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Description  |
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to heat-exchangers and, more particularly, to a
heat-exchanger composed of a rigid open cell sponge-type body having
outwardly extending heat-conductive elements embedded therein for
transmission of heat between the inner zones of the body and the surface
zone of the body.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Extended surface metal heat-exchangers are known. For example, a radiator
of a car or a home air conditioner unit embody such heat-exchangers.
Extended surface metal heat-exchangers are used because the heat transfer
coefficient on the gas side is low, so the area exposed on the gas side is
increased. Recuperator tubes of mullite or silicon carbide are used at
high temperatures to recover heat because there have been catastrophic
failures of metal tubes due to high temperatures. Silicon carbide conducts
heat better than mullite, but silicon carbide is brittle and expensive and
has to be encapsulated with an oxygen resistant material when used in an
oxygen atmosphere at high temperatures. It would be desirable if an
extended area heat-exchanger of mullite could be made. It would be even
more desirable if the heat-transfer characteristics of silicon carbide
could be used; and if the brittleness of the silicon carbide could be
overcome, and if the unit could be coated with a metal or a catalyst.
Hague International Co. of South Portland, Maine makes a silicon carbide
recuperator tube 4 foot long and 4 inches in outside diameter with fins,
but the outside area is only 9.8 square feet and the inside area only
3.14 square feet and, generally speaking, it is of limited dimension. The
fins are parallel to the gas flow and promote streamline flow instead of
turbulent flow. It would be most desirable if these areas could be
substantially increased since the heat transferred is proportional to the
area. Because of the temperature limitations on the bonding agent for the
silicon carbide it would also be desirable to have an extended area
heat-exchanger that would operate at high temperatures, and that would
promote turbulent flow instead of streamline.
When a ceramic based catalyst is put inside a pipe, as in an auto catalytic
converter, it is very desirable to be able to heat it up quickly, because
the catalyst is not effective at low temperatures when the car is first
started. U.S. Pat. No. 3,768,982 of Kitzner describes a heater but heat
must pass through a barrier to heat the catalyst. Parallel hole monoliths
are hard to heat because the heat must pass through the ceramic, even when
coated with a metal, but in a sponge, heat is conducted via conduction in
a zig-zag fashion. A silicon carbide insert in a parallel hole monolith
would block holes, but in a random hole sponge, the silicon carbide is
easily by-passed. If a hole in a parallel hole monolith becomes plugged
with carbon, coal or soot from combustion products, or MMT
(methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl, a fuel additive used to
increase gasoline octane) the entire length of the hole is blocked; in a
random hole sponge, any block is easily by-passed. Likewise, in an
exothermic reaction like methanation, heat can be removed more efficiently
in a random hole sponge because the hot gases can contact the inside of
the pipe. In an endothermic reaction like reforming it is necessary to put
heat into the reaction, instead of removing heat. Uniformity of
temperature promotes specificity, i.e., only the reaction desired takes
place instead of another reaction at a higher temperature. Heat transfer
with pellets is poor because of point-to-point contact.
In a ceramic heat wheel with a catalyst, it is necessary to coat the entire
wheel with an expensive catalyst such as platinum.
Glass tube and shell heat exchangers are corrosion resistant but have
relatively poor heat transfer coefficients.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to supply a ceramic heat exchanger that
transfers heat quite efficiently.
It is also an object of this invention to provide an improved heat
exchanger which utilizes an open cell sponge-type body of interconnected
walls with an inner zone and an outer zone and a plurality of elongate
heat-conductive members, which may be of silicon carbide or other suitable
material, such as metallic glass to conduct heat through the sponge-type
body from the inner zone to the outer zone.
It is a further object of the instant invention to provide a ceramic heat
exchanger that will operate at high temperatures.
It is also an object of this invention to supply a heat exchanger that has
an extended area on both sides of a divider instead of on only one side.
It is a further and additional object of this invention to provide a heat
exchanger which is coated with a metal to improve its heat exchanging
characteristic. It is also an object of this invention to provide a heat
exchanger which is coated with a catalyst.
