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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to the field of biomedical instrumentation. By way
of further explanation, this invention pertains to the electronic
instrumentation of the cardiovascular condition of a living organism. In
still greater particularity the invention provides simultaneous
indications of a plurality of cardiovascular conditions. This invention is
further characterized by its use of thermodilution techniques to provide
an indication of the quantity of blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
Additionally this invention can provide an electrocardiogram tracing.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Thermodilution is an application of the calorimetric principle that, in a
mixture of fluids at different temperatures, the heat lost by one fluid
equals heat gained by the other. For each fluid, the mathematical product
of the temperature change, specific heat and mass is equal.
A recognized method for the study of blood circulation involves producing a
temperature change in the blood at one point in the blood flow and
measuring the temperature change at a second downstream point. Assuming
that the measurement of temperature change occurs at a point downstream of
the heat source and that the blood's heat content is uniform the measured
change will reflect the amount of blood passing through the blood vessel.
In thermodilution studies heat is either removed from or added to the blood
stream. One technique involves the injection of a slightly cooler saline
solution into the blood. It was introduced by Gegler in 1953 and involved
the injection of cold blood or Ringer's solution and measurement of
temperature in the pulmonary artery or aorta with thermocouples. The
resulting temperature time curve resembled the previously used dye
dilution methods of measuring cardiac output. However, this method
requires an accurate measurement of the mass and temperature of each
injection.
Methods of introducing heat to the blood flow itself have been developed.
For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,253 issued to Fredric W. Kuether et
al. on Apr. 15, 1969, a catheter with a heating coil of platinum ribbon,
whose resistance changes with temperature, is described. By measuring the
energy required to maintain the coil at a constant, elevated temperature,
the velocity of blood flow may be determined. While satisfactory for its
intended purpose of measuring velocity and direction of blood flow, this
device uses continuous heating which could raise the overall temperature
of the blood thus reducing accuracy. Furthermore, it is required to
measure the cross sectional area of the vessel, which changes during each
systole and diastole, and multiply the "velocity" by the cross section of
the vessel to obtain volume flow. The velocity of fluid inside the vessels
follows a parabolic function (Ruch & Fulten, Medical Physiology &
Biphysics p. 248) and therefore the velocity obtained will depend on the
position of the catheter inside the vessel and will change with any
movement of the catheter to or from the center of the vessel.
In some devices, thermistors, or thermally sensitive resistors composed of
an oxidic semiconductive material whose resistance varies with
temperature, are employed as temperature measuring devices. A Wheatstone
Bridge is used to measure resistance change in the sensing element. The
sensing element is the resistance thermometer which is used as one arm of
the Wheatstone Bridge. If the other three resistance arm values are known,
and the bridge is balanced then no current passes through the galvanometer
and the fourth resistance is easily calculated. Once the resistance value
of the thermally sensitive resistor is known then the actual temperature
is calculated.
Another heating method involves the introduction of heat at one point in
the blood flow and the measurement of blood temperature at a downstream
point. A device utilizing this method is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,359,974
issued to Hassan H. Khalil on Dec 26, 1967. This device uses a standard
bilumen or trilumen cardiac catheter tube, about 3 mm dia., with fine lead
wires connected to a heater winding, and a distal temperature transducer
to measure the temperature change.
The heater winding is 12 to 15 cm of six fine enamel constantan wires, 0.04
mm dia. wound in parallel and soldered to the flattened tip of a lead wire
as it emerges from a lumen of the catheter. The coil is heated with high
frequency (350 Khz) current in order not to excite the myocardium. The
temperature transducer is a fine nickel or platinum resistance thermometer
in the form of a bifilar winding over the distal 16 cm of the catheter.
The windings are covered with a thin layer of flexible varnish. The
temperature transducer is connected to a three-lead thermometer bridge, a
D.C. amplifier and recorder.
