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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the art of spectrum-shaping or filtering of noisy
signals.
The utilization of speech signals, data translation links, communication
nets and the like is of times hampered or limited due to the unavoidable
presence or injection otherwise of noise and interfering signals. In the
receiver process or video detection of noisy RF signals, the video process
and associated video circuit delays tend to integrate the presence of such
noise. A usual method of obtaining spectral shaping or "filtering" has
been the performance of spectrum-whitening by means of the classical
predictive-deconvolution filters, as described by B. Widrow et al in the
article "Adaptive Noise Cancelling; Principles and Applications", Proc.
IEEE, Vol. 63, pages 1692-1716, Dec. 1975. If a spectrum shape other than
flat is desired, then the deconvolution filter is usually followed by a
second filter whose frequency response matches the shape of the desired
spectrum, as described by J. E. Paul in the paper "Adaptive Digital
Techniques for Audio Noise Cancellation", Proc. 1978 ISCAS (International
Symposium for Circuits and Systems), New York, May 1978 (sponsored by
IEEE). Many signal-processing problems, such as the restoration of
natural-sounding spectrum to computer-enhanced speech, are amenable to
such solution of sequentially spectrum-whitening and then
spectral-shaping. However, in noisy signal-processing applications,
involving detection of, say, a specific spectral line contained amid a
very rich spectrum the above-described method may be inadequate, for the
reason that the spectrum whitening procedure discriminates against the
sought-after signal as much as any other component of the spectral
content. In other words, in flattening and attenuating the spectrum, the
spectral line of interest is similarly attenuated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
By means of the concept of my invention, the above-noted limitations of the
prior art predictive-deconvolution-filter method is avoided, and an
improved method of pre-selective spectral shaping is obtained.
In a preferred embodiment of the inventive concept, there is provided a
predictive-deconvolution filter having a tap weight computer, a respective
first and second input of the tap weight computer responsively coupled to
an input and output, respectively, of said filter. Interposed at the
inputs of the tap weight computer are matched or paired preselected
bandpass means.
In normal operation of the above described arrangement, spectral whitening
and suppression occurs for that portion of the spectrum within the
bandpass of the matched filter inputs of the tap weight computer, as to
thus provide relative enhancement of that spectral portion lying within
the bandpass of the system but outside the bandpass of the matched filter
inputs to the tap weight computer.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide preselective
predictive deconvolution.
Another object of the invention is to provide improved means for detecting
a signal carrier amid interference and unwanted carriers.
These and other objects of the invention become more readily apparent from
the following description, when taken together with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art arrangement of spectral whitening
and spectral-shaping.
FIG. 2A is a representative spectral diagram of a noisy spectral input of
about 18 db level.
FIG. 2B is a spectral diagram of an exemplary input of three carriers amid
the 18 db level noise spectrum.
FIG. 3A is a representative response of the spectral whitener of FIG. 1 to
the input posed by FIG. 2B, showing the suppression of the carrier of
interest.
FIG. 3B is an exemplary response of the device of FIG. 1, including the
shaping filter, to the applied input of FIG. 2B, showing the limited
enhancement achieved for the suppressed carrier of interest in FIG. 3A.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system embodying the inventive concept.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating in further detail the cooperation
between the tap weight computer and matched input filters of FIG. 3.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are representative spectral outputs of the augmenting input
and feedback filters to the tap weight computer for the system of FIG. 4
in response to the applied system input depicted in FIG. 2B.
FIG. 6C is a representative spectral output of the inventive system of FIG.
4 in response to the applied system input depicted in FIG. 2B.
