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We know how to realise miniature calculations capable of effecting
relatively complex calculations.
Moreover, there are known methods allowing a woman to forecast, with a
given margin, the times when sexual intercourse will probably be followed
by a pregnancy. The Ogino method is such a method. The realisation of a
miniature calculator specially for forecasting times according to one
method or another presents no problem in principle. However, a serious
problem is posed over the retention of basic data. Standard calculators,
in fact, are designed in such a way that the user must supply data at the
moment when he wishes to solve a problem, and must specify the nature of
the calculations, the machine only having in its memory sequences of
instructions corresponding to basic operations and some basic constants.
The calculator is not usually designed to retain data. Now, if one wishes
to make a forecast, it is essential to have at one's disposal dates of
some previous periods. To make a forecast with a reasonable safety margin,
account will be taken, for example, of an average relating to the last
four periods.
These data are significant and they must be retained from month to month.
For these data, a conventional memory circuit which is cleared when the
supply is cut off evidently cannot be used.
In certain calculators, used is made of miniature magnetic cards. However,
such a means does not here constitute absolute safety. In fact, the
magnetic card may be mislaid and the data it contains may be erased or
altered by the influence of a magnetic field coming into contact with the
card.
The present invention refers to the supplying of a convenient and reliable
solution to the problem of retaining some essential data, especially in
the instance of a pocket calculator used for the forecasting of menstrual
cycles.
The calculator according to the invention forms the object of claim 1, the
other claims relating to special forms of execution.
The calculator according to the invention offers a convenient solution for
those wishing to use a method of forecasting such as the Ogino method. The
essential data are memorized in a special memory incorporated in the
calculator and not in an external storage medium of the magnetic card
type. Consequently there is no risk of mislaying it.
Furthermore, the memory thus incorporated in the calculator runs
practically no risk of being directly in contact with a magnet which could
disturb it, and the memory is thus far more reliable than a memory on
magnetic card.
Finally, if a suitable type of electromechanical element is chosen, the
electromechanical memory will show a good immunity to exterior influences
such as impacts and variations in temperature and pressure. In particular,
a preferrred type of electromechanical element is protected against an
acceleration on the order of 10 g.
The calculator can be realised in such a way that its use is simplicity
itself and requires from the user only a minimum of commonsense and care.
Conversly, it can be connected to a relatively complex calculator and/or
to a digital clock.
Sometimes, for psychological reasons, the person will need a forecasting
programme different from a standard programme and according to the
directions of a gynaecologist, for example. To this end, provision can be
made for a particular embodiment in which the memory carrying the
programme comprises a removable or reprogrammable part. For example, the
memory unit of the calculator can consist of a ROM memory comprising the
standard forecasting programme and replaceable by a different memory,
programmed on the basis of the directions of the gynaecologist; or else,
the memory unit comprises an EPROM memory, that is to say, erasable, in
principle, by means of intense ultraviolet rays, and reprogrammable by
means of an auxiliary apparatus which could be in the possession of the
gynaecologist or the company distributing the calculator.
A calculator according to the invention can consequently be advantageously
applied to the forecasting of the woman's menstrual cycles, especially
according to the Ogino method; nevertheless, the basic principles of the
invention can be applied to any problem which can be put through a
miniature calculator and of the kind in which one wishes to retain, from
one period of time to another, a certain number of essential data which
requires a reliable memory, incorporated in the calculator and retaining
data independently of the electrical supply.
The calculator according to the invention could be advantageously adapted
to the calculation of biorhythms. A biorhythm calculator with essentially
electronic working is known. However, this known calculator presents the
drawback of a volatile memory, that is to say, in which the data are lost
when the supply is cut off. The calculator according to the invention
will, in such an instance, allow this drawback to be corrected, and, even
if the supply is cut off, will allow the retention in the memory (this
being an electrical reading and writing memory) of a calculation datum
such as the date of birth, so that it will be usable when the supply is
restored.
