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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method for providing enzyme activity to the
surface of an article.
Studies have been made on the use of enzymes bonded onto water-insoluble
carriers as catalysts for the production of food, medicines, etc., and
they have reportedly been put into practical use for the production of
amino acid, fruit sugar, etc. Additionally, the use of a tube with urease,
uricase, or the like fixed thereon as a material for clinical
examinations, and the use of a tube with urokinase fixed thereon as an
antithrombogenic medical material, have been studied.
Bonding such enzymes onto the surface of an article requires the presence
on the surface of the article of active groups capable of bonding with the
enzymes. Thus, various methods to introduce active groups into the surface
of articles comprising cellulose, dextran, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, silicone rubber, etc., have been proposed.
These methods, however, vary in their capability of bonding the enzymes,
depending upon the material constituting the article, and, moreover,
require very complicated surface treatments which sometimes deteriorate
the mechanical properties of the article, making it impossible to increase
the enzyme activity of the surface.
The inventors have filed in the United States the following two patent
applications:
"A Process for Producing an Antithrombogenic Polyurethane by Fixation of a
Fibrinolytic Enzyme to The Surface of Polyurethane" (U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 928,496); and "Process for Producing Antithrombogenic
Vinyl Acetate Polymer or Hydrolysate Thereof" (U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 43,601).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of this invention is to provide a simplified method which
facilitates the bonding of an enzyme on the surface of an article,
irrespective of the type of the material constituting the article, and
which furthermore enables the provision of high enzyme activity without
deteriorating the mechanical properties of the article.
This invention, therefore, is a method for providing enzyme activity to the
surface of an article, comprising forming a film on the surface of the
article, said film comprising an acid anhydride group-containing polymer
and a polyol, wherein the acid anhydride groups are partially reacted with
the polyol, and thereafter reacting the unreacted acid anhydride groups of
the film with an enzyme.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Polymers containing acid anhydride groups which are useful in this
invention include homo- and copolymers of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated
carboxylic acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride, acrylic anhydride,
methacrylic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, methyl maleic anhydride,
acrylic and methacrylic mixed anhydride, acrylic and propionic mixed
anhydride, etc. Of these polymers, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, a
homopolymer of acrylic anhydride and a homopolymer of methacrylic
anhydride are preferred.
Comonomers which can be used in preparing maleic anhydride copolymers
include ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, cis-butene-2,
trans-butene-2, styrene, methyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether, methyl
methacrylate, allyl chloride, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, etc. Of
maleic anhydride copolymers prepared using the above comonomers, a maleic
anhydride-ethylene copolymer, a maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer and a
maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl ether copolymer are available on the market
and it is therefore advantageous to use these copolymers in this
invention.
The molecular weight of acid anhydride group-containing polymers is
typically from about 500 to 1,000,000, and preferably from about 1,000 to
500,000.
By the term "polyol" as used in this invention is meant a compound
containing at least two hydroxyl groups. Examples of such polyols include
diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol,
trimethylene glycol, butylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, xylylene
glycol, 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene, etc., triols such as glycerin,
trimethylol propane, etc., tetraols such as erythritol, pentaerythritol,
diglycerin, etc., pentaols such as arabitol, xylitol, fructose, glucose,
etc., hexaols such as mannitol, sorbitol, etc., and so on. In addition,
polyether-polyol and polyester-polyol can be used.
Suitable polyether-polyols which can be used include the reaction product
formed between a polyol having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and from 2 to 6
hydroxy groups, for example, diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene
glycol, butylene glycol, etc., triols such as glycerol, trimethylol
propane, etc., and tetraols such as pentaerythritol, etc., pentaols such
as fructose, glucose, etc., and hexaols such as sorbitol, etc., and an
alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or
a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
Suitable polyester-polyols which can be used include those obtained by
polycondensing a polyol with a polycarboxylic acid in such a manner that
the terminals are substituted with hydroxyl groups. Examples of suitable
polycarboxylic acids for preparing the polyester-polyol include those
having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and 2 to 4 carboxyl groups, for example,
dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid,
glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,
isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, etc., tricarboxylic acids such as
trimellitic acid, etc., and tetracarboxylic acids such as pyromellitic
acid and examples of suitable polyols include those having from 2 to 10
carbon atoms and from 2 to 4 hydroxy groups, for example, diols such as
ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, etc.,
triols such as glycerol, trimethylol propane, etc., and tetraols such as
pentaerythritol, etc. The polyester-polyol can also be prepared from a
lactone such as caprolactone, .beta.-propiolactone,
.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-.beta.-propiolactone,
.alpha.,.alpha.-bis-chloromethyl-.beta.-propiolactone, etc.
