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Description  |
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The invention relates to a process for the preparation of an antimony
oxide-doped tin oxide pigment with improved electrical conductivity
properties, and white and tinted conductive paints containing this pigment
which are useful for the removal of electrostatic charges.
The increasing use of composite materials (epoxides/ carbon fibers,
carbon/carbon fibers, epoxy/glass fibers, epoxy/aramide fibers, and the
like) for the manufacture of airplane structures results in an
accumulation of electrostatic charges on the surface of the airplane
because of the high electrical resistance of these composites.
This accumulation of electrical charges, particularly through the
triboelectric effect of aerosols, causes discharges which interfere with
the good operation of radio communication and radio navigation systems and
which can, in some cases, even cause the total loss of radio transmission
between the airplane and the ground (radio compass in particular).
In order that the electrical charges may be removed correctly and in order
that they do not interfere with the radio links, the surface electrical
resistance of the airplane must be between 1 and 100 M.OMEGA./square.
Existing finishing paints (generally white) cannot ensure that the
electrical charges flow away, because they have a very high surface
electrical resistance (greater than 10.sup.11 .OMEGA./square).
These finishing paints are required to ensure a protection of the airplanes
against the natural environment (rain, sunlight, etc.) or accidental
environment (fuel and oil splashes, and the like).
The solutions which are known at present for removing electrostatic charges
consist in:
either metalizing of the electrically insulating surfaces (metal lattice,
conductive adhesive tapes, and the like) followed by the application of an
insulating finishing paint of well-determined thickness,
or the application of a conductive black paint which is stabilized by an
oven cure, followed by the application of an insulating finishing paint,
of well-determined thickness.
These two solutions have two major disadvantages:
difficulty of implementation and high cost
time-consuming and difficult repair, because it requires a complete
stripping of the coating in order not to produce an excessive thickness of
the insulating finishing layer, which would unavoidably result in
breakdowns.
It would therefore be advantageous to have available an electrically
conductive finishing paint which could be applied in one or more coats
onto the insulating parts of the airplane and whose thickness tolerances
would not be critical.
However, in order to be able to prepare an electrically conductive
finishing paint meeting the above conditions of surface electrical
resistance, it is necessary to have available a pigment which itself has a
low surface electrical resistance, that is to say not exceeding
approximately 20.OMEGA./square, because otherwise, after mixing with a
binder and the other possible components of the paint, paints with
inadequate electrical conductivity are obtained.
Furthermore, the pigment should advantageously have a satisfactory color,
that is to say be as white as possible, because the major part of the
requirements of the aeronautical industry relates to white paints.
The Applicant Companies have now found a new process for the preparation of
an off-white pigment having a surface electrical resistance which does not
exceed approximately 20 ohms/square, which is suitable for the preparation
of white or colored finishing paints with a surface electrical resistance
of between 1 and 100 M.OMEGA./square and which can be applied as a single
coat directly onto the insulating parts of an airplane.
More particularly, the invention relates to a process for the preparation
of an antimony oxide-doped tin oxide pigment with a white or off-white
color and a surface electrical resistance not exceeding 20 ohms/square,
comprising the intimate mixing of tin oxide and antimony oxide and then
heating the resultant mixture to a high temperature, wherein a proportion
of 1.25 to 10 parts by weight of antimony oxide Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 per 100
parts by weight of tin oxide SnO.sub.2 is mixed and wherein the mixture of
Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 and of SnO.sub.2 is calcined at a temperature in the
range from 900.degree. to 950.degree. C. Preferably, the proportion of
Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 ranges from 2.5 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts of
SnO.sub.2.
It should be recalled that the concept of surface electrical resistance
arises from the observation that
##EQU1##
where
R = resistance in ohms,
P = resistivity of the material,
L = length,
l = width, and
e = thickness.
In the case where L = l, any square with a constant thickness will have the
same resistance.
In the process of the invention, the mixture of Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 and
SnO.sub.2 is calcined at a temperature in the range from 900.degree. to
950.degree. C.
