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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improvement in inflators that are designed to
lower internal pressure capability in order to minimize weight such as
inflators that utilize aluminum in place of steel in the construction of
the casing or housing.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many forms of inflators for the inflation of inflatable crash protection or
"air bag" restraint systems are known in the prior art. One form of such
inflators utilizes a solid fuel gas generant composition for the
generation of the inflating gas and includes as main component parts an
annular reaction or combustion chamber which is bounded by inner and outer
casing or housing structures, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
4,296,084, granted to G. V. Adams and F. E. Schneiter and assigned to the
assignee of the present invention.
Such gas generators or inflators must be constructed to withstand enormous
thermal and mechanical stresses for a short period during the gas
generation process. Thus, inflators that have been and are currently being
used to fill automobile or other vehicle crash bags are fabricated using
steel for the casing and other housing structural components, with the
structural components being joined together by screw threads, roll
crimping or welding.
Recent emphasis on weight reduction in automobiles has created a need for a
lighter weight crash bag inflation system. It has been determined that
significant weight reduction in the inflator can be achieved by the
utilization of aluminum for the steel housing and other structural
components. A form of inflator that utilizes aluminum for the housing
structure is disclosed and claimed in the copending application entitled
"INTERTIA WELDED INFLATOR" bearing Ser. No. 595,774, filed on April 2,
1984 by Wilbur J. Ahlf, Gary V. Adams, Donald J. Cunningham and Daniel P.
Dahle. That application is assigned to the assignee of the present
invention. The disclosure thereof, by reference, is incorporated herein.
The housing construction of the Ahlf et al. "INERTIA WELDED INFLATOR"
includes first and second aluminum structural components, specifically, a
diffuser shell and a base shell. The diffuser shell and the base shell are
welded together in a single inertia welding operation to form igniter,
combustion and filtering chambers, the assembly being welded in a wholly
loaded condition.
A problem is encountered when inflators utilizing aluminum for the housing
construction are subjected to a high temperature environment such as a
bonfire. This problem stems from the fact that at a temperature in the
650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.) range the pyrotechnics of the inflator
automatically ignite. In this temperature range, for convenience termed
the "auto ignite" temperature, the aluminum of the housing structure
degrades and tends to rupture or burst, sending pieces and fragments
flying in all directions. This problem is not encountered with inflators
that employ steel in the housing structure since steel does not degrade
until a much higher temperature of about 1100.degree. F. (593.degree. C.)
is reached. The use of aluminum in an inflator, in place of steel to
minimize weight, thus results in a lower inflator internal pressure
capability. This lower internal pressure capability could be hazardous in
a high temperature environment such as the inflator might be subjected to
in the event of fire whether in storage, being shipped, or installed in a
vehicle.
Thus, there is a need and a demand in such inflators that have housing
structures that are designed to a lower internal pressure capability in
order to minimize weight for a solution to this problem.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide a solution to the foregoing
problem.
Another object of the invention is to provide, in combination with an
inflator, the casing or housing of which is structured to a lower internal
pressure capability in order to minimize weight such as by the use of
aluminum in place of steel, a safety device that is operative to cause the
inflator pyrotechnics to function when the device is exposed to an
intermediate range of high temperatures that is substantially higher than
the ambient temperature range to which the inflator normally is subjected
but substantially lower than the auto ignite temperature of the
pyrotechnics of the inflator thereby to restrict the internal pressure
that is allowed to build up in the inflator, upon exposure of the latter
to a high temperature environment, to a range within the internal pressure
capability of the inflator.
A more specific object of the invention is to provide such a device that is
operative to cause the inflator pyrotechnics to function when the device
is exposed to a temperature of approximately 350.degree. F. (177.degree.
C.) in place of the 650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.) auto ignite
temperature which would occur automatically in the absence of the device.
In accomplishing these and other objectives of the invention, there is
provided an auto ignition or safety device comprising a container or
housing that may be made of aluminum, and contains auto ignition material
comprising granules of a standard gun powder that are selected to ignite
at a temperature of approximately 350.degree. F. (177.degree. C.), and
includes a foil seal. A cushion spacer may be provided to insure contact
between the auto ignition material and the surface of the container for
rapid heat transfer. An adhesive having high temperature properties up to
the temperature of auto ignition of the device is provided for attaching
the device to the inflator housing structure.
