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This invention relates to an emulsion having a high silver chloride
content, a photographic recording material and a process for the
production of photographic recordings.
Numerous types of silver halide emulsions in which the halide content
consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide or mixtures thereof are known. For
recording materials having a relatively high sensitivity, it is customary
to use silver bromide or silver iodobromide emulsions. One disadvantage of
the last-mentioned emulsions is that they have an intrinsic sensitivity in
the blue region of the spectrum. Green-sensitive and red-sensitive layers
used in colour recording materials are therefore generally arranged behind
a filter which absorbs blue light. Furthermore, such emulsions cannot be
developed as rapidly as silver chloride emulsions.
Proposals for using silver chloride emulsions are known from various
publications. Since silver chloride has virtually no intrinsic sensitivity
in the visible spectrum, filter layers for the absorption of blue light
(yellow filters) are unnecessary when chloride-rich silver halide
emulsions are used in a colour photographic recording material. The
disadvantage of silver chloride emulsions, however, is the low sensitivity
thereof. According to EP-A No. 0 017 148, the sensitivity may be improved
by metal doping. Silver halide emulsions having a high chloride content
have the further disadvantage of poor storage stability and hence a
tendency to fogging. According to EP-A No. 0 072 695, fogging may be
reduced by using silver halide solvents during chemical ripening.
Chloride-containing silver halide emulsions are known in which the grains
have a layered structure. Such grains comprise a core enveloped in at
least one layer which has different properties from those of the core
(core/shell emulsions). The precipitation of a silver chloride shell on a
silver bromide core is disclosed in DE-AS No. 1,169,290 and in GB No.
1,027,146. DE-OS No. 2,308,239 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,014 relate to
emulsions for the production of direct positive images, which contain
silver halide grains having a localised phase with a high silver chloride
content.
Silver halide emulsions having silver chloride-rich grains having a surface
layer consisting substantially of silver bromide are disclosed in EP-A No.
0 080 905.
The known chloride-rich silver halide emulsions, however, still leave room
for improvement in other respects, especially in the sensitivity and
tendency to fogging thereof.
One of the objects of the present invention was therefore to provide
chloride-rich silver halide emulsions having improved sensitometric
properties. It was particularly an object of the present invention to
increase the sensitivity and reduce the tendency to fogging.
A photographic silver halide emulsion has now been found in which the
halide content consists substantially of chloride and the grains have at
least one zone Z.sub.Br having a high bromide content. The grains are
characterised in that:
(1) at least 60 mol % of the halide is chloride;
(2) the bromide content in zone Z.sub.Br amounts to at least 50 mol %; and
(3) no bromide-rich zone Z.sub.Br is situated on the surface of the silver
halide grains.
The silver bromide-rich zone Z.sub.Br may be present as the core or as a
layer within the silver halide grain. Preferably 20 vol. % of the silver
halide of the grain is further removed from the centre of the crystal than
the silver bromide-rich zone Z.sub.Br.
The siliver halide grains may in principle contain chloride, bromide,
iodide or mixtures thereof both in the bromide-rich zone Z.sub.Br and in
the other regions. The transition from the bromide-rich zone Z.sub.Br to
an adjacent zone having a different composition may be sharp or gradual.
In a preferred embodiment, the chloride content amounts to at least 85 mol
%, in particular at least 90 mol % of the total halide content. In another
preferred embodiment, the silver bromide-rich zone Z.sub.Br consists
substantially, e.g. to an extent of at least 90%, or exclusively of silver
bromide.
The silver halide emulsions according to the present invention may be
prepared by the conventional methods (e.g. single inflow or double inflow,
with constant or accelerated flow rate). The production by double inflow
with control of the pAg value is particularly preferred, see Research
Disclosure No. 17643 of December 1978, sections I and II, published by
Industrial Opportunities Ltd., Homewell Havant, Hampshire PO9 1EF, Great
Britain. The precipitation of the silver halide may be conducted in the
presence of dopants, e.g. in the presence of Ir-compounds.
The silver halide grains may be, for example, in the form of cubes,
octahedrons or tetradecahedrons. The grain size is preferably from 0.1 to
2.5 .mu.m, more preferably from 0.2 to 1.0 .mu.m.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the emulsion has a narrow grain
size distribution. In particular, at least 95%, by weight, of the grains
have a diameter deviating by not more than 40% from the average grain
diameter. The emulsions may, however, have a wide grain size distribution,
with at least 10%, preferably 20%, of the silver halide grains having a
diameter deviating from the average grain diameter by at least 40%.
The present invention also relates to a photographic recording material
containing at least one silver halide emulsion layer according to the
present invention on a support. In addition, the present invention relates
to a process for the production of photographic recordings by the
development of an exposed recording material according to the present
invention.
