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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
I. Field of the Invention:
This invention relates generally to an improved catheter structure for
performing cardiovascular angioplasty procedures, and more particularly to
a catheter construction which permits a variety of medical procedures to
be carried out using the same catheter once it has been routed
appropriately through the vascular system.
II. Description of the Prior Art:
Coronary artery disease has been a major cause of death in this country for
a number of years. Due to causes which are not totally understood, over a
period of time, fatty deposits and plaque build up on the interior walls
of the coronary arteries leading to ischema and the discomfort of angina
pectoris. Also, the narrowed coronary arteries can become blocked by
thrombotic material carried in the bloodstream and, once blocked, may
result in a coronary infarct.
For a number of years, coronary bypass surgery has been the procedure used
to treat coronary artery disease, especially where a drug regimen has
proven unsuccessful. In carrying out this treatment, the chest is opened
to expose the heart, and blocked segments of coronary arteries are
bypassed, using a vein harvested from the patient's own leg. Because of
the traumatic nature of the surgical procedure, a prolonged
hospitalization is generally required as well as an extended recuperative
period.
In a paper entitled, "Nonoperative Dilation of Coronary-Artery
Stenosis--Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty", which was
published in The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 301, No. 2, Pgs.
61-68 (July 12, 1979), A. Gruntzig, et al disclosed a technique for
opening partially occluded coronary blood vessels by inserting a catheter
into the femoral artery and routing same through the vascular system and
into a coronary artery. This catheter incorporates a ballon-type expander
near the distal end thereof. Once the catheter is positioned with the
uninflated balloon in the area occupied by the stenotic lesion, inflation
of the balloon has the effect of opening the theretofore partially
occluded coronary artery and restoring its patentcy.
In the Schjeldahl et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,989, assigned by mesne
assignment to applicants' assignee, there is described a PTCA catheter
having provision for profusing fluids, including blood, from the proximal
end of the catheter out its distal end so that even when the balloon is
inflated during the angioplasty procedure, the cells downstream from the
site of the lesion being treated will not be starved of blood. The amount
of fluid perfused is governed by the pressure applied at the proximal end
and the size of the distal orifice through which the fluid passes. In one
arrangement shown in the aforereference U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,989, a coaxial
arrangement of an outer tube and an inner tube was provided and the inner
tube extended beyond the distal end of the outer tube. The distal portion
of the inner tube was then enlarged and the enlargement could be brought
into engagement with the distal opening in the outer tube to function as a
valve by manipulating the inner tube at its proximal end. In this manner,
the rate of flow of fluids out the distal end of the outer tube can be
regulated.
While the device described in the aforereferenced Schjeldahl et al patent
provides a practical angioplasty catheter, it lacks the versatility of the
angioplasty catheter of the present invention. As will be described in
considerable detail hereinbelow, the catheter of the present invention can
be used in a perfusing mode in which a substantial flow of blood or blood
components may be perfused distally of the treatment site. In another
mode, a guide wire may be inserted through the lumen of the catheter, thus
narrowing the passageway through which the perfusate may flow while
facilitating the routing of the catheter into the appropriate arterial
branch to be treated. By utilizing a third element, namely, an inner tube
coaxially disposed within the outer tube, and by appropriately
manipulating the proximal end of the inner tube, it may be made to engage
the inside walls of the outer tube in a sealing arrangement whereby the
inflation and deflation of the expander member is facilitated. By
partially withdrawing the inner tube, the flexibility of the distal
portion of the catheter can be increased which facilitates the ability of
the catheter to track or follow the guide wire. Finally, the guide wire
and the inner tube may be totally removed from the lumen of the outer tube
and replaced with an optical fiber bundle so that stenotic lesions can be
lased and the site simultaneously aspirated to remove any debris created
by this process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one form of the invention, the percutaneous,
transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) catheter may comprise an
elongated, flexible, plastic outer tubular member having three integrally
formed segments, one of the segments being of a first outer diameter,
another being of a second outer diameter less than the first and the third
being a transition zone between the first and second segments. At least
one aperture is formed through the wall of the outer tubular member in the
transition zone and an expander is bonded to the outer surface of the
outer tubular member so as to span the aperture(s). An elongated,
flexible, plastic inner tubular member, whose outside diameter is such
that the inner tubular member may be slidingly received within the lumen
of the outer tubular member within the first segment but not within the
second segment is provided, and the distal end of the inner tubular member
is shaped to seat in a sealing relation with the inner side wall of the
outer tubular member within the transition zone. Completing the assembly
is a specially designed hub attached at the proximal end of the catheter
and which is configured to allow the introduction of fluid between the
outside surface of the inner tubular member and the inside surface of the
outer tubular member. Also, the hub allows reciprocal movement of the
inner tube within the lumen of the outer tube to engage and disengage the
seal. Moreover, provision is made for introducing a guide wire through the
lumen of the inner tube. Both the guide wire and the inner tube may be
removed from the lumen of the outer tube so as to maximize the flow rate
of fluids introduced at the proximal end of the catheter or the
substitution of a fiber optic bundle if the PTCA catheter is to use a
laser beam to remove the stenotic lesion being treated.
OBJECTS
It is accordingly a principal object of the present invention to provide an
improved catheter for performing coronary transluminal angioplasty.
Another object of the invention is to provide a PTCA catheter of a
relatively small outside diameter when its expander is noninflated.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a PTCA catheter in which
the flow of fluids out the distal end or the rate of aspiration can be
controlled by the surgeon during the catheter's use.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a PTCA catheter in
which the expander pressure and rate of distal perfusion can be regulated.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become
apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed
description of a preferred embodiment, especially when considered in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals in the
several views refer to corresponding parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a partially cross-section view of the catheter assembly of the
present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates the distal end portion of the catheter of FIG. 1 showing
the seal in its open condition;
FIG. 3 illustrates the catheter of FIG. 1 with all inner members removed;
and
FIG. 4 illustrates the PTCA catheter of the present invention in which a
fiber optic bundle replaces the inner tubular member for carrying out a
different form of angioplasty.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a partially cross-section view of the percutaneous transluminal
angioplasty catheter comprising the preferred embodiment of the present
invention. The catheter is referred to generally by numeral 10 and
includes a first, outer, elongated, flexible, plastic tubular member 12
having a generally uniform outside diameter over a majority of its length
but tapering in a transition zone 18 to a distal end segment 20 having a
lesser outside diameter. Without intending to limit the invention in any
way, but to provide an example, the outer flexible tubular member 12 may
be made from polyester material and may have an outside diameter of 0.055
inches (4.5 French) over a majority of its length but tapering down to an
outside diameter of 0.030 inches proximate the distal end thereof. The
corresponding inside diameter for the outer tubular member 12 are 0.044
inches and 0.020 inches, respectively. Other examples of materials from
which the outer tube 12 may be fabricated are polyethylene, PVC and
polyurethane.
Extending through the side wall of the outer tubular member 12 in the
transition zone 18 are one or more apertures 22. Bonded to the outer
surface of the outer tubular member 12 is an expander member 24, which in
the view of FIG. 1 is shown in its inflated condition. More particularly,
the proximal end of the tubular expander 24 is circumferentially bonded at
26 to the outer surface of the tubular member 12 proximally of the
aperture 22 while its distal end is circumferentially bonded at 28 near
the distal 16 end of the outer tubular member 12. Thus, the expander
member 24 spans the apertures 22 allowing it to be inflated or deflated by
injecting or removing fluid through the apertures 22.
