 |
Description  |
|
|
This invention relates to a metal-coated textile material and to a process
for its production.
In conventional processes for the production of metallised fibres with a
firmly adhering metal layer, in particular by currentless metal
deposition, the fibres or filaments are deoiled, etched or mechanically
roughened before being subjected to currentless metal deposition.
According to German Offenlegungsschrifts Nos. 2,250,309 and 1,804,042, the
etching pretreatment, as known from plastics, is essential because without
it the adhesion of the metal layer to the fibre is reduced, making it
impossible to obtain metallised fibres of any practical use.
According to German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,250,309, alkali metal
hydroxides for example are used for etching whereas, according to French
Pat. No. 1,567,529, chromosulphuric acid is used.
In addition, according to the prior art, the fibres are always sensitised
with acidic, ionic sensitising baths, for example with acid
tin(II)chloride, and activated with acidic, ionic activating baths, for
example palladiumchloride, at elevated temperatures in the range of from
50.degree. to 90.degree. C. in order to guarantee subsequent metal
deposition at elevated temperatures in acidic metallising baths,
preferably at 75.degree. C. and higher, using nickel or copper.
However, both the etching pretreatment and also the use of ionic
metallising systems involve several disadvantages which hitherto have
prevented metallised fibres from being used on a commercial scale.
It has now been found that filaments, fibres and textile structures can be
provided with a firmly adhering metal coating without any need for a
preliminary etching treatment, providing the metal is deposited from
colloidal systems.
Accordingly, the invention relates to a metallised (metal-coated) textile
material, for example filaments, fibres and textile structures, which is
obtainable for example by activating the textile material at room
temperature with colloidal palladium and treating the activated textile
material at room temperature with alkaline metal reducing baths.
According to the invention, it is particularly preferred to treat a textile
material of filaments or fibres of acrylonitrile polymers containing at
least 40% by weight of acrylonitrile.
In principle, however, is is also possible in accordance with the invention
to treat textile materials of filaments or fibres of filament-forming
synthetic polymers of polyamide, polyester, polyalkylene, polymodacrylic
or polyvinyl halides, and also cotton.
The acrylic fibres or filaments which may be metallised in accordance with
the invention are any fibres which have been produced by a dry spinning or
wet spinning process, preferably by the dry spinning of acrylonitrile
polymers from strongly polar organic solvents, such as dimethyl formamide,
dimethyl acetamide or dimethyl sulphoxide.
The acrylonitrile polymers used may be any of the polymers normally used
for the production of synthetic acrylic fibres. The products in question
are primarily substrates of the type which consist entirely of
acrylonitrile or of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile and which, in
addition, contain for example (meth)acrylates, vinyl carboxylates,
(meth)allyl carboxylates, (iso)butenyl carboxylates, maleates, fumarates,
(meth)acrylamides and N-substituted derivatives, vinyl ethers, styrene and
derivatives, methacrylonitrile, and also dye-receptive additives such as
for example, (methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, vinyl- or
(meth)allyl-styrene sulphonic acid, sulphoalkyl(meth) acrylates,
vinyl(meth)allyl phosphonic acid and N-sulphoalkyl (meth)acrylamide.
It is, of course, also possible to use acrylonitrile copolymers containing
far less than 85% by weight of acrylonitrile, i.e. so-called modacrylics,
for example of acrylonitrile and/or vinyl or vinylidene halide in
quantities of from 40 to 60% by weight.
Two-component fibres may also be treated.
Where reference is made in the following to fibres, it should be understood
that filaments and textile structures, such as sheet-form structures, for
example knitted and woven fabrics, and vleeces are also included. The
actual metallisation process is preferably carried out as follows:
An activating solution of colloidal palladium is prepared with tin(II)salts
in accordance with German Auslegeschrift No. 1,197,720. The pH-value of
the solution should always be not greater than 1 and an excess of
tin(II)ions should be present.
The material to be activated is then treated in this activating bath,
preferably at room temperature, for residence times of from a few seconds
to a few minutes, for example from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. However, the
treatment may also be continued for several minutes without any adverse
effects occurring.
The material thus activated is then removed from the activating bath and
rinsed with water, preferably at room temperature.
It has proved to be particularly favourable to continue rinsing until the
rinsing water shows a neutral reaction.
The rinsing operation is optionally carried out in several steps.