In the figures, like reference characters refer to like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a block diagram of a prior
art arrangement for spectral shaping of a rich spectral content or high
spectral density signal input. Such prior art arrangement includes a
classic prediction convolution filter 10 (as a spectral whitener) in
tandem with and followed by a spectral shaping filter 11. Such an
arrangement might be used for whitening (i.e., flattening or levelling and
suppressing) and then shaping the approximately 18 db input noise spectrum
of FIG. 2A. Such exemplar spectrum is shown as comprising the frequency
region of above 550 megahertz and below 5500 megahertz. FIG. 2B depicts
the 18 db noisy input of FIG. 2A and also includes a first signal of
interest 21 at about 1000 MHZ amid two higher-energy carriers not of
interest 22 and 23 at about 500 MHZ and 1500 MHZ, respectively. The
frequency spacing between these signals may be about 41/2 percent of the
system sampling frequency. The effects of whitener 10 in FIG. 1 on the
spectral input depicted in FIG. 2B is illustrated in FIG. 3A as tending to
have flattened the non-signal bearing noisy part of the spectrum (e.g.,
the region, say, above 2200 MHZ), the suppressive effect of element 10
being more pronounced on the higher energy spectral elements (of FIG. 2B)
and being most pronounced at points 121, 122 and 123 in the output
depicted in FIG. 3A, being less pronounced at point 121 (in FIG. 3A) for
the lesser element 21 (of FIG. 2B). In other words, the noise spectrum,
while "whitened", tends not to be suppressed or notched in the manner of
the high energy signal carriers. The phenomenon of such notching of the
spectrum in the region of the carriers has been observed in the art by M.
J. Shensa in his paper "Non-Weiner Solutions of the Adaptive Noise
Canceller with a Noisy Reference", IEEE Trans., Vol. ASSP-28, No. 4, Aug.
1980, pages 468-473.
By applying such response of element 10 (as illustrated in FIG. 3A) as an
input to the spectral shaper of FIG. 1, only a limited degree of
enhancement of the suppressed carrier of interest (point 121 in FIG. 3A)
is obtained, as illustrated by the spectral diagram of FIG. 3B. Such
overall response would be obtained with, say a second-order shaping filter
having a nominally damped resonant mode at the frequency corresponding to
the carrier frequency of interest. It is to be observed from a comparison
of FIG. 3B with FIG. 3A, that the spectral peaking effect of the shaping
filter 11 yet does not cause the carrier signal of interest to
significantly stand out from amid the noise.
In other words, the performance of the prior-art arrangement in FIG. 1 is
only marginal, when compared to that to be achieved by means of the
inventive concept depicted in FIG. 4.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated in block diagram form a
system embodying the concept of the invention. There is provided a
transversal adaptive filter 10C consisting of transversal filter 10A in
cooperation with a tap weight computer 10B and corresponding to the
component elements of the prior-art prediction-convolution filter 10 in
FIG. 1. A respective first and second input of tap weight computer 10B is
responsively coupled to a respective input and output of element 10A.
There is further provided, in accordance with the concept of the
invention, preselectively band-pass limited means 12 and 112,
respectively, interposed at a respective one of the two inputs to tap
weight computer 10B. The cooperation of filters 12 and 112 with tap weight
computer 10B is shown in further detail in FIG. 5, illustrating the usual
tap weight computer arrangement of successive delays z.sup.-1 of the first
input V.sub.n ; the processing of the second input u.sub.n by a criterion
function generator, f(u.sub.n) and scale factor .mu..sub.o ; multiplying
each of the successively delayed first inputs by the processed second
input; and then integrating each of the products with respect to time (via
a respective one of integrators 14); thereby generating the tap weights
a.sub.o, . . . a.sub.N-1.
In the arrangement of FIG. 4, the spectrum shaping function is achieved by
means of the cooperation of filters 12 and 112. Each of such filters may
be comprised of a simple second order notch filter whose 3 db bandwidth is
1% of the sampling frequency. The construction and arrangement of notch
filters is well-understood to those skilled in the art, as indicated by
U.S. Pat. No. 3,241,077 for "SELF-ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM ELIMINATING
VARIABLE UNWANTED COMPONENTS", issued Mar. 15, 1966 to R. K. Smyth, et al.
The application of such art to sampled data systems is also well
understood in the art, as indicated by the reference "Design of Digital
Notch Networks for Use in Servomechanisms", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronic
Control Instrum., V.IECT-20, N.3, 8173, pages 138-144, for example.
