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The present invention relates to improved flashing sheets suitable for use,
in building construction, as materials which provide watertight coverings
over the various non-flat parts of the roof and walls of the building such
as the edges and the corners of the roof and walls, the areas around roof
drains and the areas around roof protrusions (e.g. vent pipes, skylights).
The term "bituminous" and "bitumen", as used hereinbelow, may be replaced
by the term "asphalt".
Heretofore, as flashing or roof flashing materials for providing watertight
coverings over the above-mentioned various non-flat parts of the roof and
walls, bituminous roofing or waterproofing membranes, vulcanized rubber
sheets, unvulcanized rubber sheets, synthetic resin sheets and the like
have been generally used. These conventional flashing sheets either do not
have any base sheet or have a base sheet of such material as paper, a film
of synthetic polymer, a metal foil, a woven or non-woven fabric of organic
or inorganic fiber and the like. However, since these conventional
flashing sheets are poor in expandability or stretchability or are of high
modulus of stretch even if they are expandable or stretchable, these flat
sheets cannot be, without cutting or folding, applied onto the various
non-flat parts or substrates having solid or three dimensional shapes
without causing water leakage problems. For this reason, these
conventional flashing materials have been applied on the above-mentioned
non-flat parts of the roof and wall elements as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and
2. FIG. 1 is an explanatory view illustrating a conventional flashing seal
for the area around roof drains. FIGS. 2A and 2B are explanatory views
illustrating a conventional flashing seal for, for example, a corner on
the top of a building. As illustrated in FIG. 1, when the flashing seal is
applied to an area 11 around a roof drain 12, several conventional
flashing sheets 13 which are cut into appropriate sizes are partially
overlapped with each other and adhered onto the area 11. Referring to
FIGS. 2A and 2B, in the case where the flashing seal is applied to a
corner of, for example, the top of a building, a cut line 15 is provided
in a conventional flashing sheet 14, so that the flashing sheet 14 can be
folded to a form 16 that fits the shape of the corner to be covered. The
folded sheet 16 is adhered to the substrate by means of any conventional
adhesive.
The above-mentioned application processes of the conventional flashing
sheets are very troublesome and, in order to prevent the occurence of
water leakage through the flashing seals, very careful attention and high
skill of the workers are required. However, in fact, many water leakage
problems at the flashing seals have been caused by improper watertight
coverings.
Some conventional flashing sheets composed of unvulcanized rubber and
having no base sheet have a low modulus of stretch and a high
expandability. To a person not skilled in the art, it may appear that
these flashing sheets could be applied onto non-flat parts having various
three dimensional shapes. However, when these flashing sheets are deformed
so as to be adhered onto the substrates of the non-flat parts, local
deformation of the flashing sheets occurs and the thicknesses of the
flashing sheets become non-uniform. In addition, the mechanical strength
of these locally deformed portions of the flashing sheets becomes poor and
the waterproofing function of these flashing sheets becomes insufficient,
from a practical point of view.
Furthermore, it has also been proposed to use flashing sheets which are
previously formed or shaped, from synthetic rubbers and synthetic resins,
into forms that fit the shape and the dimensions of the non-flat parts to
be covered by the flashing sheets. It may appear to a person not skilled
in the art that these previously formed flashing sheets could be easily
applied to the above-mentioned non-flat parts. However, since a wide
variety of shapes and dimensions of these non-flat parts exist at a
building construction site and, also, since the dimensions of the
particular parts vary widely from site to site, it is not easy to adhere
the previously formed or shaped flashing materials onto substrates,
without causing water leakage problems.
Accordingly, the objects of the present invention are to obviate the
aforementioned problems associated with the conventional flashing sheets
and to provide an improved flashing sheet which is capable of being easily
applied to a substrate or non-flat part of any three dimensional shape by
simply deforming the flashing sheet to a form that completely fits the
shape of the substrate.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from
the following description.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a flashing
sheet which is easily expandable or stretchable in all directions
comprising:
(i) a base sheet consisting essentially of knitted fabrics made of, as a
principal constituent, synthetic fibers and having a high expandability or
stretchability in all directions, and;
(ii) at least one modified bitumen layer laminated on at least one surface
of the base sheet, said modified bitumen layer containing a mixture of
bitumen and rubber.
The present invention will now be illustrated in detail with reference to
the accompanying drawings illustrating the preferred embodiments of the
present invention, but is not intended to be limited to these embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIGS. 3 through 8 are cross-sectional views illustrating the structures of
the various embodiments of the flashing sheets according to the present
invention.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, the basic structure of the flashing sheet
according to the present invention comprises a base sheet 21 having a
modified bitumen layer 22 laminated on one surface thereof. The base sheet
21, which is used as the base material of the flashing sheet of the
present invention, is composed of knitted fabrics made of, as a principal
constituent, synthetic fibers, such as, for example, polyamide (e.g.
Nylon) fibers or polyester fibers. These knitted fabrics naturally have a
high expandability in all directions. Preferable knitted fabrics employed
in the flashing sheets of the present invention are those which have an
expandability or stretchability of 100% or more. Such knitted fabrics are
well known to those skilled in the art.