The material thus treated is then treated for about 30 seconds to about 2
minutes in an acid or alkaline medium. Where the treatment is carried out
in an acid medium, treatment in a 5% by weight sulphuric acid or
approximately 20% by weight hydrochloric acid has proved to be adequate.
However, the material is preferably treated in an alkaline medium. In this
case, an approximately 5% sodium hydroxide solution or an approximately
10% by weight sodium carbonate solution, preferably at room temperature,
has produced the best results.
The material is then briefly rinsed in water, preferably at room
temperature, for example for up to 30 seconds, in order to remove excess
treatment medium.
After this rinse, the material is introduced at about 16.degree. to about
30.degree. C. into an alkaline metal salt bath in which the metal is
deposited on the material.
Metal salt baths such as these are, preferably, baths of nickel salts,
cobalt salts or mixtures thereof, copper salts, gold salts or other salts
which can be deposited from alkaline baths.
According to the invention it is particularly preferred to use ammoniacal
nickel baths or copper baths alkalised with sodium hyroxide. It is, of
course, also possile to use mixtures of ammonia and sodium hydroxide for
maintaining the alkaline medium.
Metallising baths such as these are known in the currentless metallisation
art.
Baths of the following composition have proved to be particularly
advantageous: a nickel bath of 0.2 mole/l of nickel(II)chloride, 0.9
mole/l of ammonium hydroxide (25% by weight solution), 0.2 mole/l of
sodium hydrophosphite and free ammonia in such a quantity that the
pH-value at 30.degree. C. amounts to 8.9, or a copper bath of 30 g/l of
copper(II)sulphate, 100 g/l of Seignette salt and 50 ml/l of a 37% by
weight formaldehyde solution. This copper bath is adjusted with sodium
hydroxide to a pH-value of 11 to 12. In place of the hydrophosphite or
formaldehyde also dialkylamine borane or NaBH.sub.4 as reducing agent may
be used.
The residence time of the material to be metallised in the described
metallising bath is determined by the required thickness of the metal
layer on the surface of the material. The residence time is preferably
between 1 and 5 minutes. For a residence time of about 5 minutes, the
metal can be deposited in layer thicknesses of about 0.2 .mu.m.
Surprisingly, it is possible with the metallisation according to the
invention, i.e. by using colloidal palladium activating solutions at room
temperature and alkaline metallising baths at room temperature, to obtain
on the metallised fibre surface resistances lower by powers of ten than
those obtainable where ionic activating baths and acidic metallising baths
are used, without any need for the fibres to be degreased, etched,
roughened or otherwise pretreated beforehand.
According to the invention, therefore, it is possible to obtain metallised
textiles of which the surface resistance, as measured in accordance with
DIN No. 54345, amounts to at most 1.times.10.sup.3 ohm at 23.degree.
C./50% relative humidity, whereas metallised textiles metallised from
ionic activating baths and acidic metallising baths have surface
resistances of approximately 10.sup.6 and higher.
The textile material metallised in accordance with the invention is, for
example, an excellent material for surface heating elements, for wall
heating systems, and for safety heating systems in the textile sector, for
example heatable flippers, heatable clothing and the like.
It is also eminently suitable for the production of antistatically finished
clothing, carpets and filter cloths.
It is also possible to use a combination of copper plated and nickel plated
wall coverings for electromagnetically screening off rooms from monitoring
equipment. Electrical equipment can also be readily screened off from
foreign waves and interfering frequencies.
The following Examples illustrate the invention without limiting it.
EXAMPLE 1
A knitted fabric of a fibre yarn of an acrylonitrile polymer (94% by weight
of acrylonitrile, 5.5% by weight of methyl acrylate and 0.5% by weight of
sodium methallyl sulphonate) is immersed at room temperature in a
hydrochloric acid bath (pH.ltoreq.1) of a colloidal palladium solution
containing excess Sn(II)ions as described in German Auslegeschrift No.