Accordingly, elements 12 and 112 are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 in block form
only for convenience in exposition.
The selection of the performance criterion F(u.sub.n) and its derivative
dF(u.sub.n)/du.sub.n =f(u.sub.n) for convergence to a unique and true
minimum, in the design of the transversal adaptive filter, is well
understood in the art. See, for example, S. A. White, "Theory and Design
of Linear Estimators for Adaptive Automatic-Control Systems, PhD Thesis,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., June 1965. The rate of adjustment of
each parameter by a steepest-descent parameter adjustment rule, to assure
such convergence, is more fully described in P. Eykhoff, "Some Fundamental
Aspects of Process-Parameter Estimation", Trans. IEEE, Vol. AC-8, No. 4,
Oct. 1963, pages 347-357; and in C. B. Tompkins, "Methods of Steep
Descent", Chapt. 18 of Modern Mathematics for the Engineer, Ed. E. F.
Beckenbach, McGraw Hill, New York 1956.
If a least-absolute value (LAV) performance criterion is used, then
F(u.sub.n)=min .vertline.u.sub.n .vertline. and f(u.sub.n)=sgn u.sub.n. In
such case the multipliers 13 of FIG. 5 can then be replaced by inverters
and multiplexer switches, because
.DELTA.a.sub.j =(V.sub.jn)(Sgn u.sub.n).
where:
.DELTA.a.sub.j =adjustments to the tap weighting, a.sub.j
v.sub.jn =tap weight computer input from element 12.
u.sub.n =tap weight computer input from element 112.
That such criterion provides an unbiased estimate of the minimum mean
absolute error, is shown by W. B. Davenport, Jr. and W. L. Root, "An
Introduction to the Theory of Random Signals and Noise", Capts. 5, 14,
McGraw Hill, New York, 1958 and does not constitute an aspect of the
invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the center of the notch bandwidth of each of
filters 12 and 112 (in FIGS. 4 and 5) is preselected to correspond to the
carrier spectral line 21 of interest (in FIG. 2B).
Thus, in normal operation of the arrangement of FIG. 4, each of filters 12
and 112 exhibits a frequency response which is, generally, the inverse of
the shaped output spectrum desired from the transversal adaptive filter
10A. The cooperation of elements 10A and 10B in FIG. 4 tend to flatten the
output spectrum from element 112 in the usual way, but for suppression of
the three high-energy spectral lines 421, 422 and 423 in the applied input
spectrum as shown in FIG. 6B. Therefore, the input to element 112
(corresponding to the output of element 10A) will tend to be the inverse
of the frequency response of element 112, and hence will tend to
demonstrate the desired spectral output or spectral shape. FIG. 6A depicts
the response of notch filter 12 to the applied input of FIG. 2B to the
device of FIG. 4, while FIG. 6B depicts the associated output response of
the second notch filter 112 (in cooperation with the transversal adaptive
filter 10A) of FIG. 4. It is to be noted from a comparison of FIGS. 2B and
6A that the effect of first notch filter 12 is to notch or suppress the
carrier of interest 21, as shown by point 321 in FIG. 6A. It is to be
similarly noted from a comparison of FIG. 6B (i.e., the output to element
112) and 6C (i.e., the input to element 112, corresponding to the output
of element 10A) that in the spectral region of interest (i.e., points 221
and 421 in FIGS. 6C and 6B, respectively) the output of element 10A of
FIGS. 4 and 5 displays an enhanced response over that of the noise
spectrum and which is the inverse of the frequency response characteristic
of the notch filter. As noted above, such response point 221 in FIG. 6C
for the device of FIG. 4 is clearly enhanced relative to point 121A in
FIG. 3B associated with the device of FIG. 1.
Although the concept of the invention has been described in terms of
employing notch filters for spectral-shaping elements 12 and 112 in FIGS.
4 and 5, the concept of my invention is not so limited, and other
frequency shaping forms may be employed.
Although the invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is
to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and
example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and
scope of this invention being limited only by the terms of the appended
claims.
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