive separating electrodes positive, and positive separating
electrodes negative. On the right side, where the negative particles
gravitate, is located the negative separating electrode system which
separates only negative electrodes, negative separating electrodes
negative, and negative separating electrodes positive.
B. Chassis Sub Body which include the electrodes that are hooked up to the
sides:
1. (77) Cross accelerating electrodes, positive and negative ones.
2. Separating electrodes which go along side the length of the chassis
body, both for positive enzymes and negative enzymes.
(a) (78) Negative separating electrodes, both positive and negative.
(b) (79) Positive separating electrodes, both negative and positive.
These are situated alongside the periphery of the chassis.
C. Accessories of the System which include those systems that aid
indirectly the separation process performed by the chassis main body and
the chassis sub body.
1(81) Feeding system--which contains a pump, tubing, and an interconnecting
reservoir to the gel.
2. Output buffer system--which contains a pump, reservoir of buffer.
3. Cooling system--which contains a pump, refrigerant reservoir,
circulating wrapped coils of water or a refrigerant.
4. (85) Electronic switching network--which contains positive and negative
accelerating electrodes, positive and negative separating electrodes, and
positive and negative separating electrodes.
In FIGS. 14 & 15 a. Timer--which determines the time interval of switching
from one system to the next.
In FIGS. 14 & 15 b. Counter--which counts the pulses from the timer to
distinguish each count, thereby defining the status, acceleration,
positive separation and negative separation.
In FIGS. 14 & 15 c. Decoder--which differentiates the states from the
counter, decodes the states of the counter, and receives the counter's,
output which is binary and decodes it to individual outputs.
The specification includes the following dimensions, time intervals, and
ranges:
Length of gel--range from 3.5 centimeters to 30 centimeters.
Width of gel--range from 2 centimeters to 20 centimeters.
Current: 250 to 1000 volts.
Feeding rate--from 15 to 50 miligrams an hour of crude protein.
High purification--one bent Drawings consist of the following: FIGS. 1, 2,
3 & 4 illustrate the principle of the separation of enzymes and peptides
by a combination of two perpendicular lines.
In FIG. 1: 1--represents the inlet hole; 2--the outlet holes; 3--the line
movements of enzyme or peptide fractions; 4--horizontal separating
negative electrodes; 5--horizontal separating positive electrodes;
6--vertical accelerating negative electrodes; 7--vertical accelerating
positive electrodes. FIG. 1 depicts the diagonal linear electrodes.
In FIG. 2: 9--represents the inlet hole; 11--the outlet holes; 10--the line
movements of enzyme or peptide fractions; 12--horizontal separating
negative electrodes; 13--horizontal separating positive electrodes;
14--vertical accelerating negative electrodes; 15--vertical accelerating
positive electrodes; 16--the gel. FIG. 2 depicts the ball electrodes.
In FIG. 3: 17--represents the inlet hole; 18--represents the outlet holes;
19--the line movements of enzyme or peptide fractions; 20--horizontal
separating negative electrodes; 23--horizontal separating positive
electrodes; 21--vertical accelerating negative electrodes; 22--vertical
accelerating positive electrodes; 24--the gel. FIG. 3 depicts the
parabolic electrodes.
In FIG. 4: 25--represents the inlet hole; 26--the outlet holes; 27--the
line movements of enzyme or peptide fractions; 30--horizontal separating
negative electrodes; 28--horizontal separating positive electrodes;
29A--vertical accelerating negative electrodes; 29B--vertical accelerating
positive electrodes; 31--the gel. FIG. 4 depicts the parallel linear
electrodes.
FIGS. 5, 6, 7 & 8 illustrate the three chambers combined to form an
electrophoresis cell.
In FIG. 5: 32--represents chamber #1; 33--inlet mouthpiece of circulating
water coolant; 34--outlet mouthpiece of circulating water coolant;
35--outlet mouthpiece and central channel hole which provides passage for
the crude extract preparation waste. 39--the comb-like holes which
receives the elution buffer.
FIG. 6 represents chamber #2; 40--the comb-like holes which receive the
elution buffer; 41--outlet central channel hole which provides passage for
the crude extract preparation waste; 42--inlet mouthpiece for electrode
buffer circulation; 43--outlet mouthpiece for electrode buffer
circulation.
FIG. 7 represents chamber #3; 44--inlet mouthpiece for crude extract
penetration; 45--inlet chamber and mouthpiece for passage of eluting
buffer into electrophoretic unit; 46--inlet holes for electrodes;
47--inlet mouthpiece of circulating water coolant; 48--outlet mouthpiece
of circulating water coolant.
FIG. 8 represents the 3 chambers combined; 49--chamber #3; 50--chamber #2;
51--chamber #1; 52--chamber joiner screws.
FIGS. 9, 10 & 11 illustrates the electrode modules.
FIG. 9: 51--platinum wire; 54--plastic sheath; 55--plug. FIG. 9 depicts the
diagonal linear electrode module.
FIG. 10: 56--platinum wire; 57--plastic sheath; 58--plug. FIG. 10 depicts
the diagonal linear electrode module.
