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FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to a microwave dipole probe for in vivo localized
hyperthermia in cancer therapy, arterial plaque removal and melting gall
and kidney stones, and more particularly to such a probe which includes
fiber optics for viewing and temperature sensing.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Hyperthermia at temperatures above 41.degree. C., has been used
sporadically as an agent for cancer therapy since the early 1900's.
However, interest was not sustained because the results were inconsistent.
More recently, results of studies of cell cultures in animals as well as
some preliminary clinical trials, have revived the interest in the use of
hyperthermia in cancer treatment. It is known that hyperthermia at
temperatures above 41.degree. C. kills mammalian cells and sensitizes them
to ionizing radiation. It also selectively kills and radiosensitizes cells
that are relatively resistant to ionizing radiation and may eliminate or
reduce recovery from sublethal and potentially lethal radiation damage.
The toxicity of electron affinic compounds for oxygen deficient cells and
the toxicity of several chemotherapeutic agents can also be enhanced
greatly by hyperthermia. There is also evidence that hyperthermia may
improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiation and chemotherapeutic agents
used in therapeutic practice. Hyperthermia has been applied by fluid
immersion, irrigation, regional profusion, and electromagnetic waves.
Radio waves, or microwaves, appear to be the most practical and efficient
means for producing localized hyperthermia. In this approach
electromagnetic energy is introduced into the tissue by a field that
causes oscillation of ions in the tissue or changes in the electric dipole
orientation of molecules, which is then locally converted into heat.
Recently, investigations into the feasibility of using small microwave
antennas or probes as a means of producing local hyperthermia in cancer
therapy have employed cylindrical antennas which are inserted into the
body through the esophagus or rectum, or directly into a tumor using a
hypodermic needle. In most cases the antenna probe is a quarter wavelength
monopole antenna with frequencies in the 500 MHz to 3 GHz range.
Theoretical and experimental information indicates that a single invasive
microwave antenna may be used to heat tumors of a centimeter or so in
diameter to therapeutically useful levels. Multiple antennas have also
been used for larger tumors. These monopole antenna probes suffer from a
number of shortcomings, including poor impedance matching with the target
volume of the body; high senstivity to changes in the length of
penetration of the probe into the body; poor uniformity in electric field
and heating patterns produced; lack of beam steering, heat sensing and
visual inspection capabilities. J. W. Strohbehn, et al., "An Invasive
Microwave Antenna for Locally-Induced Hyperthhermia for Cancer Therapy",
Journal of Microwave Power, 14 (4), 1979, pages 339-350; D. C. deSieyes,
et al., "Optimization of an Invasive Microwave Antenna for Local
Hyperthermia Treatment of Cancer", Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth
College, July 7, 1980; J. W. Strohbehn, et al., "Evaluation of an Invasive
Microwave Antenna System for Heating Deep-Seated Tumors", presented at the
Third International Symposium: Cancer Therapy by Hyperthermia, Drugs and
Radiation, Fort Collins, Colo., June 22-26, 1980.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved
microwave dipole probe for in vivo localized hyperthermia.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe which has a more uniform pattern of temperature distribution along
the dipole probe.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe in which the heating effects are confined to the dipole probe
length, without secondary heating effects along the feed line away from
the dipole due to antenna currents flowing along the antenna feed line.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe which does not require a transformer or matching network between the
probe and antenna feed line.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe in which the power requirements and heating performance of the probe
are independent of antenna feed line length inside the body being treated.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe whose impedance is less sensitive to changes in frequency.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe in which the field intensity fall-off is less severe.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe which is less sensitive to the variations in the target volume
electrical properties.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe whose heating pattern may be varied as a function of frequency to
enable longitudinal beam steering.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe which employs fiber optic visual access to the target volume.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a microwave dipole
probe which employs fiber optic heat sensing of the target volume.
The invention results from the realization that a truly effective microwave
dipole probe for in vivo localized hyperthermia can be made by expanding
the size of the inner conductor beyond its exit from the outer conductor
and folding back the outer conductor to form a sleeve containing a medium
whose dielectric constant is close to that of the surrounding target
volume.
The invention features a microwave dipole probe for in vivo localized
hyperthermia. The probe includes an outer conductor and an inner
conductor. The inner conductor is contained within and extends beyond the
outer conductor. The portion of the inner conductor which extends beyond
the outer conductor is expanded in diameter relative to the portion that
is within the outer conductor. There is a dielectrically loaded phase
reversal sleeve folded over the outside of the outer conductor and
containing a dielectric loading material which makes the phase velocity of
the current inside the sleeve match the phase velocity of the antenna
current.