The expander member 24 may be made from an extensible but inexpandable
material, such as a biaxially oriented plastic material polyethylene
terathalate (PET) provides an excellent choice in that it can be inflated
to a pressure of up to 12 atmospheres without rupturing or unduly
swelling. Alternatively, the expander member 24 may be made from an
elastomeric material, such as silicone or urethane, but which incorporates
circumferential fiber bands spaced from one another so as to provide a
desired balloon profile when the expander member is inflated. By providing
closer fiber-to-fiber spacing in the zones 26 and 28, adequate sealing of
the expander member 24 to the outer surface of the tubular member 12 can
be achieved.
Attached to the proximal end 14 of the outer tubular member 12 is a hub,
which is indicated generally by numeral 30. The hub is seen to include a
main body portion 32 having a longitudinal bore 34 extending therethrough
and having externally threaded proximal and distal ends indicated by
numerals 36 and 38, respectively. The distal end portion 38 of the hub
body 32 is tapered in a frustoconical configuration and, in securing the
outer tubular member 12 to the hub, the proximal end of the tube 12 is
first flared to receive the conical tip of the body 32, and then an
internally threaded end cap 40 is screwed onto the threaded portion 38 of
the hub body 32 and clamps the hub body 32 to the proximal end of the
tubular catheter 12.
Slidingly received within the bore 34 of the hub body 32 is a rigid tubular
reinforcing stem member 42. Circling the stem 42 is a ring 44 made from a
compressible material, such as latex or silicone rubber, the ring being
partially retained in an annular groove formed in the proximal end 46 of
the hub body member 32 and abutts the inner surface 48 of an internally
threaded end cap 50 which mates with the screw threads 36 on the hub body.
As can be observed from FIG. 1, when the end cap is screwed tightly onto
the hub body 32, the deformable ring or sleeve 44 is squeezed tightly
against the reinforcing stem 42, preventing longitudinal movement thereof
within the bore 34 of the hub body 32. However, when the end cap 50 is
loosened, the frictional engagement between the compressible sleeve 44 and
the stem 42 is relaxed, allowing longitudinal displacement of the stem 42
within the bore 34.
With continued reference to FIG. 1, it can be seen that there is attached
to the distal end of the stem 42 a second, flexible, plastic, inner
tubular member 52 which is coaxially disposed within the lumen of the
outer tubular member 12 and which extends substantially the entire length
of the catheter, terminating in a suitable taper at its distal end 54 so
as to conform to the inside wall of the outer tubular member 12 in the
transition zone 18. Again, for the purpose of illustration only, with the
dimensions of the outer tubular member 12 set forth above, the coaxially
disposed inner tubular member 52 may be extruded from PFA TEFLON.RTM.
synthetic resin polymer and may have an outside diameter of 0.032 inches
and an inside diameter of 0.020 inches.
With the sizes indicated, a fluid, such as blood, radiopaque dyes,
medicaments, etc., may be introduced through the luer fitting 56 formed on
the hub body 32 and made to flow between the outer surface of the inner
tube 52 and the inner surface of the outer tube 12. When the inner tubular
member 52 is in its forwardmost position, as illustrated in FIG. 1 with
the tapered end portion 54 thereof in sealing engagement with the inner
surface of the outer tubular member 12 in the transition zone 18, the
fluid is essentially blocked from flowing distally of the seal and thus
passes through the apertures 22 to inflate the expander member 24 to a
maximum pressure established by the fluid source (not shown) attached to
the luer fitting 56.
Referring next to the somewhat enlarged distal end portion of the catheter
assembly of FIG. 1, the inner tubular member 52 has been pulled back (to
the left in FIG. 1) so that it no longer mates in a sealing relationship
with the outer tubular member 12 in the transition zone 18. Now, when
fluid is introduced through the luer connector 56 and made to perfuse
between the outer surface of the inner tube 52 and the inner surface of
the outer tube 12, only a portion of the flow is available to fill the
expander member 24 and the remaining portion of the flow perfuses out the
distal end 16 of the PTCA catheter 10. The inner tubular member 52 can be
locked in the retracted disposition shown in FIG. 2 by appropriately
tightening the end cap 50 on the hub body 32 when the reinforcing stem 42
has been drawn rearward a desired distance.