A biorhythm calculator in which the writing of curves is effected by means
of electromechanical parts is known from the Swiss Pat. No. 578 766. If
the supply is cut off, the cogwheels maintain their position so that the
writing of the curves could be achieved after restoration of the supply.
But this obviously does not constitute a true memory which can be reread
by a calculation circuit and nothing is provided to memorize a datum such
as the date of birth in an electromechanical memory retaining the datum
even if the supply is cut off, for example between two usings. The
calculator described in this patent consequently cannot be compared to the
present invention.
The present invention could also be advantageously adapted to a digital
alarm for retaining the hour for the activating of the striking mechanism,
even in the event of the supply being cut off.
In that way, dates could also be memorized in the instance of the alarm
clock including an electronic calendar and means for signalling the
imminence or the occurence of the date which the user has written to the
memory of the alarm. This signalling means can, for example, be a
flickering of one part of the display. The solution according to the
invention would, for example, allow the changing of batteries without fear
of losing or altering the important date or the noted hour.
What precedes shows the advantage of the present invention in the field of
electronic miniature apparatuses which are not pure calculators but which,
nevertheless, as in the case, for example, of a digital alarm, comprises
one or several functions using data, for example the alarm hour, which it
is desirable to retain in a convenient and reliable way, even if the
supply is cut off.
The invention concerns also the field of mini electronic devices which are
not pure calculators but which, however, as for example a digital alarm
clock, comprise one or several functions utilising data, for example the
time of alarm, data it is desirable to preserve in a convenient and
reliable manner, even if the supply is cut.
The invention will be better understood by means of the description of a
few embodiments given hereafter by way of example and by reference to the
drawings.
FIG. 1 represents an embodiment of the calculator according to the
invention,
FIG. 2 represents in a diagrammatic way the circuits of the calculator of
FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 represents the plan of a memory with electromechanical elements,
FIG. 4 represents an electromechanical memory element,
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the calculator,
FIG. 6 illustrates a third form of the execution of the calculator,
FIGS. 7A, B and C illustrate the states of a special display element,
FIGS. 8A, B and C illustrate various contents of the display, and
FIG. 9 represents in a diagrammatic way the circuits of the calculator in
FIG. 6.
The calculator represented in FIG. 1 comprises a unit 1 containing the
circuits and on which are disposed the control and reading units.
The control parts consist of a keyboard 2 comprising an ON/OFF key 22 for
starting and stopping, numerical keys such as the key 24, function keys 25
for indicating the nature of the datum supplied, day, month, year, an
instruction key 26 for requesting a forecast, and a writing key 29,
provided with a safety key 28 such that writing can only be done if the
keys 28 and 29 are simultaneously pressed.
The calculator also comprises a display including electroluminescent
diodes, green 31, yellow 32 and red 33. These diodes are intended to
indicate the probability that a possible act of sexual intercourse may be
followed by a pregnancy according to the following convention: red light,
high probability; yellow light, average probability; green light, low
probability.
The display also includes a digital part comprising at least six cells 42
with seven segments, either of the electroluminescent type or with liquid
crystals, to display numerically the day, month and year (units and tens
of the number of the Civil year). The inscriptions 40 such as "DAY",
"MONTH", "YEAR" facilitate reading of the date.
The necessary logical functions are realisable in principle by means of
circuits such as gates, registers, counters, etc. However, in practice,
one will start with more developed circuits of the microprocessor type,
more flexible in use and more convenient to implement when the functions
to be realised go beyond the level of elementary functions such as simple
counting or conditional transfer.
The plan of FIG. 2 comprises a miniature logical system organised around a
central processor unit CPU 50, controlling memories and peripherals
through the intermediary of a bus 52. As peripheral, the keyboard 2 is to
be found connected by lines 55 to an interface circuit 54 connected to the
processor CPU 50 by the bus 52. As peripheral, the display 3 is also be
found connected by lines 57 to an interface circuit 56 connected to the
bus 52.