In a preferred embodiment the expanded inner conductor may terminate in a
re-entrant microwave cavity for controlling the heating pattern in
response to variations in excitation frequency. A fiber optic bundle may
be disposed between the inner and outer conductors to provide visual and
heat-sensing access to the target volume through the probe. The microwave
dipole probe for in vivo dielectric hyperthermia may be used in groups of
two or more to form a multi-probe phased array.
The expanded inner conductor may be approximately equal in length to the
outer conductor. The dielectric loading material will have a dielectric
constant and electrical conductivity nearly the same as that of the in
vivo target volume. The dielectric loading material may be a polyester
resin composition. The probe length may be approximately one half
wavelength. The re-entrant microwave cavity may include a dielectric
loading material and the fiber optic bundle may terminate proximate the
end of the outer conductor or extend into the expanded center conductor.
There may be means for transmitting and receiving visible light radiation
laterally from the probe between the surrounding target volume and the
terminus of the fiber optic bundle. The means for transmitting and
receiving may include simply the polished ends of the fibers. It may also
include a reflecting surface. The inner conductor may be interconnected
with the expanded inner conductor by a transition section, and that
transition section may include the reflecting surface. The gap between the
outer conductor and the expanded inner conductor may be dielectrically
loaded. The fiber optic bundles may include at least one optical fiber for
transmitting radiation to the target volume and at least one optical fiber
for receiving radiation to the target volume. There may be a
heat-sensitive optical load whose reflection coefficient changes with
temperature at the terminus of one or more of the optical fibers for
modifying transmitted radiation as a function of the temperature of the
surrounding target volume. The received radiation would be compared to the
reflected radiation to determine temperature. There may be a fluorescent
load emitting visible light whose spectrum changes with temperature. The
remote sensing of two visible emission lines and taking their ratio
provides an accurate temperature measurement of the target volume adjacent
to the probe. The outer conductor may be a metallic coating formed on the
external surface of the fiber optic bundle. The probe may be entirely
covered with a dielectric material.
DISCLOSURE OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Other objects, features and advantages will occur from the following
description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in
which:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of the probe according to this invention with
control circuits and a typical target volume, or tumor;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIG. 1 similar to that
shown in FIG. 2 with a fiber optic extended into the expanded center
conductor;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative probe similar to that of
FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another alternative construction of a
probe similar to that shown in FIG. 2, illustrating the steerable heating
pattern;
FIG. 5 is a representation of the radial fall-off in heating produced by
the probe in muscle tissue at various excitation frequencies;
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a circular heating pattern obtained with a
multi-probe phased array;
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a cloverleaf heating pattern obtainable with a
multi-probe phased array with 90.degree. phase shift;
FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the polished rounded ends of a few optical
fibers in the fiber optic bundle;
FIG. 9 shows a cross-section through the fiber optic bundle taken along
line 9--9 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing two different temperature sensing
techniques usable with the probe of this invention; and
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the broader band, more uniform field
distribution of the probe according to this invention.
The invention may be accomplished with a microwave dipole probe for in vivo
localized hyperthermia, which includes an outer conductor and inner
conductor extending into and beyond the outer conductor. A portion of the
inner conductor extends beyond the outer conductor and is expanded
relative to the portion within the outer conductor. A dielectrically
loaded phase reversal sleeve is folded over the outside of the outer
conductor and contains a dielectric loading material similar to the
dielectric constant of the in vivo target volume. The microwave electric
fields supplied by the probe may be in the frequency range of 500 MHz to
10 GHz so that the electric field my be selected at a frequency where the
absorption rate of the particular target volume may be several times that
of surrounding healthy tissue. In addition to attacking cancerous tumors,
the probe may be used for other in vivo hyperthermia therapies, such as
the reduction of plaque in arteries and breaking up of gall and kidney
stones. With this improved probe, the spatial fall-off of the temperature
beyond the target volume is very steep. By the use of the sleeve with the
dielectric medium, radiation is confined to the region of the probe and
does not extend back up the outside of the antenna feed line. The addition
of a re-entrant cavity provides a capability for vertical beam steering by
frequency adjustment. A typical beam pattern provides maximum radiated
power at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the probe. A multi-probe
arrangement may be positioned in spaced locations around the target volume
to provide directional radiation patterns. In addition, the radiation from
each of the probes in a multi-probe structure may be excited in current
phased relationship with one another so that the fields subtract in some
areas and add in others. In addition, the temperature distribution
patterns may be continuously varied in time by changing the relative
phasing of the probes. The radiated power may be pulsed or continuous.