With continued reference to FIG. 2, in this enlarged view, it is possible
to see the earlier-mentioned circumferentially disposed reinforcing fibers
60 contained within the expandable silicone rubber or polyurethane
material comprising the balloon 24. Note in particular that the spacing
between adjacent circumferential fibers is closer in the zones 26 and 28
where the expander member 24 is bonded to the outer surface of the outer
tubular member 12. These fiber bands thus limit the extent to which the
expander member can be inflated and tend to ensure a stable seal.
Illustrated by the dotted lines in FIG. 2 is the disposition of the
expander member 24 when suction is applied to the luer connection 56 to
deflate the expander member. Because the outer tubular member tapers down
to a lesser diameter in the distal zone 20, when the balloon 24 is
deflated, it tightly conforms to the outside surface of the tubular member
12 and does not increase the overall diameter of the catheter, thus
facilitating its routing through the patient's vascular system.
With continued reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, also facilitating the routing of
the catheter through the vascular system is the ability to include a
helically wound guide wire 62 which can be inserted through the tubular
reinforcing stem 42 and the lumen of the inner tubular member 52 and
through the constricted portion 20 of the outer tubular member and beyond
the distal tip 16 of the catheter. Again, the guide wire can be sized so
as to allow fluid flow between it and the inside surface of the outer
tubular member. Thus, perfusion of blood distally beyond the stenotic
lesion being treated can be accommodated.
To enhance the trackability of the catheter, i.e., its ability to follow
the guide wire 62 around sharp bends in the vascular system, the main body
portion of the tube 52 may have a hardness of about 72 D durometer whereas
the distal five or so inches thereof may have a lower durometer, e.g., 55
Durometer. This allows the tip to more readily bend while the main body of
the catheter is more stiff and can be pushed without buckling.
With reference to FIG. 3 where greater fluid flow may be desired during the
course of a angioplasty procedure, by removing the end cap 50 from the hub
48, the entire guide wire 62 and inner tubular member 52 may be removed
from the central lumen of the outer tubular member 12. The large lumen now
available gives the least resistance to flow. It also reduces the pressure
on the walls of the expander member 24.
In the view of FIG. 4, the inner tubular member 52 and the guide wire 62
have been removed and replaced with an optical fiber whereby laser energy
may be directed onto the stenosis. By limiting the size of the optical
fiber 64 relative to the size of the lumen of the outer tubular member 12,
a sufficiently large lumen exists for increased effectiveness of
aspiration. Thus, following a lasing step, the blood containing fatty
deposits and/or gases generated during the lasing operation may be
aspirated out the proximal end of the catheter hub 30. By providing the
tapered enlargement 66 on the optical fiber, to act as a valve by engaging
the tapered inner surface of the outer tubular member 12 in the
intermediate zone 18, the balloon may be inflated during the lasing step
by injecting a suitable fluid into the lumen of the outer tubular member
12 and allowing it to flow through the apertures 22 into the interior
space defined by the balloon 24. The inflation of the balloon 24 allows it
to act as a positioning stop and, by retracting the enlargement 66 in the
proximal direction, it again provides a relatively large lumen for
aspiration. It is also envisioned, however, that the guide wire 62 shown
within the lumen of tube 52 in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be replaced with an
optical fiber and then the tubular member 52 may be manipulated at its
proximal end to control the inflation of the balloon and the aspiration of
fluids following the lasing step.
This invention has been described herein in considerable detail in order to
comply with the Patent Statutes and to provide those skilled in the art
with the information needed to apply the novel principles and to construct
and use such specialized components as are required. However, it is to be
understood that the invention can be carried out by specifically different
equipment and devices, and that various modifications, both as to
equipment details and operating procedures, can be accomplished without
departing from the scope of the invention itself.
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