The emulsions according to the present invention are preferably chemical
sensitized to a high surface sensitivity on the surface of the grains.
They may be chemically sensitized by known methods, e.g. with active
gelatin or with compounds of sulphur, selenium, tellurium, gold,
palladium, platinum or iridium. The pAg values when carrying out such
sensitization may vary from 4 to 10, the pH values from 3.5 to 9 and the
temperature from 30.degree. to 90.degree. C. Chemical sensitization may be
carried out in the presence of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, such as
imidazoles, azaindenes, azapyridazines and azapyrimidines, thiocyanate
derivatives, thioethers and other silver halide solvents. Instead of this
chemical sensitization or in addition thereto, the emulsions according to
the present invention may be subjected to a reduction sensitization, e.g.
by means of hydrogen, a low pAg (e.g. below 5) and/or high pH (e.g. above
8), or reducing agents, such as tin(II) chloride, thiourea dioxide and
aminoboranes. The nuclei which are ripened on the surface may also be
present as troglodyte nuclei (sub-surface nuclei) according to DE-OS No.
2,306,447 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,966,476. Other methods have been described
in the above-mentioned Research Disclosure No. 17643, in Section III.
The emulsions may be optically sensitized in known manner, e.g. with the
conventional polymethine dyes, such as neutrocyanines, basic or acid
carbocyanines, rhodacyanines, hemicyanines, styryl dyes, oxonoles and the
like. Sensitizers of this type have been described by F. M. Hamer in "The
Cyanine Dyes and Related Compound", (1964). See also EP-A 0 082 649 and in
particular Ullmanns Encyclopadie der technischem Chemie, 4th Edition,
Volume 18, pages 431 et seq and the a bove-mentioned Research Disclosure
No. 17643, Section IV. Spectral sensitization may be carried out at any
stage in the preparation of the emulsion, i.e. during or after silver
halide precipitation and before, during or after chemical sensitization.
The conventional anti-fogging agents and stabilizers may be used.
Azaindenes are particularly suitable stabilizers, especially the tetra- and
penta-azaindenes, more particularly those which are substituted with
hydroxyl or amino groups. Compounds of this type have been described, e.g.
in the article by Birr, Z. Wiss. Phot. 47, 1952, pages 2-58. Other
suitable stabilizers and anti-fogging agents are indicated in the
above-mentioned Research Disclosure No. 17643, in Section IV.
The recording material according to the present invention is preferably a
colour photographic material. In a preferred embodiment, the colour image
is produced with the aid of colour couplers. The colour coupler may be
arranged to diffuse into the recording material at the stage of
development.
In a preferred embodiment, however, the photographic material itself
contains the conventional colour couplers which are capable of reacting
with the oxidation product of developers, generally p-phenylene diamines,
to form dyes. Thus, the red-sensitive layer, for example, may contain a
non-diffusible colour coupler to produce the cyan partial colour image,
generally a coupler of the phenol or .alpha.-napthol series. The
green-sensitive layer may contain, for example, at least one
non-diffusible colour coupler to produce the magenta partial colour image,
generally a colour coupler of the 5-pyrazolone series. The blue-sensitive
layer may contain, for example, a non-diffusible colour coupler to produce
the yellow partial colour image, generally a colour coupler having an
open-chain ketomethylene group. The colour couplers may be, for example,
6-, 4- or 2-equivalent couplers, including so-called white couplers which
do not produce a dye in reaction with colour developer oxidation products.
Suitable couplers have been disclosed, for example, in the publications,
"Farbkuppler" by W. Pelz in "Mitteilungen aus den Forschungslaboratorien
der Agfa, Leverkusen/Munchen", Volume III, page 111 (1961); K.
Venkataraman in "The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes", Volume 4, 341 to 387,
Academic Press (1971); T. H. James, "The Theory of the Photographic
Process", 4th Edition, pages 353-362, and Research Disclosure No. 17643,
Section VII.
The recording material may also contain DIR compounds, which are compounds
which react with colour developer oxidation products to release diffusible
organic compounds which inhibit the development of silver halide. The
inhibitors may be split off directly or by way of non-inhibiting
intermediate compounds. See Gb No. 953,454, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,632,345,
4,248,962 and GB No. 2,072,363.
The colour couplers and DIR compounds may be incorporated in the materials
according to the present invention by known methods. If they are
water-soluble or alkali-soluble compounds, they may be added in the form
of aqueous solutions, optionally with the addition of water-miscible
organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone or dimethyl formamide. If, on
the other hand, the colour couplers and DIR compounds are insoluble in
water and alaklies, they may be incorporated in the recording materials in
the form of dispersions in known manner. For example, a solution of these
compounds in a low boiling organic solvent may be directly mixed with the
silver halide emulsion or it may first be mixed with an aqueous gelatine
solution, the organic solvent being then removed and the resulting
dispersion of the particular compound being subsequently mixed with the
silver halide emulsion. Socalled oil-formers may also be added; these are
generally relatively high boiling organic compounds which form oily
droplets occluding the colour couplers and DIR compounds which are to be
dispersed. See in this connection, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,322,027;
2,533,514; 3,689,271; 3,764,336 and 3,765,897.
