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Description  |
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This invention relates to particulate built detergent compositions
containing low levels of selected organo-functional polydialkylsiloxanes.
In more detail, the compositions herein comprise conventional matrix
ingredients inclusive of surface-active agents, detergent builders,
optional ingredients and low levels of organo-functional polydi-short
alkylsiloxanes. The latter ingredient unexpectedly provides desirable
through-the-wash textile benefits inclusive of softness. The preferred
siloxanes embrace amino derivatives. The essential siloxanes are further
characterized by a degree of substitution in the range from 0.01-0.7.
The through-the-wash textile benefits conferred by the inventive
compositions, in addition to softening, are frequently perceived in terms
of anti-static, ease-of-ironing and anti-wrinkling benefits. Additionally,
some unexpected cleaning benefits were found. On a conservative basis, it
was established that, at least, and contrary to standing prejudice, the
essential siloxane components do not, adversely affect the general textile
cleaning suitability of the compositions herein.
The prior art relative to the textile-treatment utilization of
silicones/polydialkylsiloxanes is crowded and diverse. The like siloxanes
have, for example, found widespread commercial application in a detergent
suds regulant functionality. Silicon polymers have also found widespread
application in the textile industry to provide fiber properties inclusive
of softness, water proofing and easy ironing. To that effect the silicon
polymers are applied (in the textile industry) to the fabrics during
manufacture or during make-up of clothing, in the form of relatively
concentrated dispersions or solutions either by padding or spray-on.
Often, especially for long lasting softness, water proofing treatment or
other benefits, mixtures or organofunctional polydialkylsiloxanes were
used. The fabrics were subsequently treated with catalysts or heated to
cause crosslinking or setting of the silicone polymers.
German Pat. No. 27 54 504 and U.S. Pat. No. 4.247.592 disclose a treating
agent consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane containing diaminoalkyl groups
for providing softness to natural and synthetic fabrics.
Japanese Pat. No. 79,131,096 pertains to a treating agent consisting of a
mixture of polydimethylsiloxane with NHR-groups and a polydimethylsiloxane
with hydroxy end groups, for providing softness to acrylics. The fabrics
were spray coated and then heated for curing.
German Pat. No. 20 16 095 uses polydimethylsiloxane containing pendant
epoxy groups for providing softness and smoothness to synthetic organic
fabrics.
European Pat. No. 058 493 relates to a treating agent mixture of an organo
polysiloxane containing diaminoalkyl and polyoxyalkylene groups, with an
organopolysiloxane containing carboxylic acid ester groups or with an
organopolysiloxane containing epoxy and polyoxyalkylene groups. The
mixture was added by spray-on and treated for curing. It was claimed to
provide softness, anti-wrinkling and long lasting electrostatic prevention
benefits.
German Patent application DOS No. 26.31.419 relates to fabric rinse
softening compositions containing a fabric-substantive cationic component
and a polydimethylsiloxane. The mixture is applied as an aqueous
dispersion.
The suds regulant utilization of polydimethylsiloxanes is known from German
Patent specification DOS No. 23.38.468.
It is also known that the detergent incorporation of polydimethylsiloxane
suds regulants can adversely affect textile cleaning benefits.
It has now been found that specific organo-functional polydialkylsiloxanes,
preferably aminosubstituted species, can advantageously be incorporated in
granular detergents to provide remarkable benefits inclusive of
through-the-wash softening and further textile handling improvements. The
essential means needed to achieve these unexpected properties are
explained in more detail hereafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention is based on the discovery that particulate detergent
compositions capable of simultaneously providing fiber-cleaning and
textile handling benefits, inclusive of softness, can now be formulated
containing conventional matrix components and an organo-functional
siloxane.