Visual inspection of a cancer tumor or other target volume may be
accomplished by means of fiber optics integrally formed with the microwave
probe. The inner conductor may be formed at the center of the fiber optic
bundle, and the outer conductor may be formed as a cylinder surrounding
the fiber optic bundle or may be a metal coating such as a nickel alloy
vapor-deposited or sputtered onto the outside of the fiber optic bundle.
The fiber optic bundle may be used to illuminate the target volume and
return the reflected light from it to the fibers to a viewing and display
device. Each return fiber may be terminated in a refractive index lens for
expanded viewing and display. A thin-wall glass coating or cover may be
provided over the entire body of the dipole to protect it from body fluids
and to enhance its isolation from the electrical properties of the body.
It also provides a viewing window for optical radiation fields. A
heat-sensitive optical load, such as a gallium arsenide semiconductor, may
be placed at the terminus of optical fibers proximate the tumor. Such
devices change their reflection coefficient with temperature so that the
difference between incident and reflected light on the gallium arsenide
crystal semiconductor can be calibrated to changes in temperature of the
target volume. There may be a fluorescent load emitting visible light
whose spectrum changes with temperature. The remote sensing of two visible
emission lines and taking their ratio provides an accurate temperature
measurement of the target volume adjacent to the probe. Dino Paporitis,
"Keeping the Heat on Cancer", Photonics Spectra, March 1984, Vol. 18,
Issue 3, p. 53.
A microwave dipole probe 10 according to this invention is shown in FIG. 1,
juxtaposed to a target volume 12 which may be a cancer tumor. Probe 10 is
connected by a coaxial antenna feed line 14 to suitable control sensing
and display circuits 17. Probe 10, FIG. 2, is longitudinally symmetrical
about longitudinal axis 15 and is generally tubular in form. It is
approximately one centimeter in length or longer, depending on the tumor
site, and includes an outer conductor 16, which is formed of a metal such
as a nickel alloy as an extension of the outer conductor of antenna feed
coaxial line 14. Outer conductor 16 is folded over on itself to form a
phase reversal sleeve 18 which is filled with a dielectric 20 having a
dielectric constant which is similar to that of the surrounding target
volume. Typically the dielectric may be polyester resin composition, with
a dielectric constant of .SIGMA..sub.r =40. Fiber optic bundle 22 is
contained between outer conductor 16 and inner conductor 24 in coaxial
cable antenna feed 14 and in probe 10. Beyond the end of outer conductor
16, inner conductor 24 expands, 25. Inner conductor 24 is connected to the
apex 26 of a cone, pyramid, six-sided pyramid, or the like, 28, whose
surface is metallically coated such as with a chromium or nickel alloy and
constitutes the transition portion 30 of the inner conductor between the
single line form 24 within outer conductor 16 and the expanded form 25
beyond the end of outer conductor 16. A cover 32, formed of a dielectric
material such as glass, extends from the end of outer conductor 16 to the
rounded distal end of the probe 34. The expanded inner conductor 25 is
formed by a metallic cylindrical coating 36 plated on, for example, a
glass cylinder 38 disposed in chamber 40. The metal coating 36 in contact
with the metal surface 30 of pyramid 28 forms the continuous expanded
inner conductor 25. The expanded inner conductor 25 continues along the
end of cylinder 42, on the outside surface of re-entrant cavity 44 and on
the surface 46 of glass plug 48 in forward chamber 50. A glass or other
dielectric pin 52 may be used to hold together plug 48 and cylinder 38.
The gap 54 between the end of outer conductor 16 and the expanded outer
conductor 25 may be left open as much as structually possible if
contamination by body fluids is not a problem. If it is, then the gap will
be covered typically by the same dielectric, such as glass, which is used
to form insulating cover 32. To accommodate the emission and reception of
radiation by the fiber optic bundle 22, gap 54 may be at least partially
formed of transparent glass material. Fibers may continue across the gap
and enter into the expanded center conductor by means of holes in the
reflecting surface. Light fed down some of the fibers of fiber optic
bundle 22 reflects off the metallic surface 30, which also functions as an
optical reflecting surface, to illuminate the surrounding target volume.
Reflected radiation is received by others of the optical fibers and
transmitted back to external equipment for display.
Probe 10', FIG. 2A, is similar to that shown in FIG. 2, but certain
elements 45 of the fiber optic bundle 22' are extended through holes 47 in
reflecting surface 30' without disturbing the general reflecting property
of the surface and into cylinder 38' provided with mirrors 49 to redirect
the light laterally out of ports 51 in the expanded conductor 25'. Instead
of mirrors the elements 45 could be simply bent to redirect the light.