It is a further object to provide a heat exchanger that promotes turbulence
to improve heat transfer.
It is an additonal object and specific object to provide a heat exchanger
that supports silicon carbide so that the silicon carbide or equivalent
material will be less subject to breakage when subjected to the vibration
of a car or plane.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a heat exchanger which is
characterized by a low pressure drop to materials flowed therethrough.
It is another object of this invention to provide a heat exchanger which
supplies a substitute for the ceramic heat wheel in which only the hot
side after incineration need be platinum coated.
It is another object of this invention to increase the efficiency of a tube
heat exchanger.
It is a further object of this invention to increase the speed with which
an auto catalytic converter can be heated prior to starting.
It is a general object of this invention to provide an improved,
inexpensive heat exchanger of simple construction which is adapted to
utilize the beneficial qualities of certain materials and to provide for
this utilization by a structure orienting and supporting the same.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The fundamental equation in heat transfer is that heat transferred is equal
to the overall heat transfer coefficient times the area times the
difference in temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
governed by the resistance through the film on one side, the conductance
of the separator and the resistance of the film on the other side. Very
often, especially in the case of gases, the fluid film is more resistant
to heat transfer than the solid separator, and this is why it is so
important to have an extended area on the gas side. It is also important
to have turbulent flow instead of streamline, because the heat transfer
coefficient is higher for turbulent flow. In streamline (parallel) flow,
there is a layer of stagnant gas that resists heat transfer and resists
contact of gas with catalyst.
The plastic precursor of the sponge is often polyurethane foam which can be
cut in curved shapes by Tenneco Chemical Co. as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, 6 and
8. It has been found that by cutting the foam into shapes as in FIGS. 3,
4, 6 and 8 that less pressure drop is incurred, and good turbulence and
heat transfer is still realized. Instead of flat plates, a spiral
configuration can be used, involving counter current flow of hot and cold
fluids. FIG. 1 shows the inserts 16, 16', 18, 18', 20, 20' of silicon
carbide or other ceramic. FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the sponge. FIG. 3
shows the plate 46 which separates the material to be heated and cooled,
as well as more inserts 60, 60', 60" which transmit heat and prevent the
sponge from breaking. FIG. 4 shows irregularly cut sponge to promote more
turbulence in hot and cold fluids. FIG. 5 shows the sponge around a tube
which separates hot and cold material. The tube 104 can be made of silicon
carbide, mullite, glass, graphite, tantalum, zirconium, titanium,
stainless steel or other ceramics. One fluid flows inside the tube and the
other flows outside, either parallel to or transverse to the tube. FIG. 6
is similar to FIG. 3, except the separating plates have fins 230 which
project into the openings and provide moe area for heat transfer. This
separating plate, if ceramic, can be one piece with the sponge to provide
good contact. The separating plate can be metal, however, material to be
heated or cooled goes between the fin and the sponge.
A polyurethane foam 5 to 50 pores/inch with an open cell structures such as
VELVE.TM. (Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.) open pore foam is particularly useful.
In a typical preparation, after the sponge-like material is cut to the
desired shape, it is soaked in a slurry of the ceramic precursor and
thereafter squeezed to remove excess material so that only the sponge
fibers are coated. If it is desired to insert a silicon carbide rod, a
small hole is cut in the sponge and the rod is inserted. The coated sponge
is then dried and heated to the maturing temperature of the ceramic
material and then cooled. If metallic glass material, as described
hereinafter, is used instead of silicon carbide, then, the glass is
inserted after the heating to the maturing temperature. Since the thermal
expansion of silicon carbide is 4.7.times.10.sup.-6 cm/cm/oC and that of
mullite is 6.times.10.sup.-6 cm/cm/oC, the mullite will contract more on
cooling and hold the silicon carbide firmly. If the use of the unit
involves temperatures higher than the bonding agents for the silicon
carbide or involves chlorine which may attack silicon carbide, the silicon
carbide can be coated with mullite, metal or other suitable coatings. One
purpose of the rod as shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 6 is to prevent breakage of
the sponge points, so several layers can be clamped one on top of the
other, with a spring to take care of expansion. The final element is
comprised of the selected ceramic material which may be chosen from
virtually any one of numerous such materials including crystalline types
such as porcelain, mullite, alumina, zirconia, zircon, cordierite,
fosterite, spodumene, perovskite, steatite, magnesia, silicon carbide,
silicon nitride, beryllia and the like, as well as the glassy types such
as borosilicates, sodalime, flint, plate, alumina silicate, silica
(quartz) and the like.