The catheter is designed so that the heating coil will be in the right
atrium and superior vena cava and the temperature transducer will lie in
the pulmonary artery. While satisfactory for its intended purposes, long
areas of winding are necessary to eliminate errors introduced through
incomplete blood mixing and laminar flow. In addition, direct readout is
not available with this apparatus and it is therefore necessary to
calculate the blood flow from observed data. Also, this device does not
provide for electrocardiogram tracing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a miniature thermodilution catheter for multiple
measurements of Internal Carotid Blood flow and other regional blood flows
in other accessible arteries. This catheter is inserted in the same
direction as the blood flow when introduced through a carotid puncture and
against the blood stream until it reaches the carotid artery when
introduced through the femoral artery. The upstream high frequency heating
coil is proximally located at the base of the catheter and the downstream
platinum resistance thermometer is distally located at the tip of the
catheter.
Fine lead wires are wound on the outside of the catheter and connected at
solder points to the heating coil, which consists of six constantan wires
bifilarly wound onto the catheter. The downstream resistance thermometer
is also bifilarly wound.
A thermocouple measures temperature rise in the heating coil and is
connected in series with a reference thermocouple, located proximally of
the heating coil, to measure the local temperature rise at the heating
coil. In addition, electrodes may be included on the long catheter
introduced through the femoral artery so that an electrocardiogram
tracting may be made.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the invention being used to measure
Internal Carotid blood flow.
FIG. 2 is a segmented view of the distal or tip portion of the catheter;
FIG. 3 is a segmented view of the portion of the catheter proximal to the
heating coil at the tip and the base portion showing the connections to
the plug; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic representing the electronic aspects of the invention.
FIG. 5 shows the insertion of the catheter into the femoral artery and;
FIG. 6 shows the catheter in place with the larger catheter withdrawn.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1 a catheter 11 is inserted into living organism 9 by
operator 10 through a puncture 8 in the internal carotid artery or the
femoral artery.
Referring to FIG. 2, the invention is built upon catheter 11 which is
preferably 0.7-0.8 mm in diameter for the measurement of arterial blood
flow. Electric conductor or platinum wire electrode 12 for
electrocardiogram tracing, is mounted at the tip of catheter 11. Lead wire
14 is electrically connected to platinum wire electrode 12 at solder point
13. Platinum resistance thermometer 15 is bifilarly wound onto catheter 11
starting at a point just proximal to platinum wire electrode 12. Platinum
resistance thermometer 15 continues bifilarly wound on catheter 11 to
solder points 17. From solder points 17 three lead wires 16 emanate.
Heating coil 19, consisting of two bifilarly wound strands of 6 fine
constantan wires, begins at solder point 18 and continues proximally down
catheter 11.
Referring to FIG. 3, copper constantan thermocouple 21 is mounted between
heating coil windings 19. Lead wires 22 connect copper constantan
thermocouple 21 in series with reference copper constantan thermocouple
25. These thermocouples are used as temperature transducers to provide a
convenient measure of the local temperature rise at heating coil 19. Lead
wires 22 continue proximally on catheter 11 to plug 26. Heating coil 19
terminates in solder points 23 from which two lead wires 24 emanate. Lead
wires 24 terminate at plug 26. Lead wires 16 from platinum resistance
thermometer 15 (see FIG. 2) also terminate at plug 26. Similarly lead wire
14, from platinum electrode 12 (see FIG. 2) terminates at plug 26.
Plug 26 connects the catheter assembly to the electronics necessary to
obtain the thermodilution measurements. Catheter 11 which is a flexible,
woven body along with the rest of the above described apparatus is covered
with inert plastic coating 27 which is applied in 3 layers after winding
the wires. The multiple layers ensure perfect electric insulation. The
plastic is diluted with ethyl acetate to make each layer as thin as
possible. A layer is also placed on the inside of catheter 11. Silicone
rubber may be used as inert plastic coating 27.
Referring now to FIG. 4, platinum resistance thermometer 15 is one arm of a
Wheatstone Bridge. Standard voltage source 28, which may be, for example,
a 1.35 volt mercury battery, galvanometer 29, automatic balance and D.C.
recorder 31, and three variable resistors 32 A-C comprise the bridge. Two
leads 16E and 16F are used to connect thermometer 15 to variable resistors
32. Thermometer 15 thus forms one arm of the bridge. Lead 16G is connected
to standard voltage source 28 to energize the bridge. Temperature changes
down to 0.001.degree. C. can easily be detected using this configuration.
