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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a DC motor, and more particularly to a
cored DC motor with armature coils wound on an iron core provided on the
rotary shaft and capable of providing a high torque at a low-speed
rotation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In recent years, DC motors for driving electronic appliances are increasing
used in so-called direct driving system in which the motor is directly
connected to an object member without intermediate gears or belts. For
this reason, there has been required a smaller and lighter motor capable
of achieving a high torque and a low-speed rotation with uniform torque
and rotation speed.
In order to achieve a lower rotation speed and a higher torque in a motor
of a given form and dimension, there is already known the use of an
increased number of poles in the field system. More specifically, the
revolution N decreases while the torque T increases in accordance with an
increase in the number p of poles as represented by following general
relations for a motor:
##EQU1##
wherein: V: voltage applied
I: current
R: resistance between terminals
Z: total number of effective conductors
.PHI.: number of effective magnetic fluxes
a: number of parallel circuits
p: number of poles.
The use of multiple poles in small DC motors is common mainly in brushless
motors, such as shown in FIG. 1 which corresponds to that disclosed in
Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-open No. 52614/1977, but in
commutator motors, the use of such multiple poles is limited to the use of
four poles in 3-slot motors. In such 3-slot motors the winding density
remains same both for 2 poles and for 4 poles as will be explained later,
and the use of multiple poles leads to a decrease in the number of
effective fluxes .PHI. as long as the material of magnets is not changed.
For this reason, a significant improvement in the motor performance cannot
be expected in such motors.
Although a lower rotation speed and a higher torque are already achieved in
brushless motors through the use of multiple poles, the brushless motors
themselves are becoming unsuitable for certain appliances such as video
tape recorders in consideration of the recent trend toward a smaller and
lighter mechanism and toward a lower price.
The motor of the present invention can be manufactured with a cost
comparable to that of the conventional cored motors and still is capable
of providing a marked improvement in achieving a lower rotating speed, a
higher torque and a smaller and lighter structure.
As already known, in order to expand the torque increase rate (m) for a
given decrease in the motor revolution, it is necessary to increase a
value equal to the square of torque constant divided by the resistance
between terminals:
m=1.027.times.(K.sup.2 /R).times.10.sup.-5
wherein:
K: torque constant (g.cm/A)
R: resistance between terminals (.OMEGA.).
Said value m represents the increase in torque per decrease in revolution
and is expressed by m=.DELTA.T/.DELTA.N.apprxeq.Ts/N.sub.0
wherein:
Ts: starting moment (g.cm)
N.sub.0 : revolution without load (rpm).
As explained before, said value m is proportional to K.sup.2 while
K.varies.Z.PHI., so that there is obtained a relation m.varies.Z.sup.2 /R
since .PHI. can be considered approximately constant for a given material
of magnet and a given dimension.
As long as a given structure is assumed for the motor, the value of R
increases with an increase in Z but the value of m remains substantially
constant.
Now let us consider the effect of the number p of poles as a factor
influencing on the values of N and T.
For an armature core of a given shape, a coil structure for two poles
involves, as shown in FIG. 2, a long coil pitch L.sub.1 and mutually
overlapping coils l.sub.1 -l.sub.5, thus giving rise to long end
connections and to a large axial dimension as shown in FIG. 3.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A prime object of the present invention is to provide a DC cored motor
capable of providing a high torque at a relatively low revolution,
particularly such DC cored motor allowing flatened construction.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become fully
apparent from the following description with particular reference to the
attached drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional cored motor with 4
magnetic poles, 3 protruding poles (slots) on the core and 3 coils;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a motor with 2 poles, 5
protruding poles on the core and 5 mutually overlapping coils;
FIG. 3 is a schematic axial cross-sectional view of the motor shown in FIG.
2;
FIG. 4 is an elevational section view of a motor embodying the present
invention;
FIG. 5 is a view taken along line A--A of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic axial cross-section view of the motor of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a front view of a segmented anisotropic ferrite field system;
FIG. 8 is a front view of an annular magnet with radial anisotropy employed
in the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the wiring in the armature of the present
invention;
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the shortcircuiting of commutator segments in
the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing another embodiment of shortcircuiting of
commutator segments;
FIG. 12 is a view showing a printed circuit pattern for shortcircuiting
commutator risers mutually distanced by 180.degree. ; and
FIG. 13 is a view showing the mounting of the circuit pattern shown in FIG.
12 on the commutator.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is featured by a DC cored motor provided with an odd
number of iron cores for winding armature coils and with a doubled number
of segments in the commutator for supplying current to said armature
coils, wherein iron cores with 2n+1 poles are combined with field magnets
with 2n poles, in which n stands for an integer equal to or larger than 2.