The molecular weight of polyols as used in this invention is about 5,000 or
less, and preferably about 3,000 or less.
The article as used in this invention can be in various shapes, depending
upon the purpose for which it is used, including a bead, a film, a
permeable membrane, a sheet, a tube, a hollow fiber, a fiber, a cloth, a
sponge, etc.
Materials which can be used in preparing the article of this invention
include metal materials such as iron, silver, lead, nickel, steel, copper,
zinc, stainless steel, cobalt-nickel, tantalum, titanium, etc., inorganic
materials such as glass, carbon, ceramics, asbestos, polyphosphagen, etc.,
and organic polymeric materials.
Examples of such organic polymeric materials include polymers of olefins
such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and isobutylene, polymers
of halogenated olefins such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride,
trifluoroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene, polymers of aromatic vinyl
compounds such as styrene, divinyl benzene, .alpha.-methylstyrene or
vinylpyridine, polymers of dienes such as butadiene or isoprene, polymers
of N-vinyl compounds such as N-vinylamine or N-vinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl
alcohol and the esters thereof such as polyvinyl alcohol acetate, polymers
of vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether and tetramethylene glycol
divinyl ether, polymers of sulfur-containing vinyl compounds such as vinyl
sulfone or vinyl sulfoxide, polymers of unsaturated aldehydes such as
acrolein, polymers of unsaturated ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone,
polymers of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic
acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid, polymers of
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as methyl acrylate,
ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate or maleic acid
monomethyl ester, polymers of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitriles such as
acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile, polymers of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated
carboxylic acid amides such as acrylamide or methacrylamide, polyethers
such as polyphenylene oxide, polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide or
polytetramethylene oxide, polypeptides such as polyglutamic acid,
polyalanine, polylysine, polyaspartic acid or polyphenylalanine,
polyamides such as nylon-3, nylon-4, nylon-5, nylon-6, nylon-7, nylon-11,
nylon-12, nylon-6,6, nylon-6,10, poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), or
poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide), polyesters derived from polycarboxylic
acids such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, adipic acid, maleic
acid, fumaric acid, or trimellitic acid and polyols such as ethylene
glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentaerythritol or bisphenol A,
polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid,
lactic acid or hydroxypivalic acid, silicone rubbers such as
dimethylpolysiloxane, methylphenylpolysiloxane, methylvinylpolysiloxane,
cyanoalkylmethylpolysiloxanes, and fluoroalkylmethylpolysiloxanes,
polyurethanes derived from polyisocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate,
xylene diisocyanate, phenylene diisocyanate, ethylene diisocyanate,
diphenylmethane diisocyanate and toluene triisocyanate and polyols such as
polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polyesters containing a
hydroxy group at both terminals, formaldehyde resins such as
phenol-formaldehyde resins, xylene-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde
resins, or melamine-formaldehyde resins, polymers containing a tetracyclic
ring such as polyimides, polybenzimidazoles and polythiazoles,
polycarbonates derived from bisphenol A and phosgene, polysulfones derived
from bisphenol A and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone, natural organic
polymers such as cellulose, starch, proteins, and natural rubber.
In accordance with the method of this invention, a film comprising an acid
anhydride group-containing polymer and a polyol, wherein the acid
anhydride groups are partially reacted with the polyol, is first formed on
the surface of the article (e.g., by conventional coating techniques). The
simplest and most effective method of forming the film comprises coating a
solution containing the acid anhydride group-containing polymer and polyol
on the article, to form a film on the surface of the article, and then
reacting the acid anhydride group-containing polymer and the polyol by
heating.