In operation, the combustion gases/particles, upon auto ignition, rupture
the foil seal and rapidly ignite the pyrotechnics or gas generant
composition in the inflator. One or two auto ignition devices may be used
in a single inflator. When two devices are used, one may be located in the
igniter chamber and the other in the combustion chamber. When only one
device is used, it may be located either in the igniter chamber or the
combustion chamber, as described hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Having summarized the invention, a detailed description of the invention
follows with reference being made to the accompanying drawings which form
part of the specification, of which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an inflator incorporating the auto ignition device
of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the inflator of FIG. 1 taken along the
lines 2--2 of FIG. 1 showing the auto ignition device included in the
igniter charge assembly;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view showing the igniter charge assembly
including the auto ignition device of FIG. 2 in greater detail; and
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a modified form inflator according to
the invention showing the auto ingition device located in the combustion
chamber.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The gas generator or inflator assembly 10 according to the present
invention has a generally cylindrical external outline, as shown in FIGS.
1 and 2, and includes a housing construction 12 comprising two structural
components. The two structural components, as shown in FIG. 2, comprise an
upper shell or diffuser 14 and a lower shell or base 16 which are joined
by three concentric inertia welds shown at 18, 20 and 22 to form the
housing construction 12 of the inflator assembly 10. The three inertia
welds 18, 20 and 22 are performed simultaneously in a single inertia
welding operation.
The diffuser 14 may be formed by forging with three concentric cylinders
24, 26 and 28, each of which cylinders extend downwardly from a common
flat upper wall 30 of the diffuser 14 to form a separate weld interface
with the base 16. The inner cylinder 24, in cooperation with wall 30 and
base 16, forms a cylindrical igniter chamber 32. The intermediate cylinder
26, in cooperation with the inner cylinder 24, wall 30, and base 16, forms
an inner chamber having the shape of a toroid, specifically, a combustion
chamber 34. The outer cylinder 28, in cooperation with the intermediate
cylinder 26, wall 30, and base 16, forms an outer chamber 36 that also has
the shape of a toroid. Cylinders 24, 26 and 28 each include a plurality of
uniformly spaced exhaust openings or ports 38, 40 and 42, respectively,
through which the generated or inflation gas flows into a protective air
bag (not shown) to be filled. The base 16 includes an interface attachment
flange 44 which is used to attach the inflator assembly 10 to a vehicle
the occupants of which are to be protected.
Positioned within the igniter chamber 32 is an igniter charge assembly 46
having mounted therein a sub-assembly 48 which, for convenience, may be
termed an auto ignition device. Igniter charge assembly 46 includes two
cylindrical cups or containers, one designated 50 and the other 52, with
the container 52 being hat shaped, including a brim and crown, and
comprising part of the sub-assembly 48. As shown in FIG. 2, container 52
is positioned in an inverted and sealed manner in the end of container 50.
The open end of container 52 is provided with a relatively wide brim, or
flange, 54 and is sealed with an aluminum foil seal 56, the area of the
foil seal 56 being bounded by the brim 54. Adhesive 58 may be provided for
attaching seal 56 to the brim 54.
Container 50 may be made of aluminum and contains an igniter material 60.
As shown, a recess or cavity 62 is formed in the bottom of container 50.
The bottom of container 50 rests on a retaining ring 63 which is held in
press fit engagement with the cylindrical wall surface of igniter chamber
32. Positioned between the igniting material 60 in container 50 and the
flange 54 of container 52 is a perforated spacer pad 64, the opening in
pad 64 being oppositely disposed with respect to foil seal 56 and being
about the same in size. Spacer pad 64 desirably may be made of cerafiber.
Container 52 of the auto ignition device 48 contains an igniter material
66. For facilitating the insertion of container 52 into the open end of
container 50 and effecting a close engagement with the inner wall surface
of the latter, the outer peripheral edge 68 of brim of flange 54 desirably
is rounded upwardly, as shown in the drawing. Sealing between the
containers 50 and 52 may be effected by a suitable sealant 70 such as
silicone rubber, properly cured in known manner. Desirably, the edge 72 of
the open end of container 50 may be rounded inwardly, as shown, for
enabling the igniter charge assembly 46 to conform to the shape of the
igniter chamber 32 adjacent the diffuser wall 30, with the surface of
container 52 remote from foil seal 56 in good thermal contact with the
adjacent surface of wall 30 of diffuser 14.