FIG. 10 depicts the parabolic electrode module.
FIG. 11: 59--ball coated with platinum; 60--plug.
FIG. 11 depicts the ball electrode module.
FIG. 12 illustrates the fluids flow system. 61--inlet hole chamber of the
eluting buffer; 62--anode inlet; 63--cathode inlet, combined
electrophoretic chambers; 65--chamber #3; 66--chamber #2; 67--chamber #1;
68--inlet of the crude extract preparation into the cell; 69--fraction
hoses, passage of fractions following separation; 70--fraction collector
tubes or bottles; 71--eluting buffer reservoir; 72--crude extract
preparation reservoir 73--electrode buffer reservoir; 74--cooling system
unit; 75--pump, for driving liquid; 76--cooling water sleeve.
FIG. 13: Block drawing of modularized chassis and subchassis: 77--main
chassis body; 78A--cross accelerating electrode module positive;
78B--cross accelerating electrode module negative; 79A--negative
separating electrode module, positive; 79B--negative separating electrode
module, negative; 80--positive separating electrode module, positive;
80--positive separating electrode module, negative; 81--input feed system,
crude extract preparation; 82A--to output buffer system; 82B--to output
buffer system; 83A--comb-like holes, output; 83B--comb-like holes
output;--cooling system;--electronic switching network;--power
supply;and--electrode buffer pumping system network are part of the system
but not shown in this Figure.
FIGS. 14 & 15 illustrate the electronic switching network; 88--represents a
NE555 timer; 89--74163 binary counter; 90--74154 decoder; 91--7405 hex
inverter; 92, 93, 94--2N2222A NPN transistors; 95, 96, 97--high voltage
relays; 98, 99, 100 are adjusted to obtain a frequency of 1 beat per
second; 101--1K resistor; 102, 103, 104--1K resistor; 105--0.001 ufd
capacitor; 106--accelerating power supply; 107--positive separating power
supply; 108--negative separating power supply.
FIG. 16 is a drawing depicting the connection system of the main chassis
and the electrode module. 119--main chassis; 120--electrode module.
Describing now the application of the "Adjustable Specialized,
Geometrically Located Electrode System".
1. Three chambers, forming the chassis main body, will be assembled
individually, to be subsequently attached in bayonet fahion, whereby the
plugs of the electrode system modules are bayonetted into the chambers,
which are arranged like a sandwich, wherein chamber #3 and chamber #1 are
the outer layers and chamber #2 is the inner layer, wherein chamber #3 the
top layer, contains circulating water coolant sheathed in plastic, chamber
#2 contains a batch of polyacrylamide gel, electrodes and buffer, and
chamber #1, the bottom layer contains circulating water coolant sheathed
in plastic.
2. A batch of gel is prepared for the entire system consisting of the
chassis main body and the modularized electrodes. The gel is placed in
chamber #2, filling it out, between the casing of the chassis main body
and cut away with a cutout to a predetermined form corresponding to the
geometric shape of the specialized geometric electrode module, selected
from a repertoire of different specialized geometric shaped electrode
modules, such as a diagonal linear shaped electrode module, a point and
ball shaped electrode module, a parabolic shaped electrode module, an
arced shaped electrode module and other geometrically chaped electrode
modules, to purify specifically enzyme or peptide "X". The gel shape that
has been cut away is limited and proscribed by the geometric shape of the
electrode module. The superfluous gel, that portion of the gel which
extends beyond the boundaries of the geometric shape of the electrode
module, is detached and removed from the chassis.
3. Appropriate size channel hole is cut out of the center of the gel of
chamber #2 corresponding to the size and location of the prearranged hole
in chamber #1 and chamber #3. Through the central channel hole in chamber
#3, down through the central channel hole in chamber #2, and down through
the central channel hole in chamber #1, each channel hole directly below
the channel hole above it, flows the crude extract preparation of enxymes,
peptides and other biomolecules.
4. Appropriate size comb-like holes, similar to holes formed by the teeth
of a comb on a batch of gel, will be cut out of the gel in chamber #2,
which said holes will form two straight parallel lines, one line of holes
situated higher than the other line of holes, by about 2 centimeters, each
line containing from 10 to 20 evenly spaced comb-like holes, which
correspond in size and location to the comb-like holes found in chamber
#1. These comb-like holes found in chamber #2 and chamber #1 will
subsequently receive elution buffer, which said buffer will flow through
the hollow in chamber #3.
5. The separating electrodes and the accelerating electrodes, platinum
wires coiled or elongated alongside plastic, are connected to electrode
switching circuit which in turn will be connected to the power supply. The
automatic switching network will be set to operate, theoretically, 24
hours a day, thereby providing a continuous separation. The chamber #2 is
filled up over its entire area with electrode buffer.
6. The mounting screws are tightened both to hold the electrode modules in
place and to join all the chambers together to form the complete chassis
main body.