The programme intended to be carried out by the processor is housed in a
ROM memory 60, that is to say a ROM memory which, by means of auxiliary
apparatuses, can be programmed at will. This memory is preferably
implemented in the form of a removable "chip", that is to say, a miniature
circuit provided with pins intended to be connected in a base provided
with corresponding connectors. A removable chip can be taken out to be
modified or replaced. An EPROM can be used, that is to say a circuit
erasable, in principle, by means of intense ultraviolet rays, and
reprogrammable by means of an auxiliary device ad hoc.
The calculations make use of auxiliary variables and of data from the
keyboard which must be memorized in a RAM memory 62. However, if there is
not too great a number of these variables, it can be worth bearing in mind
that the processor includes the means required for memorizing them. Known
processors usually comprises a plurality of registers intended for this
purpose.
Thus the calculator aims at performing a certain number of functions for
solving the problem set forth hereinabove. To do that one utilises a
microprocessor controlling a certain number of peripherals, as explained
above, by means of a program. Any person skilled in the field of
microprocessors is able to realize this program put in the ROM 60 memory
in "ASSEMBLER" language, according to the problem set. This person will
use for example a microprocessor of "6500" type, ROM and RAM memories of
"8 bits" type and interfaces type "6520", all manufactured for example by
"Synertec" or "Intel", these manufacturers supplying also the
corresponding user's manuals describing accurately the operation of these
devices.
There also exist "chips" simultaneously incorporating a PROM memory, an
EPROM memory part and the central processor CPU itself. The principle of
the plan stays the same, but such a circuit can offer the advantage of a
reduced bulkiness. One will refer preferably to type TMS of TEXAS
INSTRUMENTS.
In the plan of FIG. 2, one again finds a memory 80 with electromechanical
elements connected to an interface circuit 70 by lines 72 and 90. Such a
memory presents particular details connected with the principles
underlying the present invention. This memory is also controlled by the
microprocessor programmed to this effect.
FIG. 3 shows the plan of the electromechanical memory 80 and of its
interface 70.
The memory is composed of a plurality of electromechanical memory elements
82. Each element 82 can be compared to a flip-flop circuit, being
consequently able to memorize an information of 1 bit, and the element
will be described in more detail in FIG. 4.
Each flip-flop circuit comprises an input S (set) for setting at 1 and an
input R (reset) for setting at zero, and an output wire 78, all the output
wires being connected in one single output wire 90 for the whole memory
80.
The inputs R and S of each element 82 are individually connected to one of
the outputs of a multiplexor 702. The choice of the output is controlled
by the control wire 73 of the multiplexor and the wire 74 is used to
determine if an R or an S is required. When the mulitplexor has selected
the appropriate output as a function of the address (wire 73) and of the
datum (wire 74), a command instruction can be sent by the wire 75 and it
will be switched by the multiplexor towards the selected input.
The writing pulse R or S must have a certain power and a certain duration,
for example 10 milliamperes for 2 milliseconds, to excite the
electromechanical parts of the element 82.
To read, a pulse is also sent by the multiplexor to the input S of the
element 82 which one wishes to read, but a much shorter pulse is sent, for
example 10 microseconds. This pulse cannot alter the logical state of the
flip-flop circuit. At this moment, if the flip-flop circuit is at 1, the
output 78 and the datum wire 90 will supply a logical 1, and if the
flip-flop circuit is at zero, the output 78 and the datum wire 90 will
remain at 0, so that, for 10 microseconds, one has at one's disposal the
logical value of the flip-flop circuit chosen on the datum wire 90, which
is sufficient for the reading.
The multiplexor 702 is itself controlled by the microprocessor through an
amplifier 701, the microprocessor managing the writings and the readings
in the memory 80. The amplifier 701 is obviously in communication in both
directions through a bus 52 with the processor 51 on which it depends. It
may be formed simply of a transistor amplifier. The control circuit 701
and the multiplexor 702 can be considered as forming the interface of the
memory 80.