Although various pyrotechnic materials may be employed for igniter material
60 in container 50, a preferred material is a granular mixture of 25% by
weight of boron and 75% of potassium nitrate plus or minus 10% of lead
azide. This mixture has been found to burn with a very hot flame that is
suitable for igniting the solid fuel gas generant material employed in the
inflator assembly 10, as described hereinafter.
The igniter material 66 in container 52 may be any granule, powder or other
material which is stable for long duration at temperatures up to
250.degree. F. (121.degree. C.), will auto ignite at the desired
temperature of approximately 350.degree. F. (177.degree. C.), and provide
a hot gas/effluent output sufficient to ignite the igniter material 60 in
container 50. An igniter material 66 that has been found to be
satisfactory is Dupont 3031, a product of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,
Inc. of Wilmington, Del. Long duration stability is needed because of the
expected longevity of use, which may be ten (10) years or more, of the
vehicle in which the inflator 10 is to be installed.
The material of the housing of container 52 may be 0.010 to 0.020 inch
(0.0254 to 0.0508 cm.) aluminum or steel foil. Adhesive 58 which is used
to attach the aluminum foil seal 56 to the flange 54 on container 52 must
have high temperature adhesive properties up to the temperature of auto
ignition.
The purpose of the sub-assembly comprising auto ignition device 48 is to
rapidly ignite the inflator 10 once the auto ignition temperature of the
granules of the ignition material 66 is reached. The device 48 achieves
this through the use of the granules of the ignition material 66
intimately contacting the wall 30 of housing shell 14 of the inflator 10,
with the hot gaseous output thereof, upon auto ignition, being directed
into the igniter material 60 in container 50.
Extending into recess 62 of container 50 is an initiator 74. Initiator 74,
as shown, has a conically shaped lower portion and is mounted in a hole 76
having a mating conically shaped upper portion. Hole 76, as shown, is
located at a central location in base 16. Initiator 74 is retained in hole
76 by a crimp 77 that is formed in base 16 at the upper end of hole 76 and
which overlaps and engages the conically shaped upper portion of initiator
74. Initiator 74 may be a conventional electric squib having a pair of
energizing electrical terminals (not shown) that are adapted for plug-in
connection to external crash sensor means (not shown). A suitable adhesive
may be provided for sealing initiator 74 in hole 76.
Contained within the toroidal combustion chamber 34 are uniformly
distributed pellets 78 of a gas generant composition which may be any one
of a number of compositions meeting the requirements of burning rate,
nontoxicity, and flame temperature. One composition that may be utilized
is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,203,787 to F. E. Schneiter and G. F.
Kirchoff, Jr., which patent is assigned to assignee of the present
invention. Another composition that may advantageously be utilized is that
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,079 granted to Graham C. Shaw, which
patent also is assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
Pellets 78 are surrounded by an annular inner screen pack or combustion
chamber filter 80. Inner screen pack 80, as shown in FIG. 2, may desirably
include a layer 82 of coarse screen adjacent to the inner surface of
concentric cylinder 26. An aluminum washer-shaped retaining ring or disk
84 holds the gas generant pellets 78 and inner screen pack 80 in place and
away from the rotating base 16 during the inertia welding operation.
In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2, the internal surface of
the base 16 includes a circular rounded ridge 86. This ridge 86 serves to
reduce the free volume of combustion chamber 34. Additionally, during
functioning of inflator assembly 10, ridge 86 provides support for the
retaining disk 84. To that end several dimples may be provided on disk 84,
one dimple 88 only being shown in the drawing. The dimples rest on ridge
86 of base 16. A soft or sponge-like pad 90 made of cerafiber may be
provided between the disk 88 and the pellets 78 for holding the latter in
place.
The concentric interface regions of base 16 that mate with the three
concentric cylinders 24, 26 and 28 comprise short concentric-like stubs
92, 94 and 96, respectively. During the formation of the inertia welds 18,
20 and 22, flashing indicated, respectively, at 98, 100 and 102 is formed
around the ends of the concentric cylinders 24, 26 and 28.