Now reference is made to FIG. 4 for explaining the motor structure,
wherein shown are a cylindrical motor case 1, and field magnets 2 mounted
along the internal periphery of said motor case 1 outside of said armature
coils, and with 4 poles mutually separated by 90.degree. as shown in FIG.
5.
A motor shaft 4 is supported by the motor case 1 through a bearing 6. A
laminated iron core 8 mounted on an armature 4a on the shaft 4 is provided
with 5 protruding poles (i.e., N=2) as shown in FIG. 5 for respectively
supporting armature coils l.sub.6 -l.sub.10. A commutator 10 fixed on said
shaft 4 is divided into 10 (i.e., 2(2n+1)) segments for supplying said
armature coils with electric power from a line 14 through a commutator
brush 12.
The 4-pole structure as shown in FIG. 5 provides an angular distance of
90.degree. between N and S poles thus realizing a short coil pitch L2 with
short end connections, and the absence of overlapping coils reduces the
axial dimension H.sub.2 as shown in FIG. 6, thus allowing to attain a flat
motor structure. Also the above-described structure, allowing to
incorporate an approximately doubled number of turns within a determined
volume, provides an unexpectedly large increase in the value m, in
combination with shortened end connections. As a result the number of
poles is doubled (from 2 to 4) and the number of conductors is increased
by .sqroot.2 times so that the value of m is increased 4 times for a
determined material of magnets, even if the shortening of end connections
is cancelled by the increase in the number of conductors with respect to
the resistance.
A 4-pole DC commutator motor is already realized as a coreless motor not
containing a slotted core, but the cylindrical coil in such motor is
composed of a dense coil structure and has no space for significantly
increasing the number of conductors. For this reason it is not possible to
significantly increase the torque though the speed of revolution can be
reduced by an increase in the number of poles. Another advantage of such
coreless motor lies in a fact that the torque ripple can be reduced by the
use of a multi-segment commutator, for example with 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13
segments even in a relatively small commutator since the number of
segments is not limited by the number of slots in the iron core.
The present invention allows not only to significantly increase the number
of conductors but also to double the number of commutator segments,
thereby realizing a motor with an extremely low torque ripple and with an
improved efficiency, reaching 80% or even higher, and such motor can be
for example used as a direct-drive capstan motor in a video tape recorder
instead of the conventional coreless motor.
Also in comparison with the conventional armature with mutually overlapping
coils, the armature according to the present invention is lighter for a
determined output because of the use of a thinner armature core and of a
reduced amount of wire, thereby achieving an improved power rate adequate
for use as a servo motor. The improvement in efficiency and the reduced
use of wires are also favorable in consideration of energy and material
saving.
A 4-times larger value of m signifies that a 4-times larger starting moment
can be achieved by a motor with a determined revolution without load, and
with magnets of a same material. The above-mentioned effects can be
obtained by a combination of 2n poles with 2n+1 slots, wherein n is an
integer equal to or larger than 2. On the other hand the use of 2n-1 slots
is not desirable because of a loss in the number of effective conductors
and other drawbacks. As an example, a motor with 4 poles and 2n-1=3 slots
(n=2) as shown in FIG. 1 does not provide a perceptible effect since the
amount of coils is identical to that in the 2-pole motor. Moreover the use
of an armature core same as that in the 2-pole motor may result in a loss
in the effective conductor number in relation to the length of arcs in the
armature core.
Structures with different values of n, listed in the following table:
______________________________________
poles Slots Commutator segments
______________________________________
n = 2 4 5 10
n = 3 6 7 14
n = 4 8 9 18
______________________________________
provide respective advantages, but a structure with n=2 is particularly
preferable since the commutator with 14 or 18 segments is complex in
structure and is not so easily adaptable to a small motor.
As is clear from the foregoing table, the number of commutator segments is
always twice the number of slots, i.e. 2(2n+1).
In the present invention a magnet with optimum distribution of effective
magnetic fluxes is required in order to obtain a motor with a low speed of
revolution, a high torque and a small torque ripple. An annular magnet
composed of isotropic barium ferrite is adequate as a 2-pole field magnet
but shows a loss in the number of total fluxes because of an increased
leak of flux between the poles when the number of poles is increased. Such
loss is contradictory to the aforementioned assumption that the number of
effective fluxes .PHI. should remain constant for increasing the value of
m.
The increase in the magnetic fluxes can be achieved, for a given volume, by
an anisotropic ferrite field magnet 2, but in practice such magnet is
realized by the use of segment magnets 2B as shown in FIG. 7, since an
integral annular magnet may not be manufactured with an acceptable cost by
the currently available technology. However, such segment structure not
only increases the number of steps in the assembling but also shows a
strong magnetic flux at the edges of each magnet segment 2B to an edge
effect of each magnet segment 2B, thereby resulting in a strong cogging
and giving rise to a motor with uneven torque. In the present invention,
however, the abovementioned drawbacks have been resolved by the use of a
recently developed annular magnet with radial anisotropy. As shown in FIG.
