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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to fluorescence microscopy in which magnified images
of tissues, cells or other components of a sample are obtained from light
emission from a plurality of fluorescent dyes which can be attached to
specific components or features of the sample.
High resolution imaging has and continues to play a prominent role in
biology. Microscopic techniques have improved steadily in both the
cellular and sub-cellular realms. Fluorescence microscopy is presently
preferred because of its superior image contrast over that of conventional
light scattering microscopy and because of the now well established
procedure of attaching a wide variety of dyes to target related components
which allows for high resolution visualization of structure-specific
bindings resulting in rapid growth of an important sub-field of
immunocytology.
Practical fluorescence microscopy is about fifty years old. In 1935, Max
Hartinger first substituted fluorescent dyes for the then conventional
stains used in histological procedures. This was developed into a routine
procedure for bacteriology laboratories in the 1940's with the use of
Acridine Orange as a metachromatic fluorescent stain for nucleic acids and
the labeling of various proteins including specific antibodies, with
isocyanate and isothiocyanate derivatives of fluorescein. Subsequently, an
extensive series of other fluorescent agents, some of which are brighter
and have greater avidity for specific targets, have been developed for
cytological work. Technical advances such as monochromatic and
epifluorescent illumination systems have reduced problems with dye
bleaching and in some cases eliminated the need for barrier filters to
screen out activating light.
The attractive possibility of using more than two fluorescent stains
simultaneously in the same preparation, even when employing high contrast
imaging techniques, has heretofore been unattainable because the spectral
emission of the available dyes is typically very broad and emission in the
blue range is a natural characteristic of all cells which masks or blanks
out blue emitting dyes. Accordingly, only dyes that emit in the red and
yellow ranges can be effectively distinguished even when employing
available filtering techniques.
Use of time resolved fluorescence is an effective technique for
interpreting dynamical interactions with the environment of the dye site
and for obtaining information from non-single exponential decay modes.
However, time resolved fluorescence has not been suggested or used for
noninterfering particular spatial site selection with the exception of
long decay time dyes for generalized background differentiation.
Fluorescent dyes are not the only possible site specific labels that can be
used in association with present day imaging techniques. Others include
shape and opacity defined labels such as latex particles, collodial gold
and thorium particles, india ink, magnetite, erythrocytes and bacteria.
Some of these serve purposes beyond imaging such as magnetite tagging
which lends itself to separation processes and the like. In addition,
there exist substrate imaging techniques such as insoluble substrate
deposits and site specific alkaline etching, chemiluminescent stains and
radioisotope stains which, although they provide imaging, are again
limited to at most two labels simultaneously even when used in a high
resolution system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a primary object of the present invention to improve fluorescence
microscopy.
It is therefore an object to detect a large number of fluorescent labels
and stains and to view their precise spatial relationship simultaneously
while eliminating nonspecific background.
A further object of the present invention is to record simultaneously from
a single sample high resolution separately distinguishable correlated
images from a plurality of excited dyes selected to span a large
non-interferring range of decay times.
Another object of the present invention is to resolve accurately complex
mixtures of micro-organisms, and the like.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a multi-chronal
fluorescence imaging technique for detecting a large number of fluorescent
labels and stains which can be readily adapted to such techniques as
automatic screening, time lapse photography, cinematography, computerized
identification and computer translated multicolor display.
These and other objects of the present invention are attained by a
multi-chronal fluorescence imaging technique for resolving simultaneously
the spatial distribution of a plurality of site specific dyes while, at
the same time, eliminating non specific background. The sample components
are labelled by a battery of dyes that have a relatively large spread of
fluorescence decay times. The stained or tagged sample components are
detected and/or recorded using a high contrast imaging system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of these and other objects of the present
invention reference is had to the following detailed description of the
invention which is to be read in association with the following drawings,
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a multichronal fluorescence
microscope for spatially differentiating a plurality of sample components
that embodies the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation illustrating the delay characteristic
response curves of four separate dyes after the dyes have been excited
simultaneously by a pulse of irradiating light;
FIG. 3 is a grahic representation showing the time relationship between an
irradiating pulse of light and the opening and closing of an adjustable
time-resolved viewing gate to provide an image formed predominantly by one
of the four dyes referred to in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is also a graphic representation similar to that shown in FIG. 3
wherein the viewing gate is opened and closed a number of times between
each excitation pulse.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Turning initially to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic representation of a
multi-chronal fluorescence microscope, generally referenced 10, which
embodies the teachings of the present invention. The microscope includes a
transparent sample holder 11 which is situated in the object plane 12 of a
lens barrel 13. The lens barrel contains an objective lens 14 and a
further lens system 15 for focusing an image of a specimen 16 in the
viewing plane of an image detector 17. Positioned between the lens barrel
and the detector is a gate 18 that contains an electrically actuated
shutter than can be precisely opened and closed at timed intervals to
permit an image of the sample to be transmitted to the detector for
viewing and/or recording. A barrier filter 19 is placed in the optical
path of the lens system which serves to prevent unwanted background from
reaching the detector.