Below 900.degree. C. the surface electrical resistance obtained is too
high, and above 950.degree. C. the tin oxide begins to decompose. The
calcination time may range from a few minutes to several hours.
In addition, the invention relates to a white or colored paint comprising
at least one pigment, at least one binder and at least one solvent, in
which the pigment is a pigment produced by the process of the invention.
By way of indication, the pigment will be present in the paint in the form
of particles of a size greater than 1 .mu.m, typically in the range from 5
to 150 .mu.m, to produce a satisfactory opacity.
The paints of the invention can be applied in one or more coats onto the
substrate to be painted by applying paint films of a thickness
advantageously between 5 and 250 micrometers, with a surface electrical
resistance of between 1 and 100 M.OMEGA./square.
All the surface electrical resistances referring to the doped pigment and
indicated in the present description are given for a square thickness of 1
mm, while all the surface electrical resistances referring to the paints
of the invention are given for the thickness of the applied paint film
(usually 30 to 60 micrometers), because it is the surface electrical
resistance of this film which is of importance in practice.
The paints of the invention comprise at least one pigment according to the
invention and at least one binder with film-forming properties.
Any binder which is known to be useful for forming paints can be employed.
By way of non-restrictive examples, mention may be made of polyurethanes,
epoxide resins, acrylic resins, glycerophthalic resins, silicone resins,
and the like. The expert will be able to find numerous types of usable
binders in the abundant literature published on this subject. At present,
the use of polyurethanes is preferred for aeronautical applications.
In addition to the pigment of the invention and the binder, the paints of
the invention may comprise an electrically nonconductive white pigment,
for example titanium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc orthotitanate, and the like,
which is intended to improve the whiteness of the paint and/or an
electrically nonconductive colored pigment intended to impart a required
coloring to it.
When an electrically nonconductive white pigment and/or an electrically
nonconductive colored pigment is, or are, incorporated in the paint of the
invention, care should be taken that the weight ratio of the electrically
nonconductive pigments to the pigment of the invention does not exceed 1 :
1.
Furthermore, the weight ratio of total pigments to binder would normally be
in the range from 1.5 to 4, although these values are not strictly
critical.
By way of indication, use may be made, as a solvent, of aromatic
hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, styrene, naphtha, and the like), aliphatic
hydrocarbons (white spirit, gasolines, petroleum, and the like), ketones
(methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diacetone alcohol, and the
like), esters (ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethylene
glycol acetate, butylene glycol acetate, and the like), glycol ethers
(ethylene glycol, butylene glycol, methylene glycol, propylene glycol, and
the like), alcohols (ethanol, propanol, butanol, and the like), terpene
hydrocarbons (turpentine oil, and the like) and water. The proportion of
solvent will usually be in the range from 0 to 60% by weight relative to
the total weight of the paint.
The paints of the invention may obviously also comprise any required
adjuvants generally employed in paint formulations, provided, of course,
that they do not excessively deteriorate the electrical conductivity
properties of the paint film.
Application of the coat of paint of the invention to a substrate can be
carried out with a spray gun, a brush or any other known method. The paint
of the invention may be applied to substrates of all kinds such as metals
or composite materials. When desired or necessary, a primary bonding coat
may be applied, or any other primary, for example anticorrosion, coat,
before the paint of the invention is applied.
In addition to their use on airplanes in order to avoid the accumulation of
static electricity on electrically nonconductive parts, the paints of the
invention can be used in the electronics industry, and for the storage of
flammable liquids (particularly oil products).
The following nonrestrictive examples are given in order to illustrate the
invention.
EXAMPLE 1
This example illustrates the preparation of various antimony oxide-doped
tin oxide pigments by using various proportions of antimony oxide and
various temperature and time conditions. The results obtained demonstrate
clearly the critical nature of the proportion of Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 and of
the operating conditions specified above. The following table summarizes
the compositions tested, the operating conditions employed and the
resultant pigment properties. Surface electrical resistance was measured
between two square copper electrodes 1 mm apart, the pigment powder being
compressed between these two electrodes. The voltage between the
electrodes was 1 volt.