The modified bitumen layer 22 can be composed of a mixture of bitumen and
rubber. The rubber employed in the preparation of the modified bitumen
layer 22 include vulcanized or unvulcanized rubber or reclaimed rubber,
for example, natural rubber and synthetic rubber, such as
styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, chloroprene
rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, butyl rubber,
ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene diene mar, polyisobutylene,
chlorinated polyethylene and the like. These rubbers can be used alone or
in any mixture thereof. In addition, the modified bitumen can contain
conventional softeners or tackifiers, for example, rosin or its
derivatives (e.g. estergum), tall oil, cumarone-indene resin, various
petroleum resins or polyolefins (e.g. polybutene), various process oils,
etc.
The modified bitumen layer 22 is denatured to impart thereto a high
flexibility and expandability at ambient temperature or less by blending
the rubber into the bitumen, while the layer 22 still has a preferable
waterproofing function. The mixture of the layer 22 generally contains
approximately 5 through 95% by weight of bitumen and approximately 5
through 95% by weight of rubber, and, preferably contains 20 through 90%
by weight of bitumen and 10 through 70% by weight of rubber. In the case
where the content of the bitumen is less than approximately 5% by weight,
the affinity of the modified bitumen to a bituminous waterproofing
membrane becomes unpreferably poor. Contrary to this, if the content of
the rubber is less than approximately 5% by weight, the flexibility and
expandability of the modified bitumen at a low temperature becomes
unpreferably poor. The modified bitumen layer 22 may be one or more
layers. In the case where two or more layers 22 are used, these layers can
be composed of the same or different compositions.
The thickness of the modified bitumen layer 22 used in the present
invention may be varied over a wide range, but will generally be in the
range of from 0.2 to 5 mm and, more preferably, in the range of from 0.5
to 2 mm.
A flat flashing sheet 20 having a size large enough to cover a non-flat
substrate can be easily and directly applied to the substrate as mentioned
hereinabove. This is because, since the flashing sheet 20 according to the
present invention is easily expandable in all directions, the flashing
sheet 20 can be manually deformed so as to fit the shape of the non-flat
substrate to be covered. Thus, the flat flashing sheet 20 having a size
large enough to cover a non-flat substrate can be, without cutting or
folding, applied to the substrate by means of any conventional adhesive
(e.g. hot bitumen, bitumenous cement) by only applying a manual force
without causing water leakage problems. After the application of the
flashing sheet 20, a conventional bituminous roofing membrane may be laid
over the modified bitumen layer 22 of the flashing sheet 20.
The flashing sheet of the present invention can be easily prepared at the
factory in a manner similar to that used for the manufacture of the
conventional bituminous roofing membranes, except that the above-mentioned
base sheet and modified bitumen are used.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the flashing sheet according to
the present invention, in which a flashing sheet 23 comprises the base
sheet 21, the modified bitumen layer 22 laminated on one surface of the
base sheet 21 and an adhesive layer 24 consisting essentially of a
substantially pressure-sensitive self-adhesive composition. The adhesive
layer 24 is covered with a release sheet 25, which can be removed from the
adhesive layer 24 by manually peeling it therefrom at ordinary ambient
temperature at, for example, a construction site. According to this
embodiment of the present invention, the flashing sheet 23 may be applied
onto any particular substrate without using an adhesive.
The substantially pressure-sensitive self-adhesive composition used for the
adhesive layer 24 has a pressure-sensitive self-adhesive property at
ambient temperature or even at about -10.degree. through -20.degree. C.
Such composition can be composed of bitumen and rubber and, optionally,
additives selected from mineral oil, resin and animal or vegetable oil.
Said rubber includes vulcanized or unvulcanized rubber or reclaimed
rubber, for example, natural rubber or synthetic rubber such as
styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, chloroprene
rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, butyl rubber,
ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene mar, polyisobutylene,
chlorinated polyethylene and the like. Said mineral oil includes process
oil, polymerized high boiling point high aromatic oil, paraffin, liquid
paraffin, white oil, tar and the like. Said resin includes natural or
synthetic resin such as, for example, rosin or its derivatives (e.g.
estergum), tall oil, cumaron-indene resin, various petroleum resins,
polyolefin (e.g. polybutene) and the like. Said animal or vegetable oil
includes animal or vegetable oils and animal fats such as, for example,
linseed oil, tung oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil, soyabean oil, olive
oil, castor oil, fish oil, whale oil, beef tallow and the like. These
additives can be used alone or any combination thereof. For optimum
result, it is preferred that said composition be essentially composed of
5-95% by weight of the bitumen, 3-80% by weight of the rubber, 2-60% by
weight of the resin and 0-40% by weight of the mineral oil and/or the
animal or vegetable oil. The thickness of the adhesive layer may be varied
over a wide range, but will generally be in the range of from 0.5 to 2 mm.
