In a method for cryogenically forming a sheet of aluminum or a solid solution strengthened aluminum alloy wherein the sheet has a maximum thickness of about 0.2 inch, said method comprising forming said sheet into a shaped article of desired configuration by deforming said sheet at a cryogenic temperature in the range of about minus 100.degree. C. to about minus 200.degree. C., the improvement comprising: (a) work-hardening the sheet to at least about 25 percent of maximum hardness prior to the cryogenic deformation; and (b) conducting the cryogenic deformation in such a manner that (i) at least part of the sheet is deformed by tensile stresses, (ii) the thickness of said part is reduced by at least 2 percent by said deformation, and (iii) the smallest dimension of the area of the part to be deformed is at least equal to the thickness of the sheet.
A method for deep drawing sheet wherein (i) the sheet is formable by deep drawing and (ii) the sheet is in the form of a blank having a flange portion and a center portion comprising the following steps: (a) cooling the blank to a temperature no higher than about minus 50.degree. C.; (b) heating the flange portion to a temperature higher than the center portion and sufficient to establish a temperature differential between the flange portion and the center portion of about 40.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C.; and (c) drawing the blank into a concave deep drawing die using a mating convex punch, the center portion being initially at a temperature no higher than about 0.degree. C. and the drawing being effected at a speed sufficient to maintain the temperature differential established in step (b).
A steel strip having distributed thereon powder containing aluminum as its main ingredient is cooled to a temperature range of less than 15.degree. C. below room temperature. The cooled material is immediately subjected to cold rolling and then to sintering, to produce multilayer sliding material. By cooling the steel strip and the powder distributed thereon together to a temperature range of less than 15.degree. C. below room temperature, occurrence of seizure between the powder and rolls of a rolling mill can be avoided.
A method of fabricating an alloy sputtering target having fine precipitates of the second phase material and small, randomly oriented and uniform grains. The new method includes solution treatment to minimize second-phase precipitate size, cryo-deformation to prevent the formation of cubic structures and recrystallization to generate fine uniform grain sizes having a random orientation.
A method is provided for fabricating aluminum alloy sputtering targets having fine precipitates of a second phase material in small, randomly oriented and uniform grains. The method provided includes the steps of homogenizing the aluminum alloy billet at a temperature above the solidus temperature, deforming the billet, recrystallizing the billet at a temperature below the solidus temperature, and cryogenically deforming the billet. This minimizes second-phase precipitate size and prevents the formation of cubic structures, thereby generating fine uniform grain sizes having random orientation.
A method is provided for improving the formability of low carbon steel sheet by heating it to a temperature above about 250.degree. C. such that the interstitial element content of the steel's ferrite matrix is in the range of from about 5 to 50 parts by weight per million parts iron; quenching the steel to retain at least 5 weight parts per million parts iron of the interstitial elements in the ferrite; and cooling the steel to a temperature below about 0.degree. C. for forming.