In the outer toroidal chamber 36, as seen in FIG. 2, an aluminum annular
deflector ring 104 is provided. Deflector ring 104 is formed with an
inwardly directed curved flange 106 at its upper end and is held in press
fit engagement with the outer surface of cylinder 26 at the inner end
thereof adjacent wall 30 of diffuser 14. The length of deflector ring 104
is such as to provide an annular exhaust opening or port 108 at the lower
end thereof adjacent the flashing 102.
Also included in the toroidal chamber 36 is an outer screen pack or filter
110. Screen pack 110 may desirably include a coarse layer 112 adjacent the
inner surface of cylinder 28.
The housing construction 12, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, provides a
structure for containing the high pressure inflation gases which are
produced by combustion of the gas generant pellets 78. Normal functioning
of the inflator assembly 10 begins with an electrical signal from a crash
sensor (not shown) to the initiator 74. The initiator 74 fires into and
pierces the closed aluminum container 50 that holds the igniter material
60. The igniter material 60 burns and bursts through the walls of the
container 50 and flows through the exit openings or ports 38 in the inner
cylinder 24 and into the toroidal combustion chamber 34. The hot igniter
gases ignite the gas generant pellets 78 which release the nitrogen
inflator gases. These gases flow through the inner screen filter pack 80
and radially outward through the combustion chamber exit openings 40. The
screen filter pack 80 serves to cool the inflator gases and to remove
particulate residue therefrom. As the gases exit the combustion chamber
openings 40, they are turned downward, as seen in FIG. 2, by deflector
ring 104 where they strike flashing 100 from the intermediate cylinder
inertia weld 20. The flashing 102 serves to interrupt the gas flow which
helps to further remove particulate matter from the exhaust gases. The
inflation gases then flow radially outward through the annular exhaust
opening 108 and up into the annular space between deflector ring 104 and
outer screen pack 110, through the latter, and finally radially outward
through the exit openings or ports 42. The outer screen pack 110 serves
further to cool the exhaust gases and to remove particulate matter.
In the event the inflator 10 is exposed to a high temperature environment,
as described, the auto ignition device 48 functions to ignite the igniter
material 60 and thereby cause a release of the gases from gas generant
pellets 78 while the internal pressures within the inflator 10 are within
the pressure capability of the housing construction 12.
The inflator assembly 10, as mentioned hereinbefore, is welded in the
wholly loaded condition. During the inertia welding operation, the
assembly of the loaded diffuser 14 containing the loaded and sealed
igniter charge assembly 46, gas generant pellets 78, inner screen pack 80,
retaining ring 84, deflector ring 104, and outer screen pack 110 is held
stationary in the inertia welding machine. Aluminum retaining ring 84
holds the gas generant pellets 78 and inner screen pack 80 in place and
also serves to keep them separated from the spinning base 16 during the
inertia welding process.
In the inertia welding process, the base 16 is rotated beneath the loaded
diffuser 14 by power driven clutch means (not shown) to a speed, typically
of about 3000 r.p.m. Upon the attainment of such speed, the clutch is
actuated to disconnect the power source and the freely spinning base 16 is
raised upward to bring the concentric stubs 92, 94 and 96 into contact
with the lower ends of a respectively associated one of the three
concentric cylinders 24, 26 and 28 of the diffuser 14. The resulting
friction stops the spinning in a fraction of a second of the base 16 but
raises the temperature at the areas of contact sufficiently to cause
consolidation thereat of the metal of the diffuser 14 and base 16.
Pressure is maintained for a short period, for example, a second or two,
to allow the welds 18, 20 and 22 to solidify.
During the welding process, flashing 98, 100 and 102 is created at the
interface between the respective cylinders 24, 26 and 28 and the base 16.
For improving the structural integrity of the welded assembly, the weld
interface on the base 16, as shown in FIG. 2, is raised or "stubbed" away
from the base inner surface 86. The weld flashing 98 from the inner
cylinder 24 and the weld flashing 100 from the intermediate cylinder 26
are utilized to retain the aluminum retaining ring or disk 84 in place.