1,197,720. After a residence time of from 30 seconds to 2 minutes, during
which it is gently moved, the fabric is removed from the bath and
thoroughly rinsed with water. It is then introduced into an approximately
5% sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature. The fabric is treated
for between about 30 seconds and 2 minutes, again with gentle movement,
subsequently removed and then rinsed with water. The fabric is then
introduced into a solution of 0.2 mole/l of nickel (II) chloride, 0.9
mole/l of ammonium hydroxide and 0.2 mole/l of sodium hypophsphite, into
which ammonia has been introduced in such a quantity that the pH-value at
30.degree. C. amounts to 8.9. After about 15 seconds, the surface of the
sheet-form textile fabric begins to turn dark in colour. After only 30
seconds, the fabric is covered with a thin layer of nickel and is dark in
colour. After about 5 minutes, the nickel layer has a thickness of 0.2
.mu.m. The fabric is then removed from the bath and washed thoroughly with
water at room temperature until the washing water shows a neutral
reaction.
The surface resistance, as measured at 23.degree. C./50% relative humidity
in accordance with DIN No. 54345, amounted to 1.times.10.sup.1.
The volume resistance, as measured at 23.degree. C./50% relative humidity
in accordance with DIN No. 54345, amounted to 3.times.10.sup.2
ohm.cm.sup.2.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure was as in Example 1, except that the fabric used had been
knitted from a filament yarn of an acrylonitrile polymer (100%
acrylonitrile).
After a residence time of 2 minutes in the nickel bath, the layer thickness
of the nickel deposit amounted to 0.15 .mu.m.
This material had a surface resistance of 4.times.10.sup.1 ohm.
Its volume resistance amounted to 6.times.10.sup.2 ohm cm.sup.2.
EXAMPLE 3
The procedure was as in Example 1 except that a fabric knitted from a fibre
yarn of an acrylonitrile copolymer consisting of 40% by weight of
acrylonitrile units and 60% by weight of vinyl chloride units was used.
After about 5 minutes, the thickness of the nickel layer amounted to
approximately 0.2 .mu.m.
The surface resistance amounted to 2.times.10.sup.1 ohms.
The volume resistance amounted to 6.times.10.sup.2 ohm cm.sup.2.
EXAMPLE 4
Cotton was briefly washed with a standard commercial-grade detergent and,
after rinsing, was immersed in a hydrochloric acid bath of a colloidal
palladium solution at pH.ltoreq.1 and at room temperature in accordance
with Example 1.
After a residence time of from 2 to 3 minutes, during which it was gently
moved, the cotton fibre was removed from the bath, rinsed with water and
subsequently introducing into a 5% sodium hydroxide solution at room
temperature. After about 2 minutes, it was removed from the bath, rinsed
with water and introduced into a nickel salt solution (as described in
Example 1) at room temperature. After about 10 to 12 seconds, the surface
of the cotton began to turn dark in colour. After about 30 seconds, the
fibre was almost completely covered with a thin, almost black layer of
nickel. After about 2.5 minutes, the nickel-coated cotton was removed from
the nickel bath and thoroughly rinsed.
The surface resistance amounted to 5.times.10.sup.1 ohms for a nickel layer
thickness of approximately 0.12 .mu.m (as measured on a sample which had
been removed from the metallising bath after only 2 minutes) and to
4.times.10.sup.1 ohm for a nickel layer thickness of approximately 0.15
.mu.m (as measured after a treatment time of 2.5 minutes).
EXAMPLE 5
A woven fabric of a polyacrylonitrile multifilament yarn (100%
polyacrylonitrile) as immersed in a colloidal palladium solution of the
type described in Example 1. After a residence time of 2 minutes at room
temperature, during which it is gently moved, the fabric is removed from
the bath, thoroughly washed in pure water and then immersed for 2 minutes
at room temperature in a 5% by weight sodium hydroxide solution. After
rinsing with pure water, the fabric thus pretreated is introduced into an
alkaline copper bath of 30 g/l of copper sulphate, 100 g/l of Seignette
salt and 50 ml/l of a 37% by weight formaldehyde solution which had been
adjusted with sodium hydroxide solution to a pH-value of from 11 to 12.
After about 20 seconds, the surface of the yarn begins to turn dark in
colour. After only about 40 seconds, it shows a metallic coppery lustre.
After about 5 minutes, the fabric is removed from the metallising bath,
thoroughly rinsed and dried in air. The layer thickness of the copper
amounted to 0.2 .mu.m.
The surface resistance amounted to 0.6.times.10.sup.1 ohm.