Solvents which can be used in preparing the solution of the acid anhydride
group-containing polymer and polyol include dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,
ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, chloroform,
methylene chloride, nitromethane, nitropropane, benzene, toluene, xylene,
dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone,
dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether,
anisole, phenetole, etc. These solvents can be used alone or in admixtures
comprising two or more thereof.
The concentration of the acid anhydride group-containing polymer in the
solution is preferably from about 0.005 to 20% by weight, and more
preferably from 0.01 to 10% by weight, and the concentration of the polyol
is preferably from about 0.01 to 30% by weight, and more preferably from
0.05 to 10% by weight.
In order to accelerate the reaction between the anhydride group and polyol,
to this solution can be added, if desired, acids such as acetic acid,
sulfuric acid, chloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, etc., or bases such
as triethylamine, pyridine, etc., so that the concentration of acids or
bases be preferably about 0.001 to 2% by weight and more preferably about
0.005 to 1% by weight.
For coating the solution thus-prepared on the surface of the article, a
method of soaking the article in the solution, a method of spraying the
solution on the solid surface, a method of coating the solution by use of
a doctor knife, a brush or the like, etc., can be used.
After the coating of the article with the solution, the article is dried to
remove the solvent and it is then heated at a temperature of preferably
from about 30.degree. to 180.degree. C., and more preferably from
50.degree. to 150.degree. C., for a period of preferably from about 5
minutes to 48 hours, and more preferably from 10 minutes to 24 hours, to
cause the reaction between the acid anhydride group-containing polymer and
the polyol.
The thickness of the film formed on the surface of the article is
preferably from about 0.01.mu. to 500.mu., and more preferably from
0.05.mu. to 100.mu..
In the method of this invention, it is necessary to allow unreacted acid
anhydride groups to remain in the coating film formed on the surface of
the article. The simplest method to achieve the above object is to
regulate the amounts of the acid anhydride group-containing polymer and
polyol so that the molar ratio of the acid anhydride group to the hydroxy
group be more than 1. Even though the molar ratio of the acid anhydride
group to the hydroxy group is not more than 1, unreacted acid anhydride
groups are allowed to remain by suitably adjusting the reaction
temperature and reaction time.
Another method of forming the film on the surface of the article, said film
comprising the acid anhydride group-containing polymer and the polyol and
a part of the acid anhydride group being reacted with the polyol,
comprises coating a solution of the acid anhydride group-containing
polymer (the concentration is preferably about 0.005 to 20% by weight and
especially preferably about 0.01 to 10% by weight) and then a solution of
the polyol (the concentration is preferably about 0.01% by weight or more
and especially preferably about 0.05% by weight or more, and when the
polyol is liquid at room temperature, it can be used as is) or in the
reverse order, on the surface of the article to form a film thereof, and
thereafter reacting the acid anhydride group and polyol by heating.
Another method of forming the film on the surface of the article comprises
coating a solution of the acid anhydride group-containing polymer or a
solution of the polyol on the surface of the article, soaking the article
in the solution of the polyol or the solution of the acid anhydride
group-containing polymer and then reacting the acid anhydride
group-containing polymer and the polyol by heating.
In the method of this invention, the unreacted acid anhydride group of the
coating film and an enzyme are then reacted. The reaction between the
unreacted acid anhydride group of the film and the enzyme can be carried
out as follows: the enzyme is dissolved in water, methanol, ethanol,
propanol, dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc., or a
mixture thereof and the article is treated in the enzyme solution at a
temperature of preferably from about -20.degree. to 60.degree. C., and
especially preferably from 0.degree. to 40.degree. C., for a period of
preferably from about 30 minutes to 7 days, and especially preferably from
1 hour to 3 days. The concentration of the enzyme is preferably from about
0.0001 to 50 mg/l, and especially preferably from 0.0005 to 10 mg/l. The
treatment of the article with the enzyme solution is carried out by
soaking the article in the enzyme solution. As necessary, a fresh surface
of the article is provided by stirring, circulation, shaking, etc., during
the surface treatment.