The release sheet 25 can include conventional sheet materials which are
generally and widely used for covering and protecting pressure-sensitive
self-adhesive surfaces, for example, paper, film and the like coated or
impregnated with synthetic resins having a high releasing property, such
as silicone resin, fluorine-containing resin and the like. The release
sheet 25 is removed from the adhesive layer 25 before the flashing sheet
23 is used at the construction site. The release sheet 25 is used for
facilitating the handling of the flashing sheet 23 having the adhesive
layer 24 during the production, the storage and the transportation. The
release sheet 25 can also be used for protecting or covering the modified
bitumen layer 22 of a flashing sheet 26 illustrated in FIG. 5. This
release sheet 25 is removed from the modified bitumen layer 22 at a
construction site so as to effect a water-tight adhesion between the
flashing sheet and the waterproofing layer thereon.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, mineral granules or powder 28, such as coarse
sand, fine gravel and the like, can be deposited on one surface of the
modified bitumen layer 22 of a flashing sheet 27. This layer 28 is
laminated on the surface of the modified bitumen layer 22 for the purpose
of preventing the blocking of the flashing sheet due to the presence of
the modified bitumen layer 22.
In addition, as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, in flashing sheets 29 and 30,
according to other embodiments of the present invention, both surfaces of
the base sheet 21 can be laminated with the same or different modified
bitumen layers 22. In the flashing sheet 30, the release sheets 25 are
placed on the surfaces of the modified bitumen layers 22.
The flashing sheets 29 and 30 can be, without cutting or folding, applied
onto the non-flat substrates mentioned above by means of any conventional
adhesives such as hot bitumen, bituminous cement and the like.
Especially, in the case where the modified bitumen layer 22 is
substantially composed of a mixture of 5 through 95% by weight of the
bitumen, 3 through 80% by weight of the rubber, 2 through 60% by weight of
the resin and 0 through 40% by weight of the mineral oil and/or the animal
or vegetable oil, the flashing sheet of the present invention can be
directly applied onto the non-flat substrates mentioned hereinabove
without using any adhesives at ambient temperature or less (that is, the
modified bitumen layer also acts as an adhesive layer).
Furthermore, the flashing sheet according to the present invention can
comprise (i) a base sheet, (ii) one or two first modified bitumen layers
composed of, for example, 5 through 95% by weight of bitumen and 5 through
95% by weight of rubber and, optionally, conventional softeners and/or
tackifiers, (iii) one or two second modified bitumen layers having a
pressure-sensitive self-adhesive property and composed of, for example, 5
through 95% by weight of bitumen, 3 through 80% by weight of rubber, 2
through 60% by weight of resin and 0 through 40% by weight of mineral oil,
animal or vegetable oil or any mixture thereof and (iv) one or two release
sheets. Since this flashing sheet contains the second modified bitumen
layer having a pressure-sensitive self-adhesive property in addition to
the first modified bitumen layer, the flashing sheet can be easily applied
at a construction site by means of a cold application process (i.e.
without using hot molten bitumen at a construction site) without
decreasing the strength of the flashing sheet due to the presence of the
relatively tough first modified bitumen layer.
The flashing sheet according to the present invention is manufactured at a
factory, usually in the form of a roll, and then, applied to the
particular substrate, at the construction site, after cutting the flashing
sheet into a proper size to cover the particular substrate. The flashing
sheet of proper size if adhered to the substrate with or without using any
conventional adhesive in such a manner that the flashing sheet is manually
and freely deformed so as to fit the three dimensional shape of the
substrate, and that the flashing sheet is in close contact with the
substrate. Generally, a cut line is not provided in the flashing sheet of
the present invention during the flashing work at the construction site.
According to the present invention, the flashing seal at the non-flat parts
or substrates having solid or three dimensional shapes such as, for
example, the edges and the corners of roofs and walls of the building, the
areas around roof drains and roof penetrations (e.g. vent pipes,
skylights) can be effected without causing water leakage problems.
As mentioned hereinabove, since the present flashing sheet is easily
expandable in all directions due to the facts that the flashing sheet
comprises knitted fabrics having a high expandability in all directions,
and a modified bitumen layer having a high flexibility and expandability,
and also, since the modified bitumen layer has a preferable waterproofing
property, the present flashing sheet can be simply and directly applied
onto the non-flat three dimensional parts of the substrate without causing
water leakage problems. Furthermore, the present flashing sheet can be
conveniently applied onto the non-flat parts of the substrate without
cutting and folding the flashing sheet. Even if the flashing sheet of the
present invention is deformed at the construction site, so as to fit a
particular three dimensional complex shape of a substrate, the deformation
of the flashing sheet is not locally concentrated, but occurs uniformly,
due to the facts that the modulus of stretch of the flashing sheet is low
when the sheet is deformed and, also, that the knitted fabrics are used as
a base sheet. The synthetic fibers of which the knitted fabrics are made
have a high stretching modulus and low elongation. However, once synthetic
fibers are knitted, the resultant knitted fabrics have a high
expandability and stretchability due to their knitted structure. In
addition, since the flashing sheet of the present invention has the base
sheet and has a high deformability over a wide temperature range including
a low temperature such as -40.degree. C., the present flashing sheet,
after the application on site, can advantageously withstand the movement
of the substrate based on external conditions such as temperature, time
and load applied to the substrate. Thus, the flashing sheet of the present
invention has both an excellent application workability and a high
flashing seal ability.
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