EXAMPLE 6
A fabric knitted from a fibre yarn of an acrylonitrile polymer (94% by
weight of acrylonitrile units, 5.5% by weight of units of methyl acrylate
and 0.5% by weight of sodium methallyl sulphonate units) was immersed at
room temperature in a hydrochloride acid bath of a colloidal palladium
solution at a pH-value of 1. After a residence time in this bath of about
2 minutes, during which it was gently moved, the knitted fabric was
removed and thoroughly rinsed with water. It was then introduced into a 5%
by weight sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature in which it
remained with gently movement for about 2 minutes. It was then removed,
rinsed with water and introduced into the alkaline copper sulphate
solution described in Example 5 at room temperature. After about 5
minutes, the fabric was removed from the bath, washed thoroughly with
water at room temperature until it showed a neutral reaction and then
dried in air. The thickness of the copper coating amounted to
approximately 0.2 .mu.m.
The surface resistance amounted to 0.4.times.10.sup.1 ohm.
The volume resistance amounted to 6.times.10.sup.1 ohm. cm.sup.2.
EXAMPLE 7 (Comparison)
A knitted fabric of a fibre yarn of an acrylonitrile polymer (94% by weight
of acrylonitrile units, 5.5% by weight of units of methyl acrylate and
0.5% by weight of sodium methallyl sulphonate units) was immersed at
55.degree. C. in a hydrochloric acid palladium (II) chloride bath at pH 2.
After a residence time of about 5 minutes in this bath, during which it
was gently moved, the fabric was removed and rinsed thoroughly with water
until a neutral reaction was obtained. The knitted fabric was then
introduced into an alkaline sodium hypophosphite bath at pH 9.8 in which
it remained for 2 minutes at about 30.degree. C. After rinsing with water
until a neutral reaction had been obtained, the knitted fabric was
introduced into a nickel (II) chloride solution of pH 4.8 at a temperature
of 55.degree. C.
After about 50 seconds, nickel metal began to be deposited on the surface.
Samples of the nickel-coated knitted fabric were removed from the acid
nickel bath after 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, 2 minutes, 3 minutes and 5
minutes, washed with water until a neutral reaction was obtained and
dried.
The surface resistances, as measured at 23.degree. C./50% relative humidity
in accordance with DIN No. 54345 were found to be as shown in Table 1
below.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
ditto after
minutes surface resistance (ohm)
blank dyeing
______________________________________
1 7 .times. 10.sup.12
11/2 5 .times. 10.sup.12
2 1 .times. 10.sup.11
3 1 .times. 10.sup.6
5 6 .times. 10.sup.5 1 .times. 10.sup.7
______________________________________
A sheet-form textile fabric of the type described in Example 1 was coated
with nickel in accordance with the invention (as in Example 1) and the
surface resistance values were measured after 1, 2, 3 and 5 minutes. The
results obtained are set out in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2
______________________________________
ditto after
minutes surface resistance (ohms)
blank dyeing
______________________________________
1 6 .times. 10.sup.1
2 4 .times. 10.sup.1
3 3 .times. 10.sup.1 7 .times. 10.sup.1
5 4 .times. 10.sup.1 2 .times. 10.sup.2
______________________________________
The blank dyeing referred to in Tables 1 and 2 was carried out as follows:
The metallised sample was introduced into a vessel filled with acetic acid
at pH-value of 4.8. The acetic acid was then heated to boiling temperature
and left for 1 hour at that temperature. After cooling the sample was
removed, washed once with water and dried. After drying and conditioning
at 23.degree. C./50% relative air humidity in accordance with DIN No.
54345, the surface resistance was measured in ohms.
EXAMPLE 8
Samples of the nickel-coated knitted fabric of Example 1 were washed for
about 30 minutes at 30.degree. C. in a washing machine filled with water
containing 5 g per liter of emulsifier. After each wash, the sample was
dried, conditioned at 23.degree. C./50% relative humidity and its surface
resistance was measured in accordance with DIN No. 54345.
The measured surface resistance values are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3
______________________________________
after the x.sup.th wash
before washing
X = 1 X = 3 X = 5 X = 10
______________________________________
10.sup.1 3 .times. 10.sup.1
6 .times. 10.sup.1
2 .times. 10.sup.2
3 .times. 10.sup.2
ohm
______________________________________
It was found that, even after ten washes of 30 minutes each, there was no
significant increase in the electrical surface resistance of the material
metallised in accordance with the invention.
* * * * *
|
|
 |
|
 |
Description |
|