In FIG. 4 there is illustrated a modification of the auto ignition device
of the present invention and an application thereof in an inflator for the
inflation of inflatable crash protection restraint systems. The inflator
assembly, designated 10', in FIG. 4 may correspond in all respects to the
inflator assembly 10 of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 except that the igniter charge
assembly 46' of FIG. 4 does not include therein the sub-assembly
comprising the auto ignition device 48, the auto ignition device 48' in
FIG. 4 being contained in the combustion chamber 34 instead.
As shown in FIG. 4, the igniter material 60 in container 50 is held therein
by a spacer pad 114 and a retaining disk 116. Pad 114 and disk 116 are
both solid, that is, they are not perforated as is the spacer pad 64 of
FIG. 2. A sealant 118 is provided, as shown in FIG. 4, to seal the open
end of the container 50 and the material contained therein.
The auto ignition device 48' in FIG. 4 comprises a hat shaped container 120
and contains an igniter material 122. Igniter material 122 may be
identical to the igniter material 66 of FIG. 2. Hat shaped container 120
includes a wide brim 124 and the crown thereof is perforated. The
perforation in the crown of container 120 is sealed by an aluminum foil
seal 126 which is attached thereto by a suitable adhesive 128. The brim
124 of container 120 is attached to the inner surface of wall 30 in
combustion chamber 34 by a suitable adhesive 130. Adhesives 128 and 130,
similar to adhesive 58 of FIG. 2, must each have high temperature
properties up to the temperature of auto ignition. A soft pad 132 of
cerafiber may be provided between the pellets 78 and the brim 124 of
container 120. The pad 132 may also extend between wall 30 and the
adjacent end of the filter 80.
As with the inflator assembly 10 of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, normal functioning of
the inflator assembly 10' begins with an electrical signal from a crash
sensor (not shown) to the initiator 74. Firing of the initiator 74 causes
ignition of the igniter material 60 which burns and bursts through the
walls of the container 50 and flows through the exit openings or ports 38
in the inner cylinder 24 and into the toroidal chamber 34. This causes
ignition of the pellets 78 and thereby release of the nitrogen inflator
gases. These gases are filtered by the inner screen filter pack 80 and
flow radially outward through the combustion chamber openings or ports 40.
The gases exiting ports 40 are deflected downward, as seen in FIG. 4, by
deflector ring 104 and strike flashing 100 which results in further
removal of particulate matter from the gases. The gases then flow radially
outward through the annular exhaust opening 108 and up into the annular
space between deflector ring 104 and the outer screen pack 110, through
the screen pack 110 and then radially outward through the exit ports 42.
The purpose of the auto ignition device 48' in FIG. 4 is the same as the
auto ignition device 48 in the embodiment of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, namely to
cause the inflator assembly 10' to function in the event the device 48' is
subjected to a high temperature environment such as a bonfire, at a
temperature of approximately 350.degree. F. (177.degree. C.) in place of
in the 650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.) range which would occur due to auto
ignition of pellets 78 if the auto ignition device 48' were not provided.
The device 48' achieves this through the use of the granules of the
igniter material 122 intimately contacting the wall 30 of housing shell 14
of inflator 10', with the hot gaseous output of the material 122 bursting
through foil seal 126 and being directed onto the gas generant pellets 78
in the combustion chamber 34.
Thus, there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, a
practical and efficient solution to the problem, aforementioned, that is
encountered when the housing structure of an inflator is designed to lower
internal pressure capability in order to minimize weight as, for example,
by the utilization of aluminum in place of steel in the construction of
the housing. The solution is made possible by the use in the inflator of a
novel auto ignition device that is operative to cause the inflator
pyrotechnics to function when the auto ignition device is subjected to a
high temperature environment at a temperature of about 350.degree. F.
(177.degree. C.), for example, in place of in the 650.degree. F.
(343.degree. C.) auto ignite temperature which would occur if there were
no auto ignition device. The auto ignition device of the invention may
thus be utilized to restrict the internal pressures that are allowed to
build up in the inflator, upon exposure thereof to a high temperature
environment, to a range within the internal pressure capability of the
inflator. The invention has particular utility for use in inflators in
which aluminum has been used in place of steel for the housing structure
in order to minimize weight where the aluminum has sufficient high
temperature properties to contain the internal auto ignition pressures at
350.degree. F. (177.degree. C.) but not at 650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.)
.
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