Thermocouples 21 and 25, located on the catheter in the heating coil region
are connected to microvoltmeter 33 by lead wires. These temperature
transducers permit accurate measurement of the local temperature rise.
Heating coil 19 is connected to adjustable power supply 34 by lead wires
24. Power supply 34 is adjustable so that the rate of heating of the coil
may be accurately determined prior to applying power to the catheter.
Electrode 12 is connected to electrocardiograph 35 by lead 14. Electrode
37 may be mounted either on catheter 11 or placed directly on living
organism 9. Finally electronic components 28, 31, 33, and 34 are connected
to direct readout recorder 36.
MODE OF OPERATION
The Internal Carotid Catheter is similar in design and structure to the
Khalil Cardiac Thermodilution Catheter as described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,359,974 issued to Hassan H. Khalil on Dec. 26, 1967. However, the
internal carotid catheter is different in that it is much smaller, 0.7-0.8
millimeters O.D., at heating coil 19 and 0.5 millimeters, O.D. at platinum
resistance thermometer 15. In addition, with the present invention the
blood flow measurements are independent of blood mixing and laminar flow.
This is because the ratio between the surface area of heating coil 19 and
the volume flow is much higher than that in the cardiac catheter.
Referring to FIG. 1, one method of introducing catheter 11 into living
organism 9 is directly through an internal carotid puncture 8,
continuously with a needle and plastic canula (like the intracath needle
and canula). When this route of insertion is followed the measurements
should be done quickly and the catheter and plastic canula withdrawn. To
prevent leakage of blood, a rubber stopper is used at the outer end of the
canula through which the puncture needle is replaced by the internal
carotid catheter. Internal Carotid Catheters may also be inserted through
one of the femoral arteries against the blood stream and inside a larger
catheter until it reaches the internal carotid artery (FIG. 5). The larger
catheter is then withdrawn (FIG. 6) for 12 cms and the measurements are
performed. The internal carotid catheter is not covered by the larger
catheter which should then only serve to guide the carotid catheter and
keep it in position against the blood stream.
The size and the resistance of heating coil 12 and platinum resistance
thermometer 15 are determined in part by the size of the catheter. For the
present invention, the length of heating coil 12 varies from 4-5
centimeters (21/2 centimeters for pediatrics) and the range of the length
of resistance thermometer 15 is 3 to 4 centimeters (2 centimeters for
pediatrics). The windings on the catheter are made with a weaving machine
as is known in the art. The size of heating coil 12 and resistance
thermometer 15 also depends on which accessible arteries are to be
studied.
The surface area to volume flow ratio must be considered. For example, in
the present invention for study of blood flow in the carotid artery, the
flow is about 300 milliliters per minute while cardiac output ranges
between 4000 and 12,000 milliliters per minute. using the equation for the
area of a cylinder, 2.pi.rh, where, .pi. equals 3.14.6 . . . , r is the
radius of the catheter body 11 in mm, and h is the length of the windings
in mm, and the above given lengths for heating coil 12 and resistance
thermometer 15 along with an outside diameter of 0.8 mm for heating coil
winding 12 and 14 mm for resistance thermometer winding 15, the surface
area to volume flow ratios may be computed. In the present embodiment they
are .21-.42 mm.sup.2 /ml/min for heating coil 12 and 0.08-0.17 mm.sup.2
/ml/min for resistance thermometer 15.
If the same ratio in the design of the present invention were utilized on
the cardiac catheter the heating coil would be 100 centimeters long and
the platinum resistance thermometer would be 50 centimeters long. These
lengths would be unacceptable for the cardiac catheter.
The reason that the cardiac catheter requires relatively shorter heating
and thermometer coils is that the stable base line obtained by it depends
on the mixing produced by: (1) the pumping action of the right ventricle;
(2) the turbulent flow distal to the pulmonary valve; (3) the continuous
movement of the catheter in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery with
each heart beat. Also, the present invention requires a lower rate of
heating than the right cardiac catheter because of the temperature
stability in the arterial system as compared with the venous system with
its respiratory fluctuations.