In probe 10a, FIG. 3, inner conductor 24a begins to expand generally in the
area of 26a to form expanded inner conductor 25a by virtue of the
capacitive coupling between the extended inner conductor 24aa and the
surrounding cylindrical surface 36a which is capacitively coupled to it.
The expanded inner conductor 24a continues with the surface of metallic
coating 30a coated on pyramidical member 28a, which in this case does not
function as a transition section as it did in probe 10, FIG. 2. However,
the pyramidical section 30a does act as a reflecting member by virtue of
the polished nature of the metallic surface 28a. A dielectric cover 32a is
typically made of transparent glass in the area 56a where radiation must
be emitted and returned through the ends of the fiber optic elements via
reflecting surface 28a. However, in gap 54a the insulating dielectric
cover 32a need not be transparent, for that no longer is used as the
viewing port. As shown in FIG. 3, cover 32a may extend over the entire
probe including outer conductor 17a and sleeve 18a.
In an alternative construction, FIG. 4, extension 24bb of inner conductor
24b transitions abruptly at 26b into the expanded inner conductor 36b
plated on the inside of chamber 38b. Because of the folded over sleeve 18b
with the dielectric 20b, probe 10b has a power radiating field, and
consequently a heat pattern distribution 60 which is confined to the
length of the probe. That is, sleeve 18b with dielectric 20b functions as
a choke or phase reversal medium to prevent leakage antenna currents from
flowing on the surface of coaxial cable lead 14b and producing secondary
heating effects along feed 14b. In addition to providing a more uniform
and predictable pattern, it also makes the probe independent of its depth
in the tissue within the body because antenna lead 14b is no longer so
sensitive to the air-tissue interface 62. Longitudinal beam steering is
accomplished with the presence of re-entrant cavity 44b, which is formed
of a suitable dielectric such as a resin compound by varying the
excitation frequency of the probe. For example, for the power absorption
profile indicated at 60 an excitation frequency of 1 GHz is used. By
shifting that frequency to 5 GHz, the beam may be steered to provide the
power absorption profile 64.
One advantage of the expanded inner conductor is that it reduces the
electric field gradient at the surface of the dipole so that beyond its
perimeter the field falls off less abruptly. This is shown in FIG. 5,
where the field behavior in materials having values of dielectric constant
and conductivity corresponding to muscle tissue are shown as decreasing
relatively slowly close to the probe for various frequencies from 400 MHz
to 8.5 GHz.
The probes shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 may be used in a multi-probe phased
array, such as shown in FIG. 6, wherein four probes are equally spaced
about the maximum heating center 70 to provide a circular heating pattern
which is most intense at the center and is circularly uniform, as shown by
the isotherms 72, 74, 76. The currents are in phase in each of probes 10,
FIG. 6. However, in FIG. 7 the currents are not in phase, but rather are
progressively advanced by 90.degree.. This creates a null point at center
70a and a cloverleaf heating pattern represented by isotherms 78 and 80.
Individual optical fibers 90, 92, 94, FIG. 8, in fiber optic bundle 22 may
have polished rounded ends to enhance their distribution and reception of
the light. One or more of the fiber optic rods may include at its terminus
a heat-sensitive load, such as a gallium arsenide semiconductor 96, whose
reflection coefficient changes with changes in temperature. Thus light
directed down fiber 90 is differently affected when it strikes the surface
of semiconductor 96 depending upon the temperature of semiconductor 96.
These differences can be detected in the reflected light by suitable
equipment and the control sensing and display 17, FIG. 1.
Fiber optic bundle 22c, FIG. 9, is composed of a number of optical fibers
surrounding inner conductor 24c. Some of those optical fibers are
light-transmitting, 100; some of them are light-receiving, 102. Typically,
the center conductor is approximately 0.2 mm in diameter and the entire
optical bundle, including the vapor-deposited or sputtered metallic clad
16c, has an overall diameter of approximately 1 mm. to 2 mm. Temperature
determination using a heat-sensitive optical load, such as a gallium
arsenide semiconductor 96a, FIG. 10, is constructed using a fiber optic
element 106 which receives light from light transmitter 116 and delivers
it to the surface semiconductor 96a, whose reflection coefficient varies
with temperature. The reflected light is tapped through passive coupler
118 to receiver 120, where it is delivered to comparator 122 in
combination with the original light from transmitter 116. The determined
temperature is then displayed in temperature display 124. The broad-band,
uniform nature of the signal produced by the probe of this invention is
shown by characteristic 130, FIG. 11, presented for comparison with a
similar characteristic 132 for typical conventional monopole probes.
Other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the
following claims:
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