The recording materials according to the present invention preferably
contain at least one unit of silver halide emulsion layers for recording
blue, green and red light.
The red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer unit may be arranged closer
to the layer support than the green-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer
unit, which in turn may be arranged closer to the support than the
blue-sensitive unit. The positions of the blue-sensitive and the
red-sensitive layers may, however, be reversed, especially in copying
materials. The recording material may also contain a yellow filter layer,
but this may be dispensed with, in particular if at least the
red-sensitive and green-sensitive layers contain an emulsion according to
the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the
units for the recording of green, red and blue light is composed of at
least two partial layers. Partial layers which differ in spectral
sensitization may also be combined according to sensitivity.
The conventional layer supports may be used for the materials according to
the present invention, e.g. supports of cellulose esters, such as
cellulose acetate or of polyesters. Paper supports are also suitable, and
these may be coated, e.g. with polyolefins, in particular with
polyethylene or polypropylene. See in this connection the above-mentioned
Research Disclosure No. 17643, Section XVII.
The conventional hydrophilic film-forming substances may be used a
protective colloids or binders for the layers of the recording material,
e.g., proteins, in particular gelatine, alginic acid or derivatives
thereof, such as esters, amides or salts, cellulose derivatives, such as
carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose sulphates, starches or derivatives
thereof or hydrophilic synthetic binders, such as polyvinyl alcohol,
saponified polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc. The hydrophilic
binders in the layers may also be mixed with other synthetic binders
present in the form of solutions or dispersions, such as homo- or
co-polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid or deriatives thereof, such as
esters, amides or nitriles, or vinyl polymers, such as vinyl esters or
vinyl ethers. See also the binders indicated in the above-mentioned
Research Discosure No. 17643, Section IX.
The layers of the photographic material may be hardened in the conventional
manner, for example, using hardeners of the epoxide type, the heterocyclic
ethylene imine or acryloyl type. The layers may also be hardened by the
process according to the German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,218,009 to
produce colour photographic materials suitable for high temperature
processing. Hardeners of the diazine, triazine or 1,2-dihydroquinoline
series or vinyl sulphone series may also be used to harden the photograhic
layers or colour photographic multi-layered materials. Other suitable
hardeners are disclosed in German Offenlegungsschrift Nos. 2,439,551;
2,225,230 and 2,317,672 and the above-mentioned Research Disclosure No.
17643, Section XI.
The photographic materials according to the present invention may also
contain other substances, in particular plasticizers, wetting agents,
shielding dyes, light scattering agents, light reflecting agents,
lubricants, anti-static agents, matting agents, etc., see Research
Disclosure No. 17643 and "Product Licensing Index" of December 1971, pages
107-110.
Colour developer substances of the p-phenylene diamine series are
particularly suitable for the material according to the present invention,
e.g. 4-amino-N,N-diethyl aniline hydrochloride;
4-amino-3-methyl-N-ethyl-N-.beta.-(methane sulphonamide)-ethylaniline
sulphate hydrate; 4-amino-3-methyl-N-ethyl-N-.beta.-hydroxyethyl aniline
sulphate; 4-amino-N-ethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-m-toluidine-di-p-toluene
sulphonic acid and N-ethyl-N-.beta.-hydroxyethyl-p-phenylene diamine.
Other suitable colour developers have been described, for example, in J.
Amer. Chem. Soc. 73, 3100, (1951), and in G. Haist, Modern Photographic
Processing, 1979, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pages 545 et seq.
The colour developers may contain the conventional constituents, e.g. water
softeners and antioxidants and fog modifying substances, e.g. bromide, or
known stabilizers.
The material is conventionally bleached and fixed after colour development.
Bleaching and fixing may be carried out separately or together. The
conventional compounds may be used as bleaching agents, e.g. Fe.sup.3+
salts and Fe.sup.3+ complex salts, such as ferricyanides, or dichromates,
water-soluble cobalt complexes, etc. Iron-III complexes of amino
polycarboxylic acids are particularly preferred, e.g. ethylene diamine
tetracetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid,
N-hydroxyethylethylene diamino triacetic acid, alkyliminodicarboxylic
acids and corresponding phosphonic acids. Persulphates are also suitable
bleaching agents.