The pigments were prepared by intimately mixing tin oxide and antimony
oxide with a particle size of between 20 and 150 .mu.m, in the required
proportions, for approximately 10 minutes in a powder mixer, and then
heating the resultant mixture in an oven up to the calcination temperature
shown, in a continuous manner.
______________________________________
Calcination
g of Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3
tem- Surface
Pig- per 100 g perature resistance
ment of SnO.sub.2
.degree.C.
time, h
.OMEGA./square
Color
______________________________________
A* 0.625 950 16 100 gray
B 1.25 950 16 12 grayish-white
C 2.5 950 16 9 yellowish-white
D 1 5 900 16 9 yellowish-white
D 2 5 950 4 10 yellowish-white
D 3 5 950 2 10 yellowish-white
D 4 5 950 1 8 yellowish-white
D 5 5 950 5 min
8 yellowish-white
E* 5 800 16 80 yellowish
F 10 950 16 20 white, slightly
grayish
G* 20 900 1 500 gray
H* 33.3 950 16 500 gray
I* 100 950 16 1000 gray
J* 5 400 3 9000
K* 5 500 3 2500
L* 5 600 3 1500
M* 5 1150 3 1000
______________________________________
*outside the scope of the invention, given for comparison.
EXAMPLE 2 (comparative)
This example, given for comparison, illustrates the critical nature of the
choice of antimony oxide as doping agent. The Applicant Companies have
tried various other doping agents without being able to obtain doped
pigments exhibiting electrical conductivity properties which were as good
as those of the pigments of the invention. The following table summarizes
the compositions of the pigments prepared, the operating conditions
employed, and the properties of the pigments obtained.
__________________________________________________________________________
Surface
Doping agent
Calcination resistance,
Pigment
SnO.sub.2, g
nature
quantity, g
temperature, .degree.C.
time, h
ohms/square
Color
__________________________________________________________________________
J 100 TeO.sub.2
10 950 16 300 000
gray
K 100 In.sub.2 O.sub.3
10 800 16 400 000
yellow
L 100 GeO.sub.2
10 950 16 1 000 000
white
M 100 GeO.sub.2
20 1150 16 40 000 white
N 100 GeO.sub.2
100 1150 16 500 000
white
O 100 TiO.sub.2
10 950 16 400 000
white
P 100 TiO.sub.2
20 950 16 200 000
white
Q 100 TiO.sub.2
40 950 16 800 000
white
TiO.sub.2
53.2
R 100 950 16 2 000 yellowish-white
Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3
13.3
TiO.sub.2
75
S 100 950 16 500 grayish-white
Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3
5
TiO.sub.2
53.2
T 100 800 16 2 000 000
yellowish
In.sub.2 O.sub.3
13.3
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EXAMPLE 3
This example and those which follow illustrate the preparation of paints
from a pigment according to the invention.
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained, whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint prepared by the following operating
procedure:
4.3 g of ethylene glycol acetate and 4 g of ethyl acetate are added to 17 g
of Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (sold by Bayer) in a vertical mixer;
62 g of pigment C of Example 1 in powder form are then added to the
solution obtained and are dispersed for 10 minutes. After this, 8.4 g of
ethylene glycol acetate and 10 g of ethyl acetate are added again, and
then the paste produced is milled in a Red Devil ball mill for 1 hour. The
composition obtained is separated from the balls by screening. The balls
are rinsed with 4.3 g of methyl isobutyl ketone and the product of rinsing
is added to the composition with stirring. 13 g of Desmodur N 75 hardener
is incorporated in the resultant composition just before the latter is
applied.
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance R.sub.s of the coating obtained is:
R.sub.s = 3 M.OMEGA./square.
The method for preparing the paint compositions in the following examples
is similar to that described above, except for the changes indicated in
respect of the ingredients used.
EXAMPLE 4
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (17 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (13 g),
which are produced by Bayer
pigment : mixture of pigment D.sub.1 of Example 1 in powder form (46.5 g)
and of titanium dioxide (15.5 g), sold by Merck
solvents : mixture of ketones and acetates of Example 3.
