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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a fiberscope utilizable for optically observing
or examining dark places such as the interiors of blood vessels and the
heart.
There is a known fiberscope as means for opticaly observing the interiors
of blood vessels and the heart, the fiberscope comprising, as shown in
FIGS. 1 through 3, a plurality of light guides 9 for transmitting light
beams from a light source 3 to a region 5 being observed (the interior of
a blood vessel 7 in FIG. 2) through a flexible coating tube 1; an image
transmitting fiber 11 equipped with an image focusing lens 19 at the tip
thereof, and a liquid guide passage 15 for introducing a physiological
saline solution from a syringe 13 and forming a transparent zone by
temporarily removing the blood flowing in front of the light guides 9 and
the image focusing lens 19 at the tip of the image fiber 11 in the region
5 being observed. In that case, it is needed to secure a physiological
saline flush having a flow rate equivalent to that of blood at the tip of
the coating tube 1 so as to form the above-described transparent
physiological saline solution zone. The liquid guiding passage 15 is
unnecessary when a zone without the presence of an opaque solution such as
blood is optically probed.
Referring to FIGS. 4 through 7, the construction of the tip of a fiberscope
equipped with a conventional liquid guide passage will be described. FIG.
6 is a vertical sectional view of the tip portion. FIG. 4 is a sectional
view taken on line A-A' of FIG. 6. FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken on
line B-B' of FIG. 6. FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the tip thereof. In
those Figures, an image pick-up adaptor 23 for coupling the image focusing
lens 19 and the tip of the image fiber 11 is adhesive-bonded and fixed to
a recess (reference number 39 of FIG. 10) in a molded tip portion 21
wherein the tips of the light transmitting guides 9 are buried by the
method described later. Moreover, the outer face of the molded tip portion
21 and the coating tube 1 are adhesive-bonded and fixed. The coating tube
1 is prepared from polyethylene or vinyl chloride plastics, etc. and about
2.8 mm and 2.2 mm in outer and inner diameters, respectively. The adhesion
between the outer face of the molded tip portion 21 and the coating tube 1
is reinforced by filling a coating-tube bonding aperture 25 with an epoxy
resin adhesive to deal with an impact at the time of flushing. As shown in
FIG. 7, the flush flow 27 is thus formed. The molded tip portion 21 is, as
shown in FIG. 6, also slightly positioned back by .DELTA.L.sub.1 from the
front face of the coating tube 1 in order to remove the blood from the
front face of the image focusing lens 19 and the light guides 9
efficiently.
Referring to FIGS. 8 through 10, subsequently, the method of preparing the
aforementioned molded tip portion 21 will be described. As shown in FIG.
8, a fluoroplastic molding die 31 with an aperture 2 mm in diameter and
about 10 mm in depth is first prepared and a bundle 33 of plastic fibers
for use as light transmitting guides 9 and a fluoroplastic dummy tube 35
for forming the recess (reference number 39 of FIG. 10) in the molded tip
portion 21 are inserted into a throughhole 29. The gap between the
throughhole 29 of the molding die 31 and the bundle of the plastic fibers
33 as well as the dummy tube 35 is filled with epoxy resin. The profile
shown in FIG. 9 is obtained by grinding one end face and removing the
molding die 31 from the molded piece 37 after it is hardened. The dummy
tube 35 is then pulled out of the molded piece 37 and part of the tube 35
is cut out so that the molded tip portion 21 having the recess 39 may be
formed as shown in FIG. 10. FIGS. 11a and 11b illustrate the construction
of another conventional fiberscope comprising a molded tip portion 41
having a central aperture for inserting and fixing a pick-up adaptor,
liquid guide passages 15 on the left- and right-hand sides and a plurality
of light guides 9 for transmitting light, the light guides being buried in
an annular form.
The conventional fiberscopes having the construction illustrated in FIGS. 1
through 11 poses the following problems:
(1) The angle of view (.alpha. of FIG. 12) of a fiberscope is determined by
the focal length of the image focusing lens and the outer diameter of the
image fiber. Although the angle of view may exceed 100 degrees depending
on the condition, it is normally about 70 degrees. However, since the
angle of illumination (.beta. of FIG. 12), i.e., the maximum angle of
opening of illumination is determined by NA (the Numerical Apertures) of
the optical fiber as a light guide for transmitting light, it is
relatively small when a lens is hardly usable in front of the light guides
whose tips are distributed in an annular form as a bundle of optical
fibers is used to form the light guides. The numerical apertures is
determined by the refractive indices of the core and the clad and, in the
case of a fiber for transmitting visible light such as a plastic fiber,
its value is 0.6 at the greatest. Consequently, the angle of illumination
.beta. is limited to about 50 degrees under liquid such as blood where the
fiberscope is mainly intended for use. For that reason, observation is
impossible within a region 43 where the angle of illumination .beta. is
smaller than that of view .alpha., as shown in FIG. 12.