FIG. 4 represents the plan of the electromechanical memory element 82. The
element comprises a bistable contact 85 comprising a strip 89 connected to
a terminal 86 and establishing contact either with the terminal 88, as in
the figure, or with the opposite terminal 87. Switching is controlled by
two windings 83 and 84. A pulse on the winding 83 makes the strip 89 come
into position represented in FIG. 4 and a pulse on the other winding 84
makes the strip come into the opposite position, indicated in dotted line.
One winding is connected to the input S and the other winding is connected
to the input R. Furthermore, the input S is connected to the terminal 88,
to allow readings.
The matrix of the memories 80 represented in FIG. 3 is realisable in the
form of a printed circuit plate carrying a plurality of miniature bistable
relays 82 welded to the plate by their contact terminals. A suitable relay
model is the relay of the TL series supplied by the Deutsch Company. Such
a relay withstands such conditions as a vibration of 3000 Hz exhibiting an
acceleration of 30 g or an acceleration of 100 g for 6 milliseconds. Its
bulkiness is of the order of a cubic centimeter or less so that several
tens can be easily be housed in the unit of a calculator while remaining
within the dimensions acceptable for a pocket calculator. Such relays are
found on the market. One will use preferably relays of the series "TL" of
the Deutsch Company.
Before proceeding with the description, it is essential to recall roughly
what the known method for forecasting consists in.
The person notes the dates of her successive periods. The duration is
calculated, in number of days, between two consecutive dates. When this
duration is regular to within some days for several successive cycles and
when this duration is between about 21 and 37 days, the method which
proceeds from the principle that ovulation takes place 13 days before the
beginning of the period can be justifiably applied. The probability that
an act of sexual intercourse will be followed by a pregnancy is maximal,
then, at the moment of ovulation. This probability is also raised for the
four preceding days and the three days following.
This probability subsequently becomes almost zero approaching the next
period. The rest of the time, there remains a relatively low probability
of pregnancy.
An example of the method consequently consists in noting the dates of
successive periods d.sub.1, d.sub.2, d.sub.3 . . . , in calculating the
corresponding durations of the cycles C.sub.1, C.sub.2, C.sub.3 . . . , in
verifying that they are regular, in establishing the average cm and the
probable error ec. The probable date dp of the next period is calculated.
This date is, of course, equal to the date of the last periods dn, plus
the average duration of the cycle cm, with an uncertainty em:
dp=dn+cm.+-.em
The number of days there are between today's date, da, and the probable
date, dp, is calculated. If g is this number of days: g=dp-da. If g is
between 14+4+ec and 14-3-ec, then the probability of a subsequent
pregnancy is high. If g is greater that 14+ec+4, the probability is
average. If g is less than 14-ec-4, then the probability is low.
With regard to the calculator, one sees that the important data to be
memorized are: the date of the beginning of the last period and the
duration of the last four cycles in order to be able to establish an
average. The memorizing of a date involves a memory part able to register
a number j having an arbitrary value between 1 and 365, for the day in the
year, as well as a number "a" between 0 and 99 for designating the year.
The date thus requires 9 bits for j and 7 bits for "a". As for the
durations of cycles c, they are only considered valid if they are between
22 and 37 . Only the difference dc, then, between the duration of the
cycle c and 22 is registered:
dc=c-22
As c is equal at the most to 37, dc is equal at the most to 15 :
15=37-22
dc is consequently between 0 and 15 , which requires 4 bits. As 4 periods
are registered, this requires 4.times.4=16 bits. The capacity of the
memory 80 must consequently be at least 16 bits for the durations of
cycles, plus 7 for "a", that is, 32 bits in all.
If five bits and not four are taken for each period, a band of values
having double the extent can of course be covered, that is to say for a dc
going from 0 to 31. In this case, one can calculate the difference dc from
a lower limit which would be lower than 22 , and go to an upper limit
higher than 37. The band of values for the durations c, for example, could
be between 14 and 45. Of course, the programme will have to take account
of the fact that the extreme values will not allow application of the
method and will cause a signal indicating that to appear on the display.