The elements of this invention can be further treated to increase
efficiency and/or durability. Thus, the elements may contain a wash coat
to increase effective surface area as more fully described in SAE Paper
730276 (1973) and in "DISPAL M", "A Unique, New And Versatile Alumina For
The Ceramic Industry" presented by Robert J. Butler at the 24th Pacific
Coast Regional Meeting of the American Ceramic Society (Nov. 2, 1971). A
smooth wash coat such as terra sigilatta or high area wash coat such as
gamma alumina, glazes, wallastonite, diatomaceous earth, or fine glass
fibers, all attached using gamma alumina or the like, can be applied.
Durability of the elements can be improved by plating metal on top of the
ceramic or wash coat by conventional means or vapor deposition as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,646 or 3,998,758 by Robert A. Clyde.
An advantage of vapor deposition is that the metal is applied free of pores
and protects the plated piece from corrosion. The metal can be doped with
boron or the like. The silicon carbide can be protected from chlorine with
nickel or the like.
EXAMPLE I
Referring to U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,646, Example 13, measurements of heat
conductivity were made on a nickel coated sponge. The same apparatus was
repeated except a plain uncoated sponge was used and also an uncoated one
with silicon carbide inserts. Quite unexpectedly, the uncoated sponge was
found to conduct heat nearly as well as the nickel coated one. The one
with silicon carbide inserts conducted best. Results are as follows:
______________________________________
TIME T.degree.C. H.sub.2 O Around
T.degree.C. H.sub.2 O With
Min. Uncoated Sponge
Silicon Carbide Inserts
______________________________________
0 24 24
10 30 33
21 58 65
______________________________________
EXAMPLE II
A finned ceramic similar to that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,017,347 and
3,255,027 was used in an experiment similar to Example I. It was found
that the sponge without silicon carbide conducted heat faster. In the
finned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,017,347 and 3,255,027 it is necessary to use thin
sections for heat transfer. In FIG. 7 of this invention a thick plate 300
would withstand higher pressures.
USES
The sponge of this invention would be useful in auto catalytic converters
where it is imperative to heat up the catalyst quickly. It is necessary to
remove the heat of formation in the methanation of coal gas and to supply
heat for a reforming reaction such as the production of hydrogen in a
precombustion catalyst as described in the Nov. 3, 1975 Aviation Week and
Space Technology magazine page 46 where a 30% larger cruise range was
obtained on a piston engine aircraft tested by the Jet Propulsion Lab. In
this case, air was preheated by passing it around the outside of the shell
containing the catalyst.
Rotary ceramic heat wheels are used to recover heat from incineration of
vapors from hospitals, paint, and printing plants. The entire wheel must
be coated with platinum. If a non-rotating exchanger of this invention
were used, only the hot side would require platinum and the cold side
could be a more efficient metal extended surface exchanger.
The heat exchanger (without catalyst) could be used as a recuperator for
very hot gases from kilns or furnaces or to cool chlorine or sulfuric
acid, or to absorb hydrochloric acid.
Recuperator tubes are used in the aluminum, steel, forging and heat
treating industries, in soaking pits, billet and slab heating furnaces,
ceramic heating furnaces, and cement kilns. Mirrors which concentrate the
suns heat into a small space, require a high temperature heat exchanger.
The sponge of this invention would be useful in a thermal storage unit
where hydrides are used to store heat during slack periods and give it up
during peak demands.
