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Description  |
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REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS
Reference is made to co-pending applications by F. Laciak and J. Pone
entitled "Exposure Time Control"; by J. Pone entitled "Photographic
Printer with Automatic Density and Color Corrections for Paper Gamma"; and
by J. Pone entitled "Photographic Printer with Interactive Color
Balancing"; which were filed on even date and are assigned to the same
assignee as the present application. These co-pending applications
describe photographic printing systems which may use the gamma
compensation of the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to photographic printing systems. In
particular, the present invention is an improved photographic printer
which automatically derives slope compensation factors for use in
printing.
Photographic printers produce color or black and white prints or
transparencies from photographic film originals (generally negatives).
High intensity light is passed through the film and imaged on the
photosensitive print medium (film or paper). The photographic emulsion
layers on the print paper or film are exposed and subsequently processed
to produce a print of the scene contained in the original.
A critical portion of a photographic printer is the exposure control, which
controls the exposure of the photosensitive medium in order to ensure that
the image on the photosensitive medium is properly exposed. The exposure
control may utilize inputs from several different sources in order to
determine the proper exposure. For example, most automatic printers use
large area transmission density (LATD) sensors to sample light transmitted
by the negative either prior to or during the exposure. Control of the
exposure is determined using a method known as "integration to grey". In
addition, many automatic printers include an automatic density correction
(ADC) or color scanning station which scans the negative prior to printing
and corrects the exposure in the event of a condition known as "subject
failure". Finally, the operator may enter density correction signals from
the operator control panel. Based upon some or all of these input signals,
the exposure control determines the proper exposure for each of the color
channels or for one black and white channel.
Photographic printers often include a "slope" adjustment which modifies
exposures. These "slope" corrections have been used to correct for a
number of deviations from normal printing conditions.
Originally, slope corrections were used to compensate for paper
reciprocity. Although exposure of a photographic medium (which equals the
product of light intensity and exposure time) may be maintained constant,
the resulting density varies as a function of exposure time because of
paper reciprocity. For example, if the exposure time is doubled and the
intensity of the light is halved, the exposure is the same but the density
is typically not the same due to paper reciprocity.
Later, slope was used to compensate for other factors. For example, it was
found that certain negatives or certain scenes were not properly printed
if the "integration to grey" method was strictly followed. For example, if
the negative is dense in comparison to a normal negative, it may be
desirable for the print to be of a different density than would be
achieved by integration to grey. Similarly, a negative which is less dense
than normal may also print best if the resulting print is of a different
density than neutral grey. Slope has been used to compensate for these
deviations from normal printing.
Still another factor which slope has been used to compensate for is
non-linearity in the negative material. Slope, which is sometimes called
over- or under-correction, has also been used to compensate for other
factors which would otherwise lead to incorrect or non-optimal printing.
Due to the complexity of the slope correction and the multiple uses to
which the correction can be put, determination of the proper slope
correction is often difficult. In the prior art, the photographic printers
have required the user of the printer to determine the desired slope
values by trial and error and supply them to the printer as numerical
values or as control settings. Determination of the proper slope values,
therefore, can be a difficult and time-consuming task for the user.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The photographic printer of the present invention automatically determines
slope compensation factors. The user prints a test print from a negative
which is known to deviate from the normal or average negative. After
reviewing the test print, the user enters desired density corrections for
that print. The density values of the negative are measured, and the
printer derives slope compensation factors from slope center values for a
normal or average negative, the desired density corrections which the user
has entered, and the measured density values of the negative. The slope
compensation factors are then used to compensate exposures in subsequent
printing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a photographic printer.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating in further detail a portion of the
printer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a graph of exposure time as a function of negative density which
illustrates slope values.
FIG. 4 is a graph of exposure time as a function of negative density which
illustrates the method of the present invention for automatically
determining slope from desired color density corrections.