Use and functioning are now going to be described with reference to FIGS. 1
and 2 in particular.
It is assumed that the memory 80 contains the date of the last period as
well as the values (diminished by 22) of the durations of the last four
cycles, that one finds oneself in conditions in which the method is
applicable and that one is in May 1988.
The interested party wishes to obtain the forecast for the next day, which
is the 20th of the month. To this end, she operates the keys on the
keyboard carrying the symbols according to the following sequence:
J20M05A88*
which means: day: 20, month: 5, year: 88, calculating instruction (key 26).
The processor 50 commands the display of these numbers when the person
writes on the keyboard. The processor 50 calculates the average duration
cm of the cycle on the basis of the last four cycles, the probable error
ec, the number g of cycles between this probable date and the date of the
20th, by, of course, consulting the memory 80, without altering it.
The processor calculates, according to g, cm and em, whether the
probability is high, average or low and, according to the result, lights
up one of the three diodes red 31, yellow 32 or green 33, respectively.
With regard to the calculation of time intervals between different dates,
the calculator puts into operation means similar to those put into
operation in some financial pocket calculators, which are supplied with
what is called an electronic perpetual calendar. In the case of the
calculator described here, the said means simply comprise an adequate
programme and some fixed data, all written to a part of the ROM memory 60
which is used by the processor 50.
Of course the programme moreover preferably possesses routines allowing
disclosure of instances when reasonable forecasting cannot be established,
for example because the date for which forecasting is required is too far
away or impossible, or because the cycles are too irregular or too short.
The programme preferably then provides for the display of the letter E,
for "error", followed, if need be, by a number indicating the nature of
the error, allowing the person to refer to the instruction-book generally
attached to the calculator or printed on the back of the calculator.
Of course it would be advisable to inform purchasers to avoid their making
extreme demands on the calculator.
With regard to the modification of data, this occurs when the person writes
the date of her last period. If it occurs, for example, on the May, 28th
1988, the person will operate the keys
J28 M05 A88,
she checks on the display that the date is quite correct and then she
simultaneously operates the registering key 29 and the safety key 28.
This sets in motion a programme for updating the date of the memory 80.
This programme calculates the last cycle duration by the difference
between the date of the preceding period still written in the memory 80,
and the date of the recent period, which has just been supplied by means
of the keyboard 2. It eliminates from the four cycle durations memorized
those which concern the most distant cycle, shifts the other three and
writes the duration of the most recent cycle. The programme replaces the
date of the period again by the last date.
Of course, the memory 80 preferably comprises a greater number of elements
than the required minimum, which is 32, as has been seen, in order to be
able to write before clearing so that the data are not lost in the event
of the supply being cut off during transfer. The memory will moreover
include state bits to indicate whether the registering operation is
complete or incomplete and to facilitate the recovery of data in the event
of the supply being cut off during transfer.
Furthermore, for the four cycle durations, the memory can include a sensor
which says which of the four is the most recent, it being understood that
the others are arranged in a circular "stack". Two bits will be sufficient
for the sensor.
The Ogino method can be completed by a test concerning temperature. The
principle is adequately described in medical literature.
A variant of the calculator can then include a means for the introduction
of the datum relating to the temperature and programmes for completing
calculations with a function taking into account these data. A
supplementary key will be sufficient for input means. Suppose T to be such
a supplementary key.
The following could be its use: when the person requires a forecast, she
writes on the keyboard not only the date but also the temperature, for
example 37.3.degree. C., before requesting the forecast by operating the
key 26. The sequence would be:
J20M05A88
then, after checking on the display: T 3 7 3 and then * in order to command
the calculation of a forecast.
As regards the writing of a date on the keyboard, it is quite clear that
one could write the day, month and year in a different order. Furthermore,
if one realizes that one of the instructions, for example the month, is
wrong, all one has to do is operate the key M again and then the correct
numerical keys.