The overall length of the catheter should be selected according to (1) the
site from which it is introduced to reach the regional blood flow to be
measured, and (2) size of the patient or experimental animal. The length
of heating coil 12, resistance thermometer 15 and distance between them
depends on the expected range of the minute volume of blood flow at the
site. Thus, catheters of several sizes and lengths, each for its own
expected range of blood flow measurement may be needed.
Referring to FIG. 2, the heat applied by heating coil 12 at a predetermined
constant rate need not exceed 6 seconds in duration inasmuch as the
temperature rise, recorded by downstream platinum resistance thermometer
15, reaches the plateau by an asymptote within four seconds due to the
high blood velocity in the artery. This relatively short heating time
reduces the recirculation problem which has affected prior devices and
methods. In addition, the capillary bed acts as a very large heat "sink"
which also minimizes recirculation problems. The modest mean temperature
rise ranges between 0.04.degree. C. and 0.15.degree. C. This rise affects
only the volume flow during the period of heating and not the entire
minute volume and is therefore not likely to affect heart function or
blood vessel intima during or after the measurements.
If the internal carotid catheter is introduced through the neck, a second
electrode should be attached directly on the subject in addition to
electrode 12 at the tip of catheter 11. On the other hand if the carotid
catheter is introduced through the femoral artery the second electrode may
be placed on catheter 11 in a position so as to be located before the
heart. Both these electrodes are optional because it may be easier to
obtain electrographic tracings with conventional electrodes on the
subject.
Referring to FIG. 4, distal platinum resistance thermometer 15 is connected
with a three lead thermometer bridge. This is because lead wires 16 pass
directly under proximal heating coil 19. Although they are separated by
inert and insulating plastic coating 27 (see FIG. 3) and the resistance of
copper lead wires 16 is minimal, when heat is applied to heating coil 19
there is direct heat conduction from heating coil 19 to underlying lead
wires 16. This causes an increase in the resistance of lead wires 16 which
would produce an imbalance that may be even greater than the expected
deflection in the same or in the opposite direction. Therefore, because of
the three lead bridge, the degree of deflection is not affected by heat
conducted to the lead wires and is directly proportional to the rate of
heating applied and inversely proportional to volume flow.
The three lead thermometer bridge is energized by lead wire 16g which is
connected to voltage source 28. Lead wire 16e along with platinum
resistance thermometer 15 form the upper right arm of the bridge. Lead
wire 16f along with variable resistor 29A form the upper left arm of the
bridge. Lead wires 16e and f are identical and are taken from the same
reel, and wound adjacent to each other and extend under heating coil 19
for the same distance. When heat is applied the change in the resistance
of lead wires 16e and f is the same and no misleading imbalance is
detected by galvanometer 29.
In the present invention automatic suppression and D.C. recorder 31 for
balancing the bridge is provided in the design of the electronic apparatus
necessary to obtain thermodilution measurements. A predetermined rate of
heating can be introduced only after automatic balancing of the bridge is
reached. During the balancing time, a push button on the face of direct
readout recorder 36 is lit with a sign to "wait" when automatic balancing
of the bridge is reached, the "wait" light is turned off and another push
button with a sign "exp." (exposure) is lit indicating that the electronic
circuit is ready to introduce heat. When "exp." button is pushed, the
predetermined rate of heating starts and remains on for the predetermined
number of seconds and automatic suppression and D.C. recorder 31 is
disconnected. On starting "exposure" and throughout the exposure time, the
automatic balancing device is cancelled so that the required deflection is
obtained. The automatic balancing of the bridge is reactivated after the
heating time is over.
Referring to FIG. 2, resistance thermometer 15 is made of 99.99% pure
platinum wires 0.02-0.3 millimeters O.D. Heating coil 19 is made of
constantan wires 0.04 millimeters O.D. All of the wires in heating coil 19
and resistance thermometer 15 are electrically insulated with a double
polyurethane coating which melts during the soldering process. These fine
wires cannot stand even extra fine sandpaper to remove the conventional
enamel insulation.