FIG. 5 is an operational block diagram illustrating the determination of
slope compensation factors in one preferred embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 6 is an operational block diagram illustrating the use of slope
compensation factors during normal printing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The photographic printer of the present invention is unique in that slope
compensation factors are automatically derived by the printer from desired
color density correction changes entered by the operator for a test
negative which deviates from the average or normal negatives. The printer
automatically and internally translates these desired corrections into the
slope compensation factors which are required to produce those
corrections. Subsequent printing uses these derived slope compensation
factors.
FIG. 1 illustrates a photographic printer system which may use the
automatic slope compensation system of the present invention. In this
printer, an image contained in film 10 is printed onto photosensitive
paper 12. Light from print lamp 14 is passed through a frame of film 10
and is focused by optics 16 onto an appropriate portion of photosensitive
paper 12.
The exposure time during which paper 12 is exposed to the image from film
10 is determined by the position of filter paddles and shutter 18. The
filter paddles typically include a subtractive filter for each color
channel (red, green, and blue). Filter paddles and shutter 18 are
controlled by exposure control 20. Alternatively, other systems in which
exposure control 20 controls exposure by controlling print light intensity
rather than exposure time can be used with the present invention.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, exposure control 20 receives input
signals from large area transmission density (LATD) sensors 22, from
density or color sensors 24, and from operator control panel 26. Not all
of these sources of input signals are required in every system, and,
similarly, other sources of input signals which affect the exposure may be
used in the printer. For example, when sensors 24 are color sensors, LATD
sensors 22 may not be required, and the signals from sensors 24 may be
used in place of the LATD signals.
In the present invention, exposure control 20 compensates exposure by slope
compensation factors. These slope compensation factors are derived from
(1) slope center times entered by the operator through operator control
panel 26, (2) the negative densities measured by LATD sensors 22 for a
test negative which deviates from the slope center, and (3) color density
and overall density button corrections entered by the user through
operator control panel 26 for the test negative. The derived slope
compensation factors are used to modify exposure during subsequent
printing by the printer.
FIG. 2 shows a more detailed view of a preferred embodiment of a portion of
the printer shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the red, green, and blue signals
from LATD sensors 22 are multiplexed by multiplexer 28 and supplied to A/D
converter 30. Digital LATD signals are supplied by A/D converter 30 to a
digital processor such as microprocessor 32 of exposure control 20. Also
shown in FIG. 2 is memory 34, which is associated with microprocessor 32
and preferably includes both read only memory (ROM) and random access
memory (RAM) storage. Other portions of the exposure control 20 are not
shown in FIG. 2 because they are not critical to the present invention. In
one preferred embodiment, exposure control 20 is of the type described in
a co-pending patent application entitled "Exposure Time Control" by F.
Laciak and J. Pone, Jr., filed on even date and assigned to the same
assignee as the present application.
FIG. 2 also shows a control panel 26 which includes a keyboard having
operator-controlled keys or buttons 36 and a display 38. The operator may
enter various control and correction signals into exposure control 20 by
means of the various buttons 36. Display 38 displays the information which
is being used by exposure control 20, or instructions which the operator
is to follow.
FIG. 3 is a graph of exposure time as a function of negative density which
illustrates three of many possible slope relationships. The line
designated S=1 is a line having a slope of 1. Using this line would yield
integration to grey if paper reciprocity did not exist. As discussed
previously, however, it is often advantageous to provide slope
compensation (i.e. cause the printer to obey a time/density relationship
having a slope other than 1). For example, FIG. 3 also shows a slope line
designated S=1.3. This slope is similar to one that a user would normally
use in a printer, since the user typically wants lighter or denser
negatives to print lighter (i.e. at a less exposure) or denser (at a
greater exposure) than a normal negative.
On occasion, a user of a photographic printer will desire "inverted" slope.
The slope line labeled S=0.7 in FIG. 3 is an example of inverted slope.
It can be seen from FIG. 3 that all of the slope lines intersect at a point
labeled "slope center". This slope center is a reference point which
corresponds to a normal or average reference negative which will be
printed at the same density for the same time regardless of the slope. The
slope compensation only affects negatives which deviate from the slope
center.