In particular, the compositions herein comprise:
(a) from 1% to 30% by weight of a surface-active agent;
(b) from 4% to 50% by weight of a detergent builder; and, if desired,
(c) optional ingredients inclusive of silicon suds regulant and/or cationic
fabric softeners, characterized in, that they contain:
(d) from 0.05% to 5% by weight of an organo-functional polydi-C.sub.1-4
-alkyl siloxane textile treatment agent having the general formula:
##STR1##
wherein
R=C.sub.1-4 -alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 6;
Z is
##STR2##
whereby X and Y are, selected independently,. --H; --C.sub.1-30 -alkyl;
--C.sub.6 -aryl; --C.sub.5-6 -cycloalkyl; --C.sub.16 --NH.sub.2 ; --CO--R;
with the proviso that the nitrogen can be quaternized such as to represent
##STR3##
whereby W can be selected from X and Y
Z is H--C--M whereby P and M are --COOH; --CO--NR'2; or --CO--OR' and
wherein R' is hydrogen or H.sub.2 C--P C.sub.1-2 -alkyl;
with further proviso that the degree of substitution, i.e., the molar
proportion of silicones carrying a substituent other than a C.sub.1-4
alkyl group to total silicones is in the range from 0.01 to 0.7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention herein comprises, at least, a surface-active agent, a
detergent builder and an organo-functional polydialkylsiloxane textile
treatment agent. These major variables of the invention are described in
more detail hereinafter.
Unless indicated to the contrary, the "percent" indications stand for
"percent by weight".
A first essential component for use in the compositions of this invention
is represented by a surface-active agent which can be present in an amount
from 1% to 30%, preferably from 2% to 10%.
Suitable species of surface-active agents for use herein are disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,761, column 8, line 56 to column 9, line 68, this
passage being incorporated herein by reference.
Another essential component herein is a detergent builder which is normally
used in an amount from 4% to 50% preferably from 8% to 35%. The builder
component can be represented by all watersoluble and waterinsoluble
detergent builders which are known to be suitable for use in detergents
and have, in part, found widespread commercial application.
Examples of suitable watersoluble detergent builders include
alkali-phosphates and polyphosphates, specifically sodium
tri-polyphosphate, silicates, carbonates, polycarboxylates, such as
nitrilotriacetate, and citrate, fatty acid soaps and watersoluble
polycarboxylate builders such as polyacrylates, polymaleates and
copolymeric carboxylates including those obtained from the
copolymerization of unsaturated polyacids such as maleic or citraconic
acid with suitable polymerisable reaction partners such as methacrylic
acid, acrylic acid, mesaconic acid and methyl-vinyl-ether. Mixture of the
like watersoluble detergent builders can also be used.
Examples of suitable waterinsoluble detergent builders include synthetic
crystalline Zeolites A, X and P as described in more detail in German
patent application DE-OS No. 24.22.655, and amorphous aluminosilicate
builders or mixtures of crystalline and amorphous aluminosilicates. It
can, depending upon the circumstances be desirable, to utilize mixtures of
watersoluble detergent builders and waterinsoluble detergent builders. A
preferred mixture of the like waterinsoluble and watersoluble detergent
builder is represented by a combination of completely hydrated ZEOLITE A,
having a particle diameter in the range from 1-10 microns, with sodium
tripolyphosphate and/or sodium nitrilotriacetate in a weight ratio of
waterinsoluble builder to watersoluble builder in the range from 1:2 to
2:1.
The essential organo-functional siloxane for use herein can be present in
levels from 0.05% to 5%, preferably from 0.1%-3%, and most preferably from
0.15%-1%. Using levels below 0.05% will not anymore produce, to any
noticeable extent, the claimed benefits whereas the incorporation of
levels exceeding 5% will not produce additional benefits commensurate with
(proportional to) the level increase.