Sponge baffles would increase the heat transfer of a shell and tube heat
exchanger because of the high area of the sponge.
Incineration of pesticides, herbicides, or compounds containing chlorine
often requires the corrosion resistance of ceramic Corrosive salt water
could be used for cooling.
In accordance with the foregoing objects and the general description of the
invention, the instant invention will now be described with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which:
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a sponge-like body having the insert
supplied radially therein;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial view of a portion of the sponge-like body of
FIG. 1 and generally indicating its structure;
FIG. 3 is a partial view of a heat transfer medium constructed in
accordance with this invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a heat transfer device constructed in
accordance with this invention;
FIG. 5 is a slightly modified form of the invention from that shown in FIG.
1;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a somewhat modified version of the instant
invention;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the heat
exchange device;
FIG. 8 is a tube exchanger with baffles of sponge ceramic; and
FIG. 9 is an end view of an auto catalytic converter with wire mesh on the
top and bottom to provide for resistance heating.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawings wherein like reference characters designate like
or corresponding parts through the several views and referring to FIG. 1,
numeral 12 generally designates a heat transfer device which is composed
of a sponge-like body 14 in which there are arranged at axially located
zones as indicated by the numerals 16, 16', 18, 18' and 20, 20' a heat
transfer arrangement of elements. In the preferred embodiment these
elements are silicon carbide and as shown in the frontal plane of FIG. 1,
each composes a cylindrical body such as 22, 24, 26, and 28, each of which
are angularly spaced with respect to one another and extend radially
outwardly from a central zone 25 to a tip such as 27, 29, 31 and 33 at the
surface. In use, heated gas or liquid flowing through the sponge axially
will transfer heat to the radially extending elements to be conducted to
the terminal ends at the surface, or vice versa from the surface to the
central zone. The elements of silicon carbide are relatively brittle or
breakable and while silicon carbide is shown as an example, it is
recognized that other materials might be utilized to rigidify the
sponge-type body or so that the sponge-type body rigidifies and
strengthens a relatively brittle elongate cylindrical body because of its
particular material. The device is especially useful in the silicon
carbide embodiment. Metallic glasses, as described in Chemical and
Engineering News, dated Dec. 19, 1977, at page 7, can be used instead of
silicon carbide to transmit heat. A rod or ribbon can be formed. One
containing iron, nickel and boron is more corrosion resistant than
stainless steel, and the thermo-conductivity approaches that of metals.
As shown in FIG. 2, the body 14, which surrounds the silicon carbide member
in the embodiment referred to above, is composed of a network of open
cellular construction. This lends surrounding reinforcement of rigidity of
a prop-up nature all along the length of the radially extending conductive
elements of silicon carbide imparting to it a physical strength which
overcomes its inherent brittleness. This is because the many portions of
the open cellwork 30 and 32 which are joined as at 34 come in contact with
the radially extending elements along the lengths thereof, each contact
adding an increased increment of strength and support.
Referring to FIG. 3 a somewhat different construction for a heat transfer
element 40 is shown. In this embodiment an upper plate 42 and a lower
plate 44, which are in generally parallel relation to one another and
spaced from one another are provided on opposite sides of a parallel
medially extending plate 46. Between these heat conductive plates, a body
such as that designated by the numeral 50, between the upper plates 42 and
46, the middle plate; and the body 52, between the middle plate 46 and the
lower plate 44, is provided. Each of the bodies, 50 and 52 comprises a
piece of the sponge-like material designated by the numerals 51 and 53
each of which has a planar surface such as 57 and 59 each of which abuts
the plate 46 and each of which has a pattern in relief comprising the
outer or upper surface, which may be the wave form indicated by the lines
61 and 63 indicating crests and troughs. Between the upper portions such
as 67 and the lower end 69, a bore 71 is provided and in each of these
bores a heat-conductive element is provided. There is thus provided a
plane as indicated by the lines 54, 54', 54"; 56, 56', 56" and 58, 58' and
58" within which a zone at the end of each of the conductive elements is
arranged in parallel relation and each of which extends from an upper end
in abutting engagement with one of the plates to a lower end in abutting
engagement with the medial or middle plate. This similar construction is
arranged in the lower body 53 and the conductive elements 60, 60' and 61"
are in a plane common with that designated by the numerals 58, 58' and
58"; however, these planes may be staggered if desired. In any event, gas
flowing through the space comprising the troughs and between the plates
will transfer heat with the result that it will be conductive outwardly by
the pillars of conductive material to the plate, which may be finned or
any other suitable heat-conductive technique utilized to remove or extract
the heat from the gas.
