A REDOX cell to operate at elevated temperatures and utilizing the same two metal couples in each of the two reactant fluids is disclosed. Each fluid includes a bismuth salt and may also include a lead salt. A low cost, cation permselective membrane separates the reactant fluids.
The combination of gold, thallium, lead and bismuth is used as a catalyst in a battery comprised of at least one "redox" cell to accelerate the oxidation of chromous ions to chromic ions and the reduction of chromic ions to chromous ions. The gold, thallium, lead and bismuth catalyst is coated on an electronically conductive, inert electrode which is in the anode fluid of the "redox" cell.
Charged and uncharged all-vanadium redox batteries are disclosed. Also described are a process for charging the uncharged battery and a process for producing electricity from the charged battery. A process for recharging an all-vanadium redox battery which has been at least partially discharged is also disclosed.