The organo-functional-polydi-C.sub.1-4 -alkyl siloxane component can
stoichlometrically be defined with the aid of the following formula:
##STR4##
wherein
R=C.sub.1-4 -alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 6;
Z is
##STR5##
whereby X and Y are, selected independently, --H; ; --C.sub.1-30 -alkyl;
--C.sub.6 -aryl; --C.sub.5-6 -cycloalkyl; --C.sub.1-6 --NH.sub.2 ;
--CO--R; with the proviso that the nitrogen can be quaternized such as to
represent
##STR6##
whereby W can be selected from X and Y or
Z is
##STR7##
whereby P and M are --COOH; --CO--NR'.sub.2 ; or --CO--OR' and wherein R'
is hydrogen or C.sub.1-2 -alkyl;
with the proviso that the degree of substitution, i.e. the molar proportion
of silicones carrying a substituent other than a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group to
total silicones is in the range from 0.01 to 0.7. The siloxane component
is preferably represented by amino-functional polydialkylsiloxanes which
are frequently used in levels from 0.1% to 3%, more preferably from
0.15-1.0%.
The degree of substitution of preferred siloxanes, such as the
aminosiloxanes, can be expressed as the molar (moiety) proportion of
non-terminal silicones carrying a substituent other than a C.sub.1-4 alkyl
group to total non-terminal silicones. The numerical value for the degree
of substitution of preferred siloxanes lies in the range from 0.01 to 0.7;
preferably from 0.02 to 0.3. While non-terminal substitution is preferred
for enhanced through-the-wash fiber substantivity, it is understood that
siloxanes with substituted terminal silicone atoms can also be used.
In the preferred siloxane component herein, n is 3 or 4, X and Y are,
selected independently, hydrogen; --C.sub.1-4 -alkyl; --C.sub.5-6
-cycloalkyl and --C.sub.2 --NH.sub.2.
Preferred organofunctional polydimethyl siloxanes include aminofunctional
siloxanes, such as:
(N-cyclohexylamino-4-amino-butyl-1)polydimethylsiloxane.
(Ethylene diamino-N-butyl-1)polydimethylsiloxane.
(N-dodecyl-4-amino-butyl-1)polydimethylsiloxane.
(4-(N,N-dimethyl ammonium)-butyl-1)polydimethylsiloxane.
(5 (tallow amide)-4-carboxy-pentyl-1)polydimethylsiloxane.
The organofunctional siloxanes have generally a viscosity in the range from
40 cSt to 100.000 cSt, preferably from 250 cSt to 2000 cSt. The viscosity
of the siloxanes is measured on the pure raw material at 25.degree. C.
with the aid of a BROOKFIELD viscometer (LV Digital).
The organofunctional polydimethyl siloxanes, in addition to the essential
substituents defined hereinbefore, can contain polyalkylene oxide chains
attached to unsubstituted silicone atoms (in the meaning of this
invention). The polyalkylene, such as propylene or ethylene, oxide chains
are attached to the silicone atoms instead of a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group. The
alkoxylation enhances the hydrophilic and anti-static (charge-reducing)
properties of the component in relation to the textiles.
The detergent compositions herein can comprise, in addition to the
essential components, a series of supplementary substances to perfect and
augment the performance benefits. The additional (optional) components are
represented by known ingredients which have already found application in
detergency, for their known functionality, in the art established levels.
Examples of the like components include peroxygen bleaches, such as
perborate mono-or tetrahydrate and percarbonate, oxygen bleach activators
such as tetraacetyl ethylene diamine, stabilizers such as magnesium
silicate, detergent enzymes such as proteases, amylases, lipases and
mixtures thereof, and stabilizing agents for the like enzymes. Other
optional components include soil suspending agents such as the sodium salt
of carboxymethylcellulose and the sodium salt of methylhydroxypropyl
cellulose; through-the-wash softening smectite clays such as alkali
montmorillonites, saponites and hectorites, having an ion-exchange
capacity of at least 50 m.eq./100 g, and photoactivators, for example,
sulfonated metal phthalocyanines such as zinc and aluminium
phthalocyanines.
The subject compositions further can comprise suds regulants e.g. those of
U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,761 and more in general suds regulants based on
silicones, silica, waterinsoluble hydrocarbons, either individually or
optimized mixtures thereof, and renewable textile soil release agents such
as described in European Patent Applications Nos. 0 042 187 and 0 042 188.