At this treatment, the pH of the enzyme solution is desirably maintained at
from about 3 to 10 and preferably at from 4 to 9. For this purpose,
buffers such as a phosphate buffer, an acetate buffer, etc., alkalis such
as sodium hydroxide, etc., and acids such as hydrochloric acid, etc., can
be used. Additionally, in order to stabilize the enzyme solution and
prevent the inactivation of the enzyme, as additives, 10 g/l or less of
proteins such as albumin and gelatin or 2 mol/l or less of salts such as
sodium chloride can be, as necessary, added to the enzyme solution.
After the treatment of the article with the enzyme solution, the article is
washed with water, a buffer, e.g., a phosphate buffer, an acetate buffer,
etc., or a solution of a salt, e.g., sodium chloride. Thereafter, the
article is stored in water or a solution of a salt, or alternatively after
being dried, can be, as necessary, stored in an atmosphere of an inert
gas, e.g., nitrogen, argon, etc., or in vacuo, or in atmosphere.
Almost all enzymes can be used in the method of this invention, including
fibrinolytic enzymes. Useful enzymes include oxidoreductase such as
alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase,
luciferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, L-amino acid oxidase, tyrosinase,
catalase, peroxidase, etc., transferase such as hexokinase, pyruvate
kinase, creatine kinase, polynucleotide phosphorylase, ribonuclease, t-RNA
nucleotidyltransferase, hydrolase such as lipase, acetylcholinesterase,
cholinesterase, steroid esterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase,
fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, deoxyribonuclease, staphylococcal nuclease,
sterol sulfatase, .alpha.-amylase, .beta.-amylase, .gamma.-amylase,
cellulase, dextranase, .beta.-glucosidase, invertase,
.beta.-glucuronidase, hyaluronidase, naringinase, leucine aminopeptidase,
carboxypeptidase, prolidase, pepsin, rennin, trypsin, chymotrypsin,
papain, ficin, thrombin, renin, subtilopeptidase, kallikrein, bromelain,
pronase, streptokinase, urokinase, plasmin, brinolase, L-asparginase,
urease, uricase, penicillin amidase, aminoacylase, ATPase, apyrase, etc.,
lyase such as pyruvate decarboxylase, fructosediphosphate aldolase,
threonine deaminase, etc., isomerase such as glucose isomerase, etc.,
ligase such as isoleucyl t-RNA synthetase, etc. Using these enzymes, the
corresponding enzyme activity can be provided to the surface of the
article by the method of this invention.
The method of this invention has the advantage that it can be applied to
any article whether it contains reactive functional groups in the surface
thereof or not, without deteriorating the mechanical properties of the
article. Furthermore, this invention has the advantages that the bonding
strength between the article and enzyme is strong, the enzyme activity is
high and the enzyme activity is maintained for a long period of time, and
therefore that the continuous reaction is possible. For example, beads
provided with enzyme activity by the method of this invention can be
packed in a column and on flowing a substrate solution through the column,
a reaction product can continuously be removed. Where the enzyme activity
is provided on the inner walls of a tube, the reaction product can
continuously be removed by passing the substrate solution through the
tube. Furthermore, where the enzyme activity is provided to the surface of
a membrane having selective permeability or to the surface of a hollow
fiber, the enzyme reaction can be carried out while at the same time
separating the substrate and the reaction product.
The article provided with the enzyme activity can be utilized for medical
applications. For example, the provision of the fibrinolytic activity of a
fibrinolytic enzyme, e.g., urokinase, streptokinase, brinolase, plasmin,
etc., to tubes for catheter, surgical drain and extracarporeal
circulation, tubes for vascular prosthesis, adsorbents for blood
purification, heart assist devices, artificial hearts, artificial kidneys,
artificial lungs, etc., which come in direct contact with blood permits
the prevention of thrombus formation.
The following examples are given to illustrate this invention in greater
detail.
EXAMPLE 1
A 200.mu. thick polyurethane film was soaked in an acetone solution of 1
(W/V)% of a maleic anhydridemethyl vinyl ether copolymer and 1 (W/V)% of
polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 400 for 30 seconds at
room temperature and then heated under reduced pressure at from 90.degree.
to 100.degree. C. for 3 hours. Infrared analysis of the film confirmed
that the surface of the film contained the acid anhydride group (1,840
cm.sup.-1).