Platinum wires were used for thermometer winding 15 in order to obtain a
high resistance. Copper may also be used in a resistance thermometer but
the resistance is too low for short windings. Platinum has a high strain
coefficient of resistivity but strain errors can be eliminated. Two types
of errors are caused by strain phenomena in a thermometer material. The
first is strain caused by winding and coating of the thermometer while
making the catheter. This source of error is corrected by measuring the
new temperature coefficient of the resistance thermometer, that is,
finding the resistance of the thermometer at 0.degree. C. and at
100.degree. C.
The second type of strain error is caused by rhythmic movements of
thermometer with heart beats and the change of O.D. of the catheter caused
by changing pressures of systole and diastole during the measuring time.
These rhythmic movements of the catheter and changes in its O.D. affect
the strain coefficient of resistivity of the wound thermometer. At rest
these movements are repetitive and cause almost identical waves which may
be filtered. However, during exercise the body movements and deep
respiratory movements are reflected on the base line with irregular waves
and affect the accuracy of each measurement. Use of a double spiral
thermometer winding overcomes this problem.
The resistance (and impedance) of heating coil 19 is also kept at a
predetermined level by reducing or increasing the number and length of the
wires used in parallel, to suit the range of blood to be measured. An
impedance of 50 ohms was chosen for use with the present invention. This
impedance was selected for use with the present invention because high
frequency power and coaxial cables were employed with the invention. The
reason for the bifilar winding of heating coil 19 is to cancel inductance
between the wires of the coil while applying high frequency alternating
current.
The volume of blood flow, which is directly proportional to the rate of
heating and inversely proportional to temperature rise is obtained from
the following formula:
##EQU1##
Where: W is the predetermined rate of high frequency power in Watts, which
is supplied to heater 12,
0.239 is the conversion factor from watts to calories,
60 is the conversion factor to obtain the minute volume,
0.92 is the product of specific heat (0.87) and density (1.056) of the
blood,
T is the rise of the mean temperature of blood flowing through the carotid
artery. An electrical standardization equal to a temperature rise of
0.1.degree. C. is recorded before each measurement by inducing an
imbalance in the bridge by means of a push button that connects a resistor
in parallel with one of the lower arms of the bridge. The value of this
resistor and the resulting imbalance is calculated to be equal to
0.1.degree. C.
An advantage in having a constant predetermined heating coil resistance is
that it allows for a direct milliliter per minute reading in direct
readout recorder 36. This is accomplished by taking the above blood flow
equation and substituting (V.sub.2 /R) for W where V is the voltage
applied to the heater and R is the heating coil resistance. Because R is
now 50 ohms the equation simplifies to:
Blood flow ml/min.=(V.sup.2 /T).times.0.311
Where:
V is the voltage applied to heater; and
T is the rise in mean temperature of blood flowing through the artery.
Since the applied voltage and temperature rise are readily available, the
blood flow can be directly computed inside the apparatus and a direct
readout in milliliters per minute is made available. This is done by
including analog multipliers inside direct readout recorder 36 to square
the applied voltage divided by the observed temperature rise, and multiply
by the 0.311 constant. Direct readout provides a significant advantage
over prior devices in that it makes data available more quickly and avoids
computation errors.
Continual measurements of blood flow within a few seconds using this
invention offers a number of other advantages. For example, each
measurement can be carried out without the injection of any substance into
the blood stream. Other thermodilution measurements made in man and in
experimental animals have utilized a saline injection during each
measurement. These injections are likely to increase cardiac output during
the measuring period, and the error is further enlarged when the minute
volume is calculated. Furthermore the flexible connections to the subject
allow the application of heat and measurements of temperature rise with
ease and without sacrifice of accuracy. The invention also makes it
possible to apply heat and obtain the signal indicative of temperature
rise by telemetry.
Many modifications and applications of the present invention are possible
in the light of the above teaching. For example, when the invention is
introduced into the internal carotid artery either directly or via the
femoral artery, repeated measures of the internal carotid blood flow
during intensive care and surgery may be made. The internal carotid blood
flow measurements can be used to prove the first sign of death in
intensive care units since at the time of death cerebral circulation
stops, even when the heart is still beating as the patient is kept "alive"
with a respirator and a pacemaker.
In light of the foregoing it is therefore understood that within the scope
of the disclosed inventive concept, the invention may be practiced
otherwise than specifically described.
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