Preferred soil release agents include N-hydrogenated tallow C.sub.16
-C.sub.18 -N,N',N'-tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)-propylene-1,3-diamine and
N-C.sub.12 -C.sub.14 -coconutalkyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-amine oxide and can be
utilized in levels of from 0.1%-1.5%. The claimed compositions also can
contain brighteners, perfumes, dyes, bactericidal agents, antioxidants and
fillers. A preferred additive system is comprised of a combination of a
tertiary amine and an impalpable smectite clay as described in European
patent application No. 0 011 340, incorporated herein by reference.
EXAMPLES
The following examples illustrate preferred executions of this invention,
and facilitate its understanding.
The abbreviations for the individual ingredients of the examples have the
following meaning:
LAS: Sodium salt of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
TAS: Sodium salt of tallow alcohol sulfate.
.alpha.-OS: Sodium salt of .alpha.-olefin (C12-18) sulfonate.
FAE.sub.3 S: Sodium salt of fatty alcohol (C12-18) (ethoxy)3-sulfate.
AO: C12-14 alkyl dimethylamine oxide.
TAE-5: Tallow alcohol ethoxylated with about 5 moles of ethylene oxide.
TAE-11: Tallow alcohol ethoxylated with about 11 moles of ethylene oxide.
FA25EX: Fatty alcohol (C12-C15) ethoxylated with X moles of ethylene oxide.
DTMA: Ditallow methyl amine.
CFA: C12-14 coconut fatty acid.
HFA: Hydrogenated C16-22 fatty acid.
STPP: Sodium tripolyphosphate.
Zeolite A: Sodium salt of fully hydrated zeolite 4A(average particle size
between 2-6 microns).
NTA: Sodium salt of nitrilotriacetate.
Copolymer: AA.sup.40 /MA.sup.60 =copolymer of acrylic acid 40 mole-% and
maleic acid 60 mole-%.
CMC: Sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose.
Smectite clay: Natural smectite having a CaCO3 ion-exchange capacity of 95
meq/100 g clay.
Silicate 1.6: Sodium silicate SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2 O=1.6.
Silicate 1.0: Sodium metasilicate.
STS: Sodium salt of toluene sulfonate.
EDTA: Sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate.
Perborate: NaBO.sub.3.H.sub.2 O.sub.2.3H.sub.2 O.
Photobleach activator: Mixture of sulfonated tetra- and trisulfonated zinc
phthalocyanine in a ratio (weight) of tetra or tri of approximately 20:1.
SRS I: Prilled suds regulating system consisting of:
(a) 77.5% STPP;
(b) 22.5% active
13.5% paraffin oil
6% paraffin wax (mp 70.degree. C.);
3% amorphous hydrophobic silica.
SRS II: Prilled suds regulating system consisting of:
(a) 85% STPP;
(b) 15% active
12.7% polydimethylsiloxane
2.3% amorphous hydrophobic silica.
Enzymes: Mixture of proteases and amylases in a ratio of 1:1.
The following granular detergent compositions were prepared by conventional
spray-drying of a slurry of most of the individual ingredients, and
subsequent dry-mixing of the spray-dried powder with spray-drying
sensitive ingredients, namely perborate, aminofunctional
polydimethylsiloxane, enzymes, photobleach activator and suds regulating
system.
______________________________________
COMPOSITIONS (% by weight)
Ex. Ex. Ex.
I A II B III C
______________________________________
LAS 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2
AO 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
TAE-11 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
STPP 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
Silicate 1.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Smectite clay 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 5.0 5.0
Copolymer AA.sup.40 /MA.sup.60
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
DTMA -- -- 3.8 3.8 3.0 3.0
HFA -- -- -- -- 1.5 1.5
CMC 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Optical brightener
0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
EDTA 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
STS 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Perborate 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Aminofunctional polydime-
2.0 -- 2.0 -- 0.5 --
thylsiloxane.sup.(1)
TAE-5 0.5 -- 0.5 -- 0.2 --
Enzymes 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Photobleach activator
25 25 25 25 25 25
(ppm)
Copper-EDTA (ppm)
30 30 30 30 30 30
SRS I 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
Perfume/water/sodium
balance to 100
sulfate
______________________________________
.sup.(1) (N--cyclohexyl4-amino-butyl-1) polydimethylsiloxane with degree
of substitution of 0.15; viscosity 300 centistokes; this
polydimethylsiloxane was premixed with the TAE5.