With reference to FIG. 4, a body designated by the numeral 80 is provided
again utilizing plates 82, 84 and 86 in spaced parallel relation and each
of which are spanned by a plurality of pillars such as 88 and 90' which
are embedded in the sponge-like beds 90 and 92, the top surfaces of which
define a pattern in relief composed of high areas such as 96 and low areas
98 and wherein the pillars extend from the high areas to the base, with
their ends being at the surface to transfer heat to the plates in the
manner indicated above.
Referring to FIG. 5, which somewhat resembles FIG. 1, it is seen that there
is provided a cylindrically configured axially extending sponge-like body
100 having a central through bore 102 within which there is nested a
sleeve 104 of heat-conductive material with the result that the radially
extending heat-conductive members such as 106 and 108 with their external
surfaces 110 and 112 at the surface of the cylinder and with their inner
ends 114 and 116 in engagement with the surface of the inner sleeve 104
for conducting heat.
Referring to FIG. 6, it is seen that the sponge-like bodies 200 and 204
each are provided with high and low areas in a pattern in relief such as
the high area 206 and the low area 208. Each of the sponge-like bodies
includes a flat surface, such as 210 in engagement with a conductive plate
214. The high and low areas define channels or pathways along the low
areas which in the case of the body 204 are designated 208. The channels
or pathways along the low area of the upper body 200 are designated by the
numeral 220. The heat exchanger of this embodiment is provided with a
middle plate 212 which includes a plurality of heat-conductive fins or
fingers which are of heat-conductive material, see that designated by the
numeral 230. These fins extend longitudinally in the space defined by the
low areas in this embodiment. Thus, when gas or liquid flows through the
low areas, it is in contact with the extending finger or fin in
heat-exchanging relation. Similarly, the top plate 219 has downwardly
extending fingers, such as 221, for a similar purpose. In the embodiment
shown, the flow-through channels of the upper body are right angularly
arranged with respect to those of the lower channels. It will be seen that
the silicon carbide pillars are provided for the heat-conductive purposes
described above, silicon carbide being the type of member used in this
preferred embodiment.
Where metallic glass is used, instead of being in post or column form, thin
ribbons may be threaded through the body from the surface to an inner part
or portion, so as to extend from the surface to an inner zone for the
purposes of conducting heat therebetween; and, in accordance with the
teachings herein, the end of the ribbon is attached to a plate or header
at the surface to rapidly remove heat by conduction, the attachment of the
ribbon to the header being by welding, which gives a good contact. Since
metallic glass is electrically conductive, if desired, in this embodiment,
it may be used as a resistor of a resistance heater and, when connected
electrically to a power source, it may be used to heat the body of the
sponge internally.
Referring to FIG. 7, there is disclosed a means to fasten a silicon carbide
rod in such a fashion as to extend from both main sides of a plate which
divides the hot and cold side of a heat exchanger. The plate is designated
by the numeral 300, the silicon rod is designated by the numeral 302, and
its end extending in one direction by the numeral 304 and its end
extending in the other direction by the numeral 306. A suitable process
for making such a heat exchanger is as follows. A notch 308 is provided in
the periphery of the silicon carbide rod. After this is done the rod is
inserted through a hole in a piece of cardboard, which is shown in dotted
lines and designated by the numeral 310, the hole being indicated by the
numeral 312. It will be noted that the notch is just above the plane of
the cardboard. Ceramic material which has been wetted is placed on this
cardboard with a portion of it extending into the circumferential or
peripheral notch in the silicon carbide. In other words, the notch is in
the mid-zone of a bed of wet ceramic material. When dried and heated to
the maturing temperature of the ceramic, the silicon carbide is firmly
secured to the ceramic material and the cardboard is burned out by the
heat. Since the silicon carbide conducts heat better than the ceramic, it
is very effective in transferring heat from the hot to the cold side. That
is, from one side to the other side of the ceramic heat exchanger that
results. A similar method may be used using a tube instead of a flat
plate, it being realized that the flat plate is merely representative of a
surface through which the silicon carbide rod extends and is affixed
thereto by the above process and that silicon carbide rods could be
provided extending radially inwardly and outwardly of the wall of a tube.