This film was soaked in a physiological saline solution (600 unit/ml) of
urokinase at 7.degree. C. for 24 hours and then washed well with a
physiological saline solution. The polyurethane film with urokinase bonded
thereto was cut to form a disk having a diameter of 5 mm, and by using a
fibrin plate, the fibrinolytic activity of the disk was measured as
follows:
The disk was placed on a fibrin membrane which had been prepared by adding
a physiological saline solution of thrombin and allowed to stand at
37.degree. C. for 24 hours. It was observed that the fibrin membrane was
dissolved in a circular form having a diameter of 26 mm around the disk.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with the exception that
streptokinase was used in place of urokinase. The disk with streptokinase
bonded thereto dissolved the fibrin membrane in a circular form having a
diameter of 15 mm.
EXAMPLE 3
A benzene solution of 0.5 (W/V)% of a maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer
and 0.1 (W/V)% of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 400 was
placed in a nylon-6 tube of an inner diameter of 3 mm, an outer diameter
of 5 mm and a length of 35 mm, and allowed to stand at room temperature
for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the benzene solution was withdrawn from the
tube, and the tube was heated at from 100.degree. C. to 105.degree. C. for
1 hour; this procedure was further repeated three times.
A mixture of 5 mg (5,100 unit) of .beta.-amylase and 1 to 5 mg of reduced
glutathion was dissolved in 5 ml of a 1/15 M phosphoric acid buffer
solution (pH 6.0). The solution so obtained was injected into the nylon
tube and allowed to stand at 7.degree. C. for 24 hours. Thereafter, the
nylon tube was washed with a physiological saline solution.
In the nylon-6 tube with .beta.-amylase bonded thereto as described above
was injected 1 ml of a 1% soluble starch solution (0.1 M-an acetic acid
buffer solution, pH 4.8), and immediately after the injection of the
solution, both ends of the nylon tube were connected to form a loop. This
loop was placed on a rotating carriage which was canted down by 23.degree.
and rotated at a rate of 16 rpm. During this rotation, the temperature was
maintained at 25.degree. C. After 5 minutes, the reaction solution was
withdrawn and the amount of maltose formed was measured and found to be
4.1 mg (yield 41%).
EXAMPLE 4
A surgical drain (inner diameter 8 mm, outer diameter 10 mm, length 50 cm)
for use in thoracic surgery was soaked in an acetone solution of 0.2
(W/V)% of a maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl ether copolymer and 0.2 (W/V)%
of diethylene glycol for 30 seconds and then heated under reduced pressure
at about 100.degree. C. for 1 hour. This process was conducted one more
time.
This drain tube was soaked in a physiological saline solution (1,200
units/ml) of urokinase, allowed to stand at 7.degree. C. for 2 days and
then washed with a physiological saline solution. The drain tube with
urokinase fixed thereon was cut to a thickness of 2 mm. With the
thus-obtained test piece, the fibrinolytic activity was measured using a
fibrin plate in the same manner as in Example 1, and it was observed that
the fibrin membrane was dissolved in a circular form of a diameter of 24
mm around the test piece.
EXAMPLE 5
The interior of a heart assist device made from polyurethane was filled
with an acetone solution of 0.2 (W/V)% of a maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl
ether copolymer and 0.4 (W/V)% of polyethylene glycol having a molecular
weight of 400, and after allowing to stand for 1 minute, the acetone
solution was withdrawn. Thereafter, the heart assist device was heated
under reduced pressure at about 100.degree. C. for 1 hour; this process
was repeated three more times.
The heart assist device was filled with a physiological saline solution
(1,200 units/ml) of urokinase, allowed to stand at 7.degree. C. for 2 days
and then washed with a physiological saline solution. The heart assist
device with urokinase fixed thereon was cut to a square of 5 mm.times.5
mm. With this test piece, the fibrinolytic activity was measured using a
fibrin plate in the same manner as in Example 1, and it was observed that
the fibrin membrane was dissolved in a circular form of a diameter of 32
mm around the test piece.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to
specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the
art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without
departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
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