The compositions of examples I, II, III (invention) were respectively
compared for through-the-wash softeness vs. identical compositions A, B,
C, which did not contain the aminofunctional polydimethylsiloxane.
The testing conditions were as follows:
Ex. I, A: automatic drum washing machine SAM:TM250 by Brandt Thomsom
(France); heating up from 15.degree. C. to 60.degree. C.; +45' at
60.degree. C.
Ex. II, B: automatic drum washing machine MIELE 423; heating up from
15.degree. C. TO 40.degree. C.; +50' at 40.degree. C.
Ex. III,C: automatic drum washing machine MIELE 423; heating up from
15.degree. C. to 60.degree. C.; +50' at 60.degree. C.
1% product concentration in wash liquor;
18 grains/US gallon water hardness (3:1 Ca/Mg ratio).
The washed and dried swatches were compared by a panel of two expert
judges, working independently, by a paired comparison technique using a
9-point Scheffe scale. Differences were recorded in panel score units
(psu), positive being performancewise better and the least significant
difference (LSD) at 95% confidence was also calculated.
The testing results were as follows:
______________________________________
SOFTNESS (psu)
______________________________________
Example I vs. Example A
LSD
Terry fabric
+0.9 -0.9 0.5
(12 per test)
Example II vs. Example B
LSD
Terry fabric
+0.45 -0.45 0.7
Acrylic fabric
+0.6 -0.6 0.4
Example III
vs. Example C
LSD
Terry fabric
+0.7 -0.7 0.7
______________________________________
These results show the significant softness through-the-wash benefits
derivable from inventive compositions I, II, III vs. identical
compositions A, B, C which did not contain the aminofunctional
polydimethylsiloxane.
An additional composition of this invention, Example IV, was prepared by
spray-drying/dry-mixing as described in Example I, the sole difference
being that the aminofunctional polydimethylsiloxane used was,
(ethylenediamino)-N-butyl-1)-polydimethyl siloxane with degree of
substitution of 0.05, viscosity 450 centistokes.
The composition of Example IV (invention) was compared vs. the identical
composition D which did not contain the above aminopolydimethylsiloxane.
Testing conditions were as described in Example I, and the results are as
follows:
______________________________________
SOFTNESS (psu)
Example IV
vs. Example D LSD
______________________________________
Terry Towel
+0.75 -0.75 0.5
______________________________________
Hence the softness performance superiority of the claimed technology vs.
identical compositions not containing an aminofunctional polydimethyl
siloxane was confirmed.
Comparable textile benefits can be secured from detergent compositions
which are identical to the compositions of examples I, II and III except
for the (N-cyclohexyl-4-amino-butyl1) polydimethylsiloxane which is
replaced by the listed organo-functional siloxanes in the stated
proportions.
______________________________________
REPLACEMENT DEGREE OF EXAMPLE
SILOXANE SUBSTITUTION I II III
______________________________________
(Ethylenediamino-N--butyl-1)-
0.18 1.5 -- --
polydimethylsiloxane
0.45 -- -- 1.2
(N--dodecyl-4-amino-butyl-1)-
0.08 0.3 1.8 --
polydimethylsiloxane
0.20 -- -- 0.5
(4-(N,N--dimethylammonium)-
0.25 0.6 1.4 --
butyl-1)-polydimethylsiloxane
0.60 1.2 -- 0.8
(5-(tallowamide)-4-carboxy-
0.05 0.4 -- 2.0
pentyl-1)-polydimethylsiloxane
0.30 0.2 1.2 --
______________________________________
Additional detergents of this invention are prepared having the following
compositions.