EXAMPLE 1
Emulsion A According to the Present Invention
A silver chloride emulsion is prepared within 18 minutes by simultaneous,
pAg-controlled inflow of a 0.3N NaCl and a 0.3N AgNO.sub.3 solution into a
2.4% gelatine solution which has been raised to a temperature of
60.degree. C. The average particle size is 0.16 .mu.m and the emulsion has
a monodisperse distribution. The crystals of this starting emulsion are
increased to 13.4 times their volume by further addition of 2N NaCl and 2N
AgNO.sub.3 solutions while the pAg is maintained constant at 6.8. An AgBr
shell is precipitated on the resulting AgCl emulsion by the double inflow
of 2N KBr and 2N AgNO.sub.3 solutions. Precipitation is then continued by
pAg-controlled double inflow of 2N NaCl and 2N AgNO.sub.3 solutions so
that an AgCl shell is precipitated on the previously precipitated AgBr
layer. The thus prepared emulsion has an average particle diameter of 0.58
.mu.m and a monodisperse distribution. The total AgBr content is 6 mol %.
Comparison Emulsion B
For purposes of comparison, a silver halide emulsion is prepared by the
same method of pAg-controlled double inflow as emulsion A, but the alkali
metal halide solution used at every stage of precipitation is a mixture of
NaCl/KBr. This mixed halide solution contains 94 mol % of NaCl and 6 mol %
of KBr. The solutions are used at the concentrations indicated for
emulsion A. The thus-prepared silver halide emulsion has an average
particle diameter of 0.60 .mu.m and a monodisperse grain side
distribution. Its total AgBr content is 6 mol %, which is homogeneously
distributed within the whole crystal.
Emulsions A and B are freed from soluble salts by flocculation and washing
in the conventional manner and then adjusted to pAg value of 7.6. Both
emulsions are then chemically sensitized for 120 minutes at 55.degree. C.
by the addition of sodium thiosulphate. For the sensitometric test, a
sensitized dye absorbing in the green region of the spectrum and a
conventional magenta coupler emulsion are added to the ripened emulsions
which are then applied to a layer support.
After exposure behind a step wedge and processing by the colour development
process disclosed in British Journal of Photography, [1984], page 597, the
sensitometric data shown in Table 1 are obtained.
TABLE 1
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Emulsion Relative sensitivity
Fog D.sub.max
______________________________________
A (invention)
227 0.17 3.65
B (comparison)
100 0.21 3.70
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Table 1 shows that emulsion A according to the present invention has less
fog and a substantially higher sensitivity.
EXAMPLE 2
An emulsion C according to the present invention is prepared according to
the present application by a method similar to that described in Example
1. The emulsion resembles emulsion A described there in containing an AgBr
layer, the AgBr content, based on the total halide content, being 5 mol %.
This emulsion C has a monodisperse grain size distribution and an average
particle diameter of 0.56 .mu.m.
For comparison purposes, an emulsion as described in European patent
application 080 905, Example 1, under Em-4 is prepared by pAg-controlled
double inflow of aqueous silver nitrate and halide solutions. In order
that this comparison emulsion D may be sensitometrically comparable to
emulsion C according to the present invention, the AgCl core is enlarged
before precipitation of the AgBr shell so that the final grain size of
this emulsion amounts to 0.57 .mu.m. This emulsion also has a narrow
(monodisperse) grain size distribution. The total AgBr content is 5 mol %
and is situated exclusively in a layer on the crystal surface.
Emulsions C and D are freed from the soluble salts by flocculation and
washing in the conventional manner and then adjusted to a pAg value of
7.6. after the addition of sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate, both
emulsions are chemically sensitized in the same manner at 55.degree. C.
for 120 minutes.
For sensitometric examination, a dye absorbing in the green region of the
spectrum and a conventional magenta coupler emulsion are added to the
ripened emulsions and the emulsions are applied to a layer support.
After processing according to Example 1, the sensitometric values indicated
in Table 2 are obtained. The relative sensitivity is based on the
comparison emulsion D.
TABLE 2
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Relative Sensitivity
Fog Gradation D.sub.max
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Emulsion C
560 0.17 2.74 3.41
(invention)
Emulsion D
100 0.15 2.38 3.47
(comparison)
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Table 2 shows that the sensitivity of emulsion C according to the present
invention is considerably higher than that of the comparison emulsion,
while the sensitometric values are otherwise comparable.
EXAMPLE 3
For a further sensitometric comparison, a sensitizing dye absorbing the
blue region of the spectrum and a yellow coupler emulsion are added to
emulsions C and D of Example 2 after chemical ripening and the emulsions
are cast on a layer support.
The sensitometric data obtained after exposure and processing by the colour
development process described above are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3
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Relative Sensitivity
Fog Gradation D.sub.max
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Emulsion C
247 0.14 2.47 3.61
(invention)
Emulsion D
100 0.35 2.49 3.68
(comparison)
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The emulsion comparison in Table 3 shows that emulsion C according to the
present invention has a higher sensitivity with considerably reduced fog.
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