Again, it can be noted that the key * 26 can be eliminated. In this case,
the programme is arranged so as to make the forecast for any date written
and which appears on the display. What precedes concerns an example of
realisation and a number of modifications can be made without going beyond
the scope of the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates a second embodiment which is characterized by a certain
simplicity in the keyboard. The logical system of such a calculator
essentially possesses the structure described in FIG. 2. However, the
programmes take into consideration the keyboard peculiar to this form of
execution.
Use and functioning are described hereafter at the same time as the
functions of the different keys are described.
The key "1" 127 is used for bringing into service, connecting the supply.
The key "0" 128 is used for stopping and cuts off the supply. However,
even if the key "0" is not operated, the display is reduced to a minimum
at the end of a minute if no key on the keyboard has been operated. The
display is activated again if the key 1 is again pressed or if another key
is also operated, excluding the key 0 which stops everything. If no key is
operated for 5 minutes, the system is also halted.
The key J is used to modify a numerical counter whose contents are
displayed on the two digits of the window 141. The said numerical counter
is evidently essentially logical (soft); there is consequently no reason
to describe it here.
If the number displayed is greater than the date of the day which the user
wishes to display, the user can use the reversal key 125, which has the
effect of reversing the counting direction.
The programme is so arranged that counting will be relatively slow when the
key J is operated, and then at the end of some seconds, counting will
accelerate if the key J is held down.
The key M 122 allows display of the month on the digits of the window 142
and the key A 123 allows display of the year on the two digits of the
window 143. The keys M and A have functions similar to that of the key J
and are also influenced by the reversal key 125.
The keyboard can include a key 126 ordering the calculation of a forecast.
It has been seen that such a key is not indispensable. The keyboard
finally includes keys for writing 28 and safety 29 whose function has
already been described.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example of realisation which, conversely to that of
FIG. 5, is characterised by a certain complexity. The keyboard comprises
numerical keys and various function keys and could be perfectly suitable
for a scientific, financial, arithmetical or other calculator, as well as
an electronic clock. The keyboard furthermore includes a writing key 29
and a safety key 28.
The display 300 comprises, in the given example, an alphanumeric 301 area
with three positions, a numerical area 302 with four positions and a
special area 303 for the displaying of the forecasting calculation.
A low probability is displayed in the way indicated in FIG. 7A, an average
probability is displayed in the way indicated in FIG. 7B, a high
probability is displayed as indicated in FIG. 7C and, furthermore, by a
flickering of the special display element 303. The display 300 can be
advantageously but not exclusively realised according to the technique of
liquid crystals.
FIG. 9 shows the plan of a calculator including a part used for the
measurment of time. This part comprises a time base 174 connected to an
assembly of logical circuits for time measurement 170 which functions
permanently and, among other things, calculates not only the hour to
within the second, but also the date. These circuits 170, 174 are intended
to function without interruption.
Such a permanent time measurement circuit represents a convenient means for
making the date of the day appear, as datum. This date can then be used
for a forecasting calculation or a writing.
FIG. 8 illustrates some possible states of the display 300.
FIG. 8A illustrates the display of the hour, 10 hrs 25 in the morning in
the given example. The alphanumeric area is used to distinguish the
morning ("AM") from the afternoon ("PM").
FIG. 8B illustrates the display of a date, Nov. 12 th 1988 in the given
example, as well as the display of a forecasting calculation which
indicates, in the given example, an average probability.
FIG. 8C indicates a third use of the display, provided for the instance in
which one wishes to supply the forecasting calculation programme with a
datum concerning the temperature, which is 37.3.degree. C., in the given
example.
The examples described above especially refer to a calculator specially
arranged for carrying out calculations required by the Ogino method or a
similar method. However, the principle consisting in using an
electromechanical memory composed of a plurality of bistable relays and
readings and registering circuits can be applied to other calculators or
other electronic apparatuses including a digital part using data, when
certain significant data must be memorized in a convenient and reliable
way and retained even in the absence of supply.
* * * * *
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