FIG. 3 illustrates examples of "rocker slope", in which the slope lines are
straight lines which pass through the slope center. It is also possible,
however, to segment the slope line into a over-slope and an under-slope,
which need not be of the same value. Segmented slope provides more
flexible and often more accurate slope compensation than rocker slope.
A significant advantage of the present invention is that it is equally
applicable to rocker slope or segmented slope, as well as to other slope
systems in which the slope is non-linear. This permits the present
invention to be far more flexible and adaptable to new slope systems than
are the prior art slope determining techniques.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the automatic method by which the printer of the
present invention derives slope values from desired density corrections
entered by the user through correction buttons 36 of operator control
panel 26. FIG. 4 is a graph of exposure time as a function of negative
density, and FIG. 5 is an operational block diagram which describes the
steps performed in obtaining slope compensation factors.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the user of the printer
causes slope compensation factors for each color channel to be determined
through an interactive session during which the user enters certain
critical parameters.
First, "GAMMA FACTORS=(##) (##) (##)" is displayed by display 38. This
operation requires the user to enter three numbers which represent
photographic paper gammas for the red, green, and blue emulsion layers of
the photographic paper being used. The use of gamma and the measurement of
photographic paper gamma are discussed in further detail in a co-pending
application by J. Pone, Jr. entitled "Photographic Printer with Automatic
Density and Color Corrections for Paper Gamma" which was filed on even
data and is assigned to the same assignee as the present application.
After the gamma values have been entered by the operator, they are
displayed on display 38 so that the operator can check the entries to
verify that they are correct. Upon correct entry, the printer proceeds to
the next critical parameter.
Second, "SLOPE CENTER=(##) (##) (##)" is displayed. This operation requires
the user to enter three numbers which correspond to the exposure times of
a normal negative. The slope center times correspond to the average
printing times for the whole population of negatives, and should be as
close as possible to "dead heat" (i.e. equal printing times for all three
channels). After these three values have been displayed and verified, they
are entered, and the printer proceeds to the next step.
Third, the printer goes into the slope determining operation. In a
preferred embodiment of the present invention, the slope lines are divided
into "over-slope" and "under-slope". The over-slope portion covers
negatives having a density greater than the slope center density, and the
under-slope covers those negatives having density less than the slope
center density. It should be recognized, however, that the present
invention is equally applicable to rocker slope-type systems and to
non-linear slope systems.
Display 38 first displays "OVER SLOPE=(##) (##) (##)". In a preferred
embodiment of the present invention, the red, green, and blue over-slope
values can be determined by two different methods. The first method is
"normal slope entry" in which the operator enters the three numbers
through keyboard keys 36. The second method is "slope by correction
entry", which is the automatic method of the present invention in which
slope is determined by density corrections entered by the user.
When slope by correction entry operation is selected, display 38 displays
"CORRECTION XX XX XX", which allows monitoring of the button corrections
to be entered through keyboard 36.
The operator has previously made a test print of a negative which is known
to deviate from the slope center on the "over" density side. This negative
should not be a color failure negative, but rather should have reasonably
consistent red, green, and blue densities. The test print is made under
the initial slope conditions, which normally will be a slope=1 for each of
the red, green, and blue color channels. The operator will review the
print made from the test negative and will determine the necessary color
density corrections which should be entered by buttons 36.
The test negative is inserted in the negative carrier and placed in the
printing gate prior to the slope by correction entry operation. In a
preferred embodiment of the present invention, the densities of the red,
green, and blue colors are measured by LATD sensors 22. If the test
negative is not a reasonable "over" negative, (i.e. it is too close to the
slope center values, or extremely over so that it is close to fogged film)
an error condition is displayed by display 38. FIG. 4 illustrates the
density range within which an over negative must fall in order for "slope
by correction entry" to proceed. If the density of the over negative falls
outside of this range, the slope values derived would be inaccurate.