7. The electrode buffer circulation system is connected in the appropriate
holes in chamber #3 so that the electrode buffer will circulate from a
hole in chamber #3, on the extreme left side of the chamber, down to
chamber #2, through the area of chamber #2, and up through a hole in
chamber #3, at the extreme right side of chamber #3. The electrode buffer
system circulates by means of a pump and hoses, the pump pumping the
circulating buffer from the starting point the reservoir, via hoses,
through chamber #2 and recirculating the buffer via hoses, to the
reservoir, located in a special unit.
8. The cooling system of circulating water, circulates via hoses through
chamber #3 and passes on downward all the way via hoses leading outward,
which said hoses connected to the outlets of the holes found on the bottom
of chamber #1.
9. The crude extract preparation of enzymes, peptides, and other
biomolecules, is fed through the central channel hole inlet, in chamber
#3, by means of a pump, via a hose which passes down from the mouthpiece
inlet in chamber #3 down through the central channel in chamber #3, down
through the central channel in chamber #2, and down through the central
channel in chamber #1, out through the mouthpiece outlet, which said
mouthpiece is attached to a hose which leads the residue of the crude
extract preparation to a unit collecting waste. The end product, the
purified enzyme or peptide, will be collected by fraction collecting
tubes, which said tubes are connected to the mouthpieces of the small
hoses extending down from the bottom of chamber #1.
10. The circulating electrode buffer system will be connected, the cooling
system of circulating water will be connected, the crude extract
preparation of enzymes and peptides and other biomolecules will be fed
through the connected hoses, through the central channel inlet. The
elution buffer will be pumped. The circulating water coolant, however,
will be pumped 1/2 hour prior to the purification process. The electrode
switching circuit will be set in motion.
11. The system is now ready to be used for the continuous, one step
operation, purification process of enzyme or peptide "X".
12. Every 4 to 5 hours the system's operation will be supervised to monitor
the temperature level.
13. At the close of the system's operation the specialized geometric shaped
electrode system module, most suitable for the purifcation of enzyme or
peptide "X" will be disconnected and removed from the chassis main body,
and in its place another specialized different geometric shaped electrode
system module most suitable for the purification of enzyme or peptide "Y"
will be inserted in the chassis main body. The whole procedure will start
anew from 1 through 13.
Describing now the adjustability of the "Adjustable, Specialized,
Geometrically Located Electrode System".
The "Adjustable, Specialized, Geometrically Located Electrode System" may
be adjusted and adapted to include the modularization of a complete
chassis sub body, and a complete chassis main body, not just the electrode
system module alone. Describing now the preparation of the adjusted and
adapted system and the said system's assembly.
1. A batch of gel is prepared for the entire system consisting of chassis
main body and the modularized electrdoes. The gel is placed between the
casing of the chassis main body and the output portholes are formed. The
gel is also placed between the casing of the modularized electrodes. The
shape of each electrode is cut to a predetermined form, depending upon the
electrode of the particular module.
2. The platinum electrodes are placed into the cutout and attached to the
electrical connection. After this is done the system is ready to be used.
3. The system is now ready to be assembled to be used for a specific
purpose which predetermines the type of the electrodes to be used.
4. The chassis main body, the input pump, the output pump, and the output
portholes are attached.
5. The accelerating electrodes are attached to the front and back of the
chassis main body, and the electrode buffer system is attached to them.
6. The mounting screws are tightened both to hold the electrodes in place
and to obtain a better mingling of the electrode gel with that of the
chassis main body.
7. The separating electrodes, of the chassis sub body, are then selected
(depending on the predetermined data) and mounted alongside the chassis
main body similar in manner as the accelerating electrodes.
8. The power supply is then connected to the electrode switching circuit
which is then connected to the electrodes and the turn on switch.
Describing now the action of the invention: See FIG. 13:
Article 81, the input feed system, which is a pumping mechanism, pumps the
initial mixture into the separating system. Article 77, which is the
chassis main body system, contains the gel, the input porthole and the
output portholes 83A and 83B. The mixture is then accelerated via positive
electrode 78A, and negative electrode 78B. During the cross acceleration
the particles are separated to the sides toward the portholes by 79A and
79B, for positive particles which are the positive separating electrodes
or negative particles by 80A and 80B which are the negative separating
electrodes. All the electrodes are controlled by an electronic switching
network so that no two electrode systems are operating simultaneously.
Eventually the particles gravitate and collect at the output portholes 83A
and 83B, its path being a function of the electrical field, and are forced
out via the output buffer pumping system 82A and 82B. The temperature of
the system is maintained by a cooling system network, consisting of a pump
and coolant. The power supplies, provide power to the electrodes as
needed.
Describing now the electronic switching method. The oscilator beats at a
frequency of approximately one beat per second and feeds into the counter.
The first count is decoded by the decoder which turns on the accelerating
electrode switches via the driver. The next beat of the oscilator advances
the counter whose output is decoded and turns on the positive separating
electrodes, via driver and switches. The next beat resets the counter and
the entire cycles starts all over again.
REFERENCES
1. ellis, G. (1912) Z. Phys. Chem. 78 321
2. Tiselius, A. (1937), Trans. Faraday Soc. 33 524
3. Lodge O. (1886), Report of Briti | | |