The sample mounted in the sample holder typically will contain different
components of a biological, inorganic or organic nature to which site
specific fluorescent dyes can be attached to tag or label particular
sample components. Accordingly, a mixed population of cells, for example,
may be stained so that particular cells in the mix will take up a
fluorescent dye having a specific emission characteristic that can be
easily distinguished. In the present system a plurality of dyes, each
having different emission characteristics are added to the sample and are
excited simultaneously by ultraviolet light from a pulsed laser 20. The
light is transmitted to the sample by a flexible fiber optic bundle 21
which can be selectively positioned to direct a beam of irradiating light
from above or below the transparent holder. A beam controller 23 is
mounted in the bundle which can be adjusted to shape the size and
intensity profile of the light beam to irradiate uniformly all or a
selected portion of the sample. The traditional epifluorescent irradiation
mode in which excitation light enters the sample via a dichroic mirror and
through the objective lens, which in this case must be made of quartz or
some other ultra-violet transmitting material, is also adaptable to our
multichronal fluorescent microscope.
Preferably the ultraviolet light source 20 is a tunable dye pulsed nitrogen
(N.sub.2) laser that produces an output beam of radiation that is
concentrated about a desired band of radiation at which the dyes readily
absorb energy and become excited. A Photochemical Research Associates
(PRA) low jitter nitrogen laser, Model LN 103, was used in carrying out
tests on the present system and was found to operate quite well for the
intended purpose. The laser is capable of producing output pulses having
pulse widths of less than one nanosecond (ns), a command jitter less than
two ns, and a maximum repetition rate of 100 Hz. The laser is fired in
response to a pair of input trigger pulses provided by a first delayed
pulse generator 25. A compensating variable delay 22 is placed in one of
the input trigger lines. In practice, a Hewlett Packard generator, Model
214A having a variable delay range between 400 ns and about 10
milliseconds (ms) may be used to trigger the laser 20. As will be
explained below, a second delayed pulse generator 27 of similar
construction is used to trigger the gate 18 in timed relation to the
firing of the laser.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the gate 18 is connected to a high voltage pulse
generator 30 by means of a pulse forming network 31. A high voltage power
supply 32 is connected to that pulse generator and provides sufficient
voltage to open and close the gate. A synchronous clock generator 33 is
turned on by the second delayed pulse generator which applies a 1000V
pulse. A trigger control unit 34 containing a thyratron acts as a fast
response switch in the pulse generating network. Gate 18 is a Kerr cell
manufactured by the Kappa Corporation. The cell is arranged to produce a
pair of cross-polarized, electro-optical fields that can be rapidly
rotated to selectively pass and block incoming light. In the present
system, the cell acts as a shutter to pass light from the sample to the
detector during predetermined periods of time so that the detector can
view each excited dye when it is at about its maximum output intensity.
In operation, the opening and closing of the gate 18 is delayed by means of
the noted second delayed pulse generator 27 until sometime after the laser
has fired. As will be explained in greater detail below, sufficient time
is provided after the firing of the laser to permit the sample dyes to
absorb the exciting radiation and in turn begin to emit fluorescent
radiation characteristic of each specific dye. The second delayed pulse
generator 27 is preprogrammed to open and close the shutter at closely
controlled intervals so that time resolved images produced by the dyes can
be viewed or recorded simultaneously.
Although the present microscope can differentiate between seven or more
dyes, its operation will be explained in regard to four specific dyes A-D
which have been added to sample 16. For explanatory purposes it shall be
assumed that the dyes each have equal absorptive characteristics and
emission quantum efficiencies. Also for simplicity it will be further
assumed that there are first order reaction kinetics and a single decay
lifetime for each dye. The dyes are selected so that they exhibit
relatively large differences in decay times with the decay time of each
dye being separated from its faster or slower neighbor by a factor of
about ten.
Turning to FIG. 2, there is shown a log-log plot illustrating the decay
characteristics of the four dyes A-D after the sample has been initially
irradiated with ultraviolet light. Dye A, which is represented by curve 40
reaches the highest maximum intensity output and accordingly is the first
to decay. Decay to a level of about 1% its maximum intensity is reached
about 46 ns after the light pulse is terminated. Dye B, as represented by
curve 41, reaches a lower maximum output intensity (one-tenth that of dye
A), finally decaying to its 1% maximum intensity level at about 460 ns.
Similarly, dyes C and D depicted by curves 42 and 43 respectively, yield
progressively lower maximum output intensities and have correspondingly
longer lifetimes to reach their respective 1% maximum intensity levels,
attaining these at 4.6 .mu.s and 46 .mu.s.
In order to observe the images produced by each of the dyes at about the
dye's maximum output intensity, the shutter of the gate 18 can be
programmed to open by the delayed pulse generator 27 at intervals of about
0-8 ns, 60-80 ns, 600-800 ns and 6-8 microseconds after the exciting pulse
has been terminated. The gate opening interals are schematically depicted
in FIG. 2 at positions 45-48. The gate is controlled so that the detector
scans the irradiated sample in one of the two available modes to produce a
rapid, repetitive flickering long term image of each of the dye emissions.
Addition of further dyes having shorter decay times is feasible provided
the gate switching circuitry is sufficiently fast to handle the increase.