______________________________________
EXAMPLES
(% by weight)
INGREDIENTS V VI VII VIII
______________________________________
LAS 6.2 6.0 6.2 8.0
AO 0.5 1.0 1.0 --
TAE-11 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
STPP 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0
Silicate 1.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Smectite clay 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.0
Copolymer AA.sup.40 /MA.sup.60
1.6 2.0 2.0 2.5
DTMA 3.0 3.0 4.5 3.0
HFA 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Dioctyldimethyl-quaternary
1.0 2.0 0.5 0.5
ammonium chloride
CMC 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Optical brightener
0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
EDTA 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
STS 0.65 0.65 0.65 1.0
Perborate 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0
Aminofunctional polydi-
2.0 2.0 1.0 4.0
methylsiloxane (1)
TAE-5 0.5 0.5 0.25 1.0
Enzymes 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Photobleachactivator (ppm)
25 25 25 25
Copper EDTA (ppm)
30 30 -- --
SRS-I 2.7 3.7 3.7 4.0
Perfume/water/sodium
balance to 100
sulfate
______________________________________
EXAMPLES (% by weight)
INGREDIENTS IX X XI XII
______________________________________
LAS 5.0 5.0 -- 5.0
TAS 3.0 -- 2.5 3.0
.alpha.-OS -- -- 5.0 --
TAE-11 1.0 2.5 -- 1.0
FA 25E7 -- -- 4.0 --
STPP 18.0 20.0 16.0 28.0
Zeolite A -- -- 16.0 --
NTA 6.0 -- -- --
Na.sub.3 Citrate -- 5.0 -- --
Silicate 1.6 6.0 6.0 2.0 6.0
Copolymer AA.sup.40 /MA.sup.60
1.5 2.0 2.0 1.0
Polyacrylate MW 1000
1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
Polyacrylate MW 2000
1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
DTMA -- 5.5 -- --
HFA -- 0.5 -- --
CFA -- -- 4.0 --
Coconut-trimethyl-quaternary
-- 2.0 -- --
ammonium chloride
CMC -- -- 1.0 0.8
Optical brightener
0.4 0.3 0.3 0.23
EDTA 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
Perborate 32.0 -- 28.0 28.0
Photobleach activator
25 ppm 25 ppm -- 25 ppm
Amino functional polydimethyl
2.0 3.0 2.5 0.5
siloxane (1)
TAE-5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.2
SRS-I 1.5 2.7 1.5 1.2
Enzymes 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2
Perfume/water/sodium sulfate
balance to 100
______________________________________
EXAMPLES (% by weight)
INGREDIENTS XIII XIV XV XIV
______________________________________
LAS 7.0 4.5 7.0 4.5
TAS -- 2.5 -- 2.5
A.O 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.0
TAE-11 2.7 -- 2.7 --
FA 25E7 -- 2.0 -- 2.0
STPP 4.0 24.0 16.0 8.0
Zeolite A -- -- 16.0 --
NTA -- 4.0 -- 6.0
Silicate 1.6 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0
Copolymer AA.sup.60 /MA.sup.40
5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Polyacrylate MW 2000
2.0 1.0 3.0 2.0
DTMA -- 3.0 1.5 --
HFA -- 3.0 3.5 4.0
CFA -- 2.0 -- 2.0
Ethylenediaminetetramethy-
-- 0.2 0.8 0.1
lene phosphonate-Na.sup.-
Coconut-trimethyl-quaternary
-- 1.0 0.5 --
ammonium chloride
CMC 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0
EDTA 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
Perborate 32.0 28.0 30.0 28.0
Amino functional polydimethyl
0.5 3.0 4.0 2.0
siloxane (1)
TAE-5 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.5
SRS-II 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.0
Enzymes 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
Perfume/water/sodium sulfate
balance to 100
______________________________________
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