8, said magnet 2C provides radially oriented uniform magnetic fields, has
no edge effect because of annular structure, and can be magnetized with a
distribution optimum for obtaining uniform torque. Also said magnet
enables to improve the performance by 50% in comparison with the isotropic
ferrite magnet, thus providing a high uniform torque.
Now there will be given an explanation on the wirings in the motor. As
shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 respectively for the armature and the commutator,
there are provided 10 commutator segments for 5 coils, so that it is
necessary to shortcircuit the segment risers distanced by 180.degree. or
to shortcircuit the brushes distanced by 180.degree. as shown in FIG. 11.
As is clearly shown in FIG. 9, each alternate commutator segment, i.e. No.
1, No. 3, No. 5, No. 7 and No. 9, is connected to one end of each of two
coils which are separated from each other by an intermediate coil. Thus,
for example, commutator segment No. 3 is shown to be connected to one end
of coils 1.sub.10 and 1.sub.7, which are separated from each other by
intermediate coil 1.sub.6. As is also clearly shown in FIGS. 9 and 10,
each commutator segment is electrically connected, i.e. short circuited,
to another segment displaced therefrom by 180.degree. around the
commutator
Since the use of 4 brushes is rather complex in a small motor, the motor of
the present invention adopts the shortcircuiting of risers as shown in
FIG. 10, but mere connections with wires are not preferable in
consideration of the work efficiency and of the reliability. FIG. 12 shows
a printed circuit, on a face of which the risers No. 1 and 6 are connected
by a pattern positioned outside the risers, while the risers No. 5 and No.
10 are connected by a pattern positioned inside the risers, and the risers
No. 2 and 7 are connected by a pattern positioned inside and outside the
risers, and on the other face the risers No. 3-No. 8 and No. 4-No. 9 are
mutually connected with patterns similar to those connecting the risers
No. 1-No. 6 and No. 2-No. 7. Such printed circuit with above-mentioned
patterns enables short-circuiting of risers mutually distanced by
180.degree. among ten risers by simple soldering. The above-described
printed circuit has patterns on both faces, but it is naturally possible
to form patterns on one face only if the dimension of the circuit board
can be selected sufficiently large.
As clearly shown in FIG. 4, the armature coils are located near the
periphery of the core 8 and form therewith spaces along the opposite faces
of the core. The commutator printed circuit (shown at 9 in FIG. 4) is
arranged in the space along one face of the core.
The DC commutator motor of the present invention is characterized by a
small size, a light weight and a flat structure, which are derived from
the absence of overlapping in the coils at the end connecting zone leading
to a significant reduction in the axial dimension of coils for a
determined output, and from a fact that the armature 4a is provided at the
center with a recess 20 and the armature shaft 4 is supported by an
oilless metal element 5 projecting inwardly from the center of the bottom
1a of the motor casing 1 as shown in FIG. 4, thereby dispensing with one
of two bearings usually employed in the conventional motors.
In relation to the weight of motor, it will be understood that the field
magnetic fluxes pass through the motor casing 1 constituting a magnetic
yoke, and that the motor casing can be made thinner with an increase in
the number of magnetic poles, since the number of fluxes per pole is
reduced. For example when the number of poles is increased from two to
four, the thickness of the casing can be reduced to 1/2. In this manner
the present invention is extremely effective for realizing a smaller and
lighter motor.
In order to avoid sparks, small motors are usually provided with a spark
extinguishing element, such as an annular printed resistor or a ring
varistor, around the commutator risers. In the motor of the present
invention, however, the use of such element is difficult because the
printed circuit board 9 shown in FIG. 12 is mounted on the commutator 10
as shown in FIG. 13. In order to avoid such difficulty, a spark
extinguishing element 16 is mounted, as shown in FIG. 4, in the space
along the core face opposite to the commutator. Such spark extinguishing
element 16 does not require a particular wiring but can be simply inserted
in the connections between the coil leads and commutator risers.
Further, as shown in FIG. 5, in order to provide a flatter motor, the coils
1.sub.6 -1.sub.10 are wound around the peripheral edges of the protruding
poles of the iron core 8, so as to provide space between the coils and the
rotary shaft 4. And, as shown in FIG. 4, the spark extinguishing element
16 and the printed circuit board 9 are arranged in this space. By these
arrangements, it is possible to shorten the dimension of the motor in the
axial direction and thereby to provide a flatter motor.
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