Use of dyes having longer decay times is also feasible, but at lower
repetitive gate cycles. On-off transmission factors having a ratio of
about 10 have been found satisfactory for most dye systems using up to
seven dyes.
One contemplated scanning mode is illustrated graphically in FIG. 3. The
laser is adjusted to produce a pulse 50 having a width or duration of time
t. This duration is shorter than the decay time of dye A, the dye having
the shortest lifetime. The delayed pulse generator 25 is further
programmed to fire the laser repeatedly at timed intervals t2 which are
longer than the decay time of dye D which has the longest lifetime. The
gate is programmed through the second delayed pulse generator at a time
delay t after the termination of each excitation pulse. In this case the
system has been programmed to view an image of dye A between the first and
second irradiating pulse. The gate is opened at some time earlier than 8
ns, the opening gate time being less critical for the shortest decay dye
than for the others, and remains open for an interval of about 2 ns. As
can be seen from FIG. 2, dye A is at about its maximum output at this time
and because of its relatively high intensity the image masks that of the
other dyes which are also radiating at this time. The image of dye A is
thus differentiated from the other images and thus selectively viewed by
the detector. The time t is the discrimination parameter for selecting
which dye image will be seen by the detector. By varying the time of
opening of the gate, the sample can be scanned to present images of all
four dyes at the detector in an ordered sequence relating to the order in
which the dye decays.
To view the emission of dye B, the time t.sub.d of opening is shifted to
about 60 ns and can remain open for a period of about 20 ns. As
illustrated in FIG. 2, at this time dye A has fully decayed and the
intensity of dye B is now still near its peak value and predominates. As a
result, the detector now sees an image produced by dye B. Similarly, the
time t.sub.d can be again shifted to about 600 ns and the gate can be held
open to view dye C. Finally, time t.sub.d can be moved to 6000 ns and held
open for an interval of about 2000 ns to view an image of the last dye in
the series which is dye D. Because of the short time intervals involved,
the gate sequencing can be rapidly accomplished to produce what appears to
the eye as a nonflickering steady state long term image of the output
emissions of all four dyes. In this mode of operation time t.sub.d can be
shifted each time the laser fires, for computer stored images, or it can
be held for a large number of pulses, enough time for the eye or a camera
to record the image, before being shifted. It is also contemplated that
the time the gate remains open can be controlled within limits to
compensate for differences in the absorptive coefficients of the dyes
and/or their varying quantum efficiencies.
The example presented above is in fact a realistic one. A set of
fluorescent dyes having lifetimes that differ in an ascending order by a
factor of about ten might be fluorescein (.ltoreq.1 ns); 3
hydroxyanthranilic acid (11 ns); pyrinobutyric acid (100 ns);
unbelliferone 7-hydroxycoumarin (900 ns) and benzoquinone (200-400 .mu.s).
Many other dyes covering a large range of decay times suitable for this
purpose are also known. Some examples are: toluidenylnaphthalene
-6-sulfonic acid, TNS (0.6-6 ns); acrydine orange (2 ns); perylene (4.5
ns); Zinc cytochrome C (9 ns); 1-Anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) (15
ns); 1-Dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid (DANS) (24 ns);
9-aminoacridine (28 ns); furocoumarin (50 ns); 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PBA)
102 ns; plus rhodamine B, rare earth chelates, and others.
The detector 17 (FIG. 1) can include a photographic apparatus for recording
an image or series of images on film at the various selected decay times.
The recorded images can be suitably registered and mapped for light
intensity, translated into various easily distinguishable colors and then
simultaneously displayed. A vidicon detector or simple visual observation
can also be employed. As illustrated in FIG. 1 the detector may be a video
system for either displaying the images simultaneously upon a video screen
70 or recording them on a video recorder 71 for delayed playback and/or
storage. Although many video systems are available one that is suitable
for use in the present system includes a small camera containing a charge
coupled device (CCD) capable of recording an image and converting the
image data into an electrical output signal suitable for use in a standard
video format. The electrical signals from the CCD imager 73 are fed
through a color translator 74 to a memory 75. The images relating to the
individual dyes are each color coded to more clearly differentiate
visually one image from the other before the data is placed in the memory
and displayed. The image signals are forwarded from the memory to a video
processor 76 and then on to the video screen for viewing and/or to the
recorder 71 for storage.
Turning now to FIG. 4 there is graphically illustrated a second mode of
scanning in which the shutter of the gate 18 is sequentially opened and
closed during period 45-48 for the time intervals noted above between each
of the recurring irradiating pulses. Accordingly, an image produced by
each dye is seen by the detector and is repeatedly updated between the
recurring pulses. In this mode, for some dye combinations, an
electrochromic color filter may be gated synchronously with the Kerr cell
and placed between the Kerr cell and image detector which permits direct
visual viewing of each dye image, each appearing in a color selected by
the voltage applied to the electrochromic color-tunable filter.
While this invention has been described in detail with reference to the
preferred embodiments hereinabove, it should be understood that the
invention is certainly not limited to those embodiments, and that many
modifications and variations would present themselves to those skilled in
the art without departure from the scope and spirit of this invention, as
defined in the appended claims.
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