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating obtained is:
R.sub.s = 17 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 5
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (17 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (13 g),
produced by Bayer
pigment : mixture of pigment C of Example 1 in powder form (54.25 g) and of
titanium dioxide (7.75 g) sold by Merck
solvents : mixture of ketones and acetates of Example 3.
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating obtained is:
R.sub.s = 4 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 6
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (27 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (13 g),
produced by Bayer
pigment : mixture of pigment D.sub.1 of Example 1 in powder form (46 g) and
of titanium dioxide (16 g) sold by Merck
solvents : mixture of ketones and acetates of Example 3.
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating obtained is:
R.sub.s = 23 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 7
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (17 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (13 g),
produced by Bayer
pigment : mixture of pigment D.sub.1 of Example 1 in powder form (45 g) and
of titanium dioxide (17 g) sold by Merck
solvents : mixture of ketones and acetates of Example 3.
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating obtained is:
R.sub.s = 25 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 8
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (17 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (13 g),
produced by Bayer
pigment : mixture of pigment C of Example 1 in powder form (44 g) and of
titanium dioxide (18 g) sold by Merck
solvents : mixture of ketones and acetates of Example 3.
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating obtained is:
R.sub.s = 43 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 9
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is between 25 and 40 microns, by applying to an electrically
nonconductive substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer
pigment : mixture of pigment C of Example 1 in powder form (46.5 g) and of
titanium dioxide (15.5. g) sold by Merck
solvents : mixture of ketones and acetates of Example 3.
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is:
R.sub.s = 52 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 10
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 38 micrometers, by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Rhodorsil 10336 silicone binder (42 g) from Rh ,cir/o/ ne
pigment : pigment D.sub.1 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvent : xylene (30 g)
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating is:
R.sub.s = 4.5 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 11
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 54 micrometers, by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Araldite GZ 601.times.75 epoxide binder from Ciba-Geigy (22 g) and Versamid
100 (19.2 g) and Versamid 115 (3.7 g) hardeners produced by Schering
pigment : pigment D.sub.1 of Example 1 (92 g)
solvents : mixture : xylene (15 g), secondary butanol (15 g), isobutyl
acetate (15 g), ethylene glycol acetate (15 g).
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 4 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 12
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 95 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Araldite PY 341 epoxide binder from Ciba-Geigy (18 g) and Epilink 360
hardener from Akzo (21 g)
pigment : pigment D1 of Example 1 (86 g)
solvent : water (35 g).
The P/B ratio is 3.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 3 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 13
An electrically conductive yellow coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 50 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (19.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment : mixture of powder of pigment D1 of Example 1 (47 g) and of yellow
iron oxide (8 g).
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.4.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 1 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 14
An electrically conductive green coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 50 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment mixture of pigment D1 of Example 1 in powder form (47 g) and green
chromium oxide (15.5 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is: 1 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 15
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 40 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer
pigment : pigment D1 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 10 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 16
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 60 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment : pigment D2 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 8 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 17
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 55 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment pigment D3 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 9 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 18
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 48 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment : pigment D4 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 9.5 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 19
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained whose thickness after
drying is 35 micrometers by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment : pigment D5 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistance of the coating is: R.sub.s = 15 M.OMEGA./square.
EXAMPLE 20
An electrically conductive white coating is obtained, with various
thicknesses after drying, by applying to an electrically nonconductive
substrate a paint of the following composition:
Desmophen 651 polyurethane binder (18.5 g) and Desmodur N 75 hardener (14
g), produced by Bayer.
pigment : pigment D1 of Example 1 (62 g)
solvents : mixture : ethylene glycol acetate (12.7 g) and ethyl acetate (14
g).
The P/B ratio is 2.75.
The surface resistances of the coating as a function of the various
thicknesses are given in the following table:
______________________________________
Thickness in .mu.m
R.sub.s in M.OMEGA./square
______________________________________
8 15
15 11
21 7.5
27 7
38 4.5
54 4
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