(2) On the other hand, because the edge of the tip of the conventional
fiberscope is obviously sharp, as shown in FIG. 7, it may damage the inner
wall of the blood vessel, ureter, etc.
(3) As the outlets of the light guides are one-sided relative to the axial
position of the image fiber, there is caused deflection in the
distribution of illumination within the visual field. The shortcoming
becomes conspicuous particularly when the position of an object being
observed is close to the fiberscope.
(4) As the outlet of the liquid guide passage for introducing a flush is
one-sided relative to the axial position of the image fiber, there is
caused deflection in the visual field by flushing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above-described problems inherent in the prior art, it is an
object of the present invention to provide a fiberscope offering an
enlarged angle of illumination and thus a wide visual field with a blunt
tip.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a fiberscope capable
of providing uniform visual field resulted from flushing and providing
uniform distribution of illumination.
In order to accomplish the above-described objects, the fiberscope
according to the present invention comprises a coating tube enclosing an
image fiber for transmitting picture images, the image fiber equipped with
an optical system at the tip thereof for focusing the image of an object
being observed, and light guides for transmitting light, the light guides
being placed along with said image fiber. The front faces of the light
guides are covered with a substantially transparent plastic body in a
convex shape.
The substantially transparent plastic body in a convex shape on the front
faces of the light guides for transmitting light have the effect of
enlarging the angle of illumination derived from the light guides.
Moreover, the tip of the fiberscope is made blunt because of the convex
plastic body.
Further, the fiberscope according to the present invention comprises an
image fiber for transmitting plastic picture images, light guides for
transmitting light and liquid guide passages, a tube adapted to cover
them. At the tip of the fiberscope, the outlets of the light guides are
arranged in positions substantially symmetrical about the outlet of the
image fiber, and the outlets of the liquid guide passages are arranged in
positions substantially symmetrical about the outlet of the image fiber.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
FIGS. 1-12 illustrate a conventional fiberscope;
FIG. 1 is a constructional view of the fiberscope system;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the tip of the fiberscope inserted in the
region where an object being observed is present;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the part inserted into the blood vessel;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken on line A-A' of FIG. 6;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken on line B-B' of FIG. 6;
FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view of the tip of the fiberscope;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the tip thereof;
FIGS. 8-10 illustrate the method of preparing the molded tip portion;
FIG. 11a is a perspective view of the tip of another conventional
fiberscope;
FIG. 11b is a cross-sectional view of the fiberscope shown in FIG. 11a;
FIG. 12 illustrates the relation between the angles of illumination and
view at the tip of the conventional fiberscope;
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention
illustrating the tip of a fiberscope equipped with a liquid guiding
passage;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present
invention in the form of a fiberscope without the liquid guiding passage;
FIG. 15 illustrates the relation between the angles of illumination and
view at the tip of the fiberscope according to the present invention;
FIGS. 16-19 illustrate the method of preparing the substantially
transparent convex plastic body according to the present invention;
FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate a basis for enlarging the angle of illumination;
FIG. 22 is a graph representing the related equations;
FIG. 23(a) is a vertical sectional view of still another embodiment of the
present invention;
FIG. 23(b) is a sectional view taken on line C-C' of FIG. 23(a);
FIG. 23(c) is a sectional view taken on line D-D' of FIG. 23(a);
FIG. 24 illustrates the method of making the molded tip portion of the
image fiber of FIG. 23;
FIG. 25 is a front view of still another embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 26 is a sectional view of the end construction of an optical fiber
sensor;
FIG. 27 is a sectional view of the end construction of one embodiment of
the present invention;
FIG. 28 illustrates the procedure for making the embodiment shown in FIG.
27;
FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram showing one example of an image pickup
optical system for small diameter endoscopes which has no lens iris;
FIG. 30 is an explanatory diagram showing one example of an image pickup
optical system with a lens iris according to this invention;
FIG. 31 is a diagram indicating the effects which are provided when a lens
iris is applied to an image pickup optical device comprising one lens;
FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram showing the optical system according to
the invention which is focused on an object at a distance of 10 mm (in the
water);
FIG. 33 is a graphical representation indicating a calculation of the depth
of focus in the case of FIG. 32;
FIG. 34 is an explanatory diagram for a description of an image pickup
optical system comprising two lenses;
FIG. 35 is an explanatory diagram showing an image pickup optical system
comprising two lenses according to the present invention;
FIG. 36 is a diagram indicating a calculation of the effects which are
provided when a lens iris is applied to the optical system shown in FIG.
35;
FIG. 37 is an explanatory diagram showing a concrete construction of the
image pickup optical system shown in FIG. 35; and
FIG. 38 is a perspective view showing the image pickup optical system which
is provided with a lens stop by vacuum deposition.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 13 through 22, various embodiments of the present
invention will be described.
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the tip of a fiberscope with a liquid
guide passage. A drop of substantially transparent resin is hardened on
the front faces of light guides for transmitting light, except those of an
image focusing lens 19 and a liquid guide passage 15, and the former is
covered with a substantially transparent plastic body 45 in a convex shape
extending up to the periphery of the tip of a coating for covering tube 1.
As for the resin, use can be made of epoxy resin, ultraviolet-curing
silicon, acrylic plastics, urethane resin, etc.
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a fiberscope without a liquid guide
passage, wherein a drop of substantially transparent resin is hardened on
the faces of light guides for transmitting light, except that of the image
focusing lens 19, and the former is covered with the substantially
transparent plastic body 45 extending up to the periphery of the tip of
the coated tube 1.
As is obvious from FIGS. 13 and 14, if the front faces of light guides for
transmitting light beams are covered with the substantially transparent
convex plastic body 45, the angle of illumination .beta. will become
greater, as shown in FIG. 15, than that without such a plastic body (FIG.
12) and it will permit an increased range of observation. As shown in
FIGS. 13 and 14, the fiberscope with a blunt edge may not damage the soft
tissue of the blood vessel, ureter, etc. The magnification of the angle of
illumination .beta. and the rounding of the tip can be attained as in the
cases of FIGS. 13 and 14 even if the substantially transparent convex
plastic body is not completely extended up to the periphery of the tip of
the coating tube 1, for instance, only the front faces of light guides for
transmitting light beams are thus covered.
Subsequently referring to FIGS. 16 through 19, the method of forming the
substantially transparent convex plastic body will be described by taking
the case of applying the present invention to the conventional fiberscope
equipped with a liquid guide passage shown in FIG. 11.
In reference to FIG. 16, such a method roughly comprises protruding the
pick-up adaptor 23 from the molded tip portion to a suitable extent,
adhesion-bonding the adaptor 23 thereto to prevent the plastics from
attaching to the image focusing lens 19, inserting a dummy tube 47 of
fluoroplastics to prevent the liquid guide passage for the flush flow from
being clogged with the plastics and dropping substantially transparent
suitable plastics 49 from upside to the tip portion. Since the plastics
has suitable viscosity, there is formed a convex swell in proportion to
the periphery of the pick-up adaptor 23 and the side of the dummy tube 47.
The surface of the convex plastic is smooth because of the surface tension
of the plastics. Accordingly, the front face of the fiberscope excluding
the image focusing lens 19 and the liquid guide passage for the flush flow
is covered with a smooth substantially transparent convex plastic body by
pulling out the dummy tube 47 after the resin is hardened. It is suggested
to drop the plastics by the following method, which comprises inserting
the tip of the fiberscope into a mold 51 of fluoroplastics and buffing the
front face thereof (excluding the pick-up adaptor) as shown in FIG. 17,
lowering the tip by about .DELTA.L.sub.2 =0.2 mm from the plastic molding
die 51, protruding the pick-up adaptor 23 by .DELTA.L.sub.3 =0.3 mm,
inserting the dummy tube 47 into the adaptor 23 and dropping the
substantially transparent plastics 49 while the tip of the fiberscope is
being inserted into the plastic molding die 51 as shown in FIG. 19. The
buffing acts to improve the adhesion between the plastics 49 and the
molded tip portion 41 while reducing the light transmission loss. By
lowering the tip of the fiberscope by .DELTA.L.sub.2, the plastics is
prevented from flowing out of the edge and the connection between the
periphery of the coating tube 1 and the convex plastic body 45 is
considerably smoothed. Moreover, the protrusion of the pick-up adaptor 23
by .DELTA.L.sub.3 allows the adjustment of the quantity .DELTA.Z of the
protrusion of the convex plastic body 45.
Referring to FIGS. 20 through 22, the relation between the quantity
.DELTA.Z of the protrusion of the convex plastic body 45 and the angle
.beta. of illumination will be described. In FIGS. 20 and 21, given the
diameter D; refractive index nL; number of apertures NA of the group of
light guides 53 having a convex 55 at their tips; the curvature radius R
of the convex; the quantity .DELTA.Z of the protrusion of the convex; the
optic axis Z; the angle .gamma..sub.0 between line OQ connecting the
center O and a point Q on the periphery of the convex, and the optic axis
Z; the angle .gamma. between line OP connecting a point P on the convex
and the center), and the optic axis Z; .theta.=sin.sup.-1 (NA/nL); the
refractive index nW of the external portion (such as water); and the
angles .beta..sub.1, .beta..sub.2 between the radiated light and the optic
axis when the light at an angle of .theta. to the optic axis is refracted
by the convex and radiated,
(i) when 0.ltoreq..gamma.<.theta. shown in FIG. 20, since
nWsin(.beta..sub.1 -.gamma.)=nLsin(.theta.-.gamma.)
nWsin(.beta..sub.1 +.gamma.)=nLsin(.theta.+.gamma.)
.beta..sub.1 =sin.sup.-` }(nL/nW)sin(.theta.-.gamma.)}+.gamma.(1)
.beta..sub.2 =sin.sup.-` }(nL/nW)sin(.theta.-.gamma.)}-.gamma.(2)
(ii) when .theta.<.gamma..ltoreq..gamma..sub.0 shown in FIG. 21, since
nWsin(.gamma.-.beta..sub.1)=nLsin(.gamma.-.theta.)
nWsin(.beta..sub.2 +.gamma.)=nLsin(.theta.+.gamma.)
.beta..sub.1 =.gamma.-sin-1{(nL/nW)sin(.gamma.-.theta.)} (3)
.beta..sub.2 =sin.sup.-1 {(nL/nW)sin(.theta.+.gamma.)}-.gamma.(4)
.beta..sub.1 <.beta..sub.2 from the equations (1)-(4) and, as the maximum
value of .beta..sub.2 is considered:
.beta..sub.2 =sin.sup.-1 {(nL/nW)sin(.theta.+.gamma..sub.0)}-.gamma..sub.0,
the angle of illumination .beta. is given by
.beta.=2sin.sup.-1 [(nL/nW)sin{sin.sup.-1 (NA/nL)+.gamma..sub.0
}]-2.gamma..sub.0 (5)
when .theta.=sin.sup.-1 (NA/nL) is taken into consideration. However, since
.gamma..sub.0 =sin(D/2R) and .DELTA.Z=R(1-cos.gamma..sub.0), the required
quantity .DELTA.Z of protrusion will be obtained from nL, nW, NA and D if
the desired angle of illumination .beta. is determined.
Given nL=1.49, nW=1.33 and NA=0.47 as in a general case, the equation (5)
will be represented by a graph of FIG. 22.
(1) Accordingly, assuming .beta.=60.degree. and D=1.7 mm as .gamma..sub.0=
37.degree. , R=1.7/2sin37.degree.=1.4 mm
Therefore,
.DELTA.Z=1.4(1-cos37.degree.)=0.28 mm.
(2) Assuming .beta.=70.degree. and D=1.7 mm as .gamma..sub.0 =42.degree.,
R=1.7/2sin42.degree.=1.3 mm
Therefore,
.DELTA.Z=1.3(1-cos42.degree.)=0.33 mm
According to the above-described embodiments of the present invention, the
front faces of light guides for transmitting light are covered with a
substantially transparent convex plastic body so that the enlarged angle
of illumination can widen the visual field of a fiberscope. The presence
of the convex plastic body, moreover, makes the tip of the fiberscope
blunt and may least damage an object being observed. As the convex plastic
body can simply be obtained by dropping substantially transparent resin
and hardening it, production