If the negative is a proper over negative, exposure control 20 derives the
desired over-slope for each color channel based upon (1) slope center
exposure time for that color, (2) the measured negative density for that
color, and (3) the desired print density correction which has been entered
by the user. In particular, exposure control 20 determines the exposure
time t.sub.1 for the particular color channel from the LATD signal
(density D.sub.1), based upon a slope of 1. It then determines the
additional time increment t.sub.BC which corresponds to the buttoning
correction which has been entered by the operator and determines the total
exposure time t.sub.T =t.sub.1 +t.sub.BC for that color channel. Exposure
control 20 then determines the slope of a line between the slope center
and the point defined by total exposure time t.sub.T and density D.sub.1.
This slope is stored in the form of a slope compensation factor for the
over-slope portion of the time-density relationship.
In the present invention, individual slope compensation factors are
determined for the red, green, and blue color channels. It is possible,
therefore, that each of these three color channels will have slightly
different over-slope and slightly different under-slope. For convenience,
FIGS. 3 and 4 have only illustrated a single color channel, but it will be
recognized that similar operations are performed by exposure control 20
for each of the color channels.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the calculations
performed by exposure control 20 use the formula t=t.sub.0
10.sup.S(D-D.sbsp.0.sup.), where t is the actual exposure time; t.sub.0 is
the exposure time at slope center (i.e. exposure time for reference
negative); S is the slope; D.sub.0 is the reference negative density; and
D is the measured negative density. While this formula has been found to
be effective, other mathematical relationships between exposure time,
negative density and slope may also be used to model the relationship of
slope to exposure time and negative density. The present invention merely
requires a predetermined model of the relationship of these parameters so
that slope can be derived from desired print density corrections.
After the over-slope compensation factors have been derived and stored, the
printer proceeds to the under-slope determining operation. This operation
is identical to the over-slope operation in that either "normal slope
entry" or "slope by correction entry" is possible. When "slope by
correction entry" is performed, the test negative is an under negative
whose density falls within a predetermined range similar to the range
provided for over negatives.
FIG. 6 illustrates normal operation of a photographic printer which
utilizes the derived over- and under-slope compensation factors. In normal
operation, LATD sensors 22 produce LATD signals which are multiplexed,
converted to digital values, and supplied to microprocessor 32. These LATD
signals are converted to modified log.sub.2 values by multiplying the
log.sub.2 of the reciprocal of the LATD signal by a constant, which is a
scaling factor. Exposure control 20 then adds corrections to the values in
modified log.sub.2 form. These corrections include corrections based upon
signals from automatic density or color sensors 24 or button corrections
from operator control panel 26.
Before applying a slope compensation factor to the modified log.sub.2
values, exposure control 20 determines which side of slope center the
measured negative densities fall. This determines whether over-slope or
under-slope compensation will be applied. The slope compensation is
provided by multiplying the appropriate slope compensation factor by the
modified log.sub.2 value. The slope compensation factor is a combined
factor which depends on both slope and gamma, so that the effect of the
slope compensation is a constant regardless of variations in paper gamma.
The slope compensation factors involve multiplication because the slope
value is an exponent in the linear domain and, therefore, requires
multiplication when the manipulations are performed in the log.sub.2
domain.
The log.sub.2 values for the three color channels are then used to derive
exposure times for those three color channels. In the system described in
the previously mentioned patent application by Laciak and Pone, the
log.sub.2 values (after corrections and slope compensation have been made)
are converted to a time base and a time count signal. The exposure time
for the corresponding color channel is derived from the time base and the
time count for that color channel.
In conclusion, the present invention is a simple yet highly accurate and
highly effective method of determining slope without requiring the user to
determine the slope values by trial and error. Instead, slope is
determined automatically based upon the print density corrections which
the user feels are necessary to improve a test print made from a test
negative which deviates from the average or slope center density and time
values.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to
preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that
changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention.
For example, although the present invention has been described in the
context of a specific exposure control such as the control described in
the previously mentioned co-pending patent application by Laciak and Pone,
it is clear that other exposure controls may utilize the automatic slope
correction of the present invention. In addition, although the present
invention preferrably utilizes gamma compensation of the type described in
the previously mentioned co-pending patent application of Pone, the
present invention may also be performed without gamma compensation,
although accuracy will suffer somewhat if gamma values deviate from
average.
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