In addition to the uses mentioned above, the heat exchanger can be used to
preheat air for a magneto hydro dynamic, known as an MHD, or to cool a
laser or nuclear reactor. In an MHD higher pressures are necessary and can
be provided by a thicker plate 300. Heat from a nuclear source could
decompose water to hydrogen. Several notches, as indicated in FIG. 7, see
314 may be cut for a slightly modified arrangement wherein different
plates are utilized and a gang cut using several rotary diamond saw blades
at once can increase the area of the silicon carbide by making its surface
irregular.
Referring to FIG. 8 there is shown an alternative embodiment of the
invention which is composed of tube means 404 with baffle means such as
401, 402, and 403, in a preferred embodiment so that, liquid flowing
through the tube means is affected by fluid flowing about the tube means
and constrained by the baffle means to a tortuous flow path about the tube
means. In a conventional embodiment of the invention, the tube means would
be jacketed by a fluid impervious material with an inlet and an outlet to
the space between the baffle means jacket and tube means to flow fluid
about the tube means. The jacketing means could be any type of suitable
container with an inlet and an outlet and, hence, is not shown in the
drawings, it being noted, however, that a tube sheet such as that shown by
the numeral 405 may be utilized for the purpose of orienting and spacing
the tubes of the tube means. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the
tube means is composed of a plurality of parallel spaced separate tubes of
a common diameter and, preferably, of a common length, spaced in a
predetermined pattern and oriented and maintained in spaced relation by
the tube sheet and wherein the baffle means is composed of a plurality of
spaced plates of ceramic sponge material axially spaced from one another
and each being arranged about the outside of a portion of the tube means
to define the tortuous flow path for fluid about the baffle means.
In FIG. 8 ceramic sponge baffles, such as 401, 402 and 403 increase the
heat transfer area of a tube heat exchanger. To make good contact a
silicate air hardening cement is sprayed between the tubes and the sponge.
The tubes can be glass, metal, ceramic, or graphite. Borosilicate glass
and also several of the 400 series stainless steels have low coefficients
of thermal expansion so expansion of the tube will not break the ceramic.
Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a body 504 which may be in the form of
an elongate strip of elliptical cross section and which is composed of a
sponge of the type described herein of sponge-like material. It is seen
that it includes a lower surface and an upper surface and that in the
lower surface as well as the upper surface there is an elongate strip of
wire mesh material such as that designated by the numerals 501 and 501'
each of which is provided with a conductor or electrode such as 502 and
502'. Suitable insulation material such as that designated by the numeral
503 is provided about the combination described above and in its totality
the same is designated generally by the numeral 505. In use, the
electrodes 502 and 502' are electrically connected to opposite sides of an
energy source so that, when energized, current is constrained to flow
between the wire strip portions 501 and 501' and through the body of the
ceramic sponge-like material.
In FIG. 9 wire mesh 501 protects the ceramic sponge from vibration damage
and has electrical connections 502 and 502' which connect to a power
source so that the catalytic metal in the ceramic sponge body 504 acts as
a resistance heater. An alternate method would be to thread resistance
wires through the sponge. If the ceramic were made of perovskite which
conducts electricity somewhat, the perovskite could act as a resistance
heater and a parallel hole monolith could be heated by resistance heating.
Insulation 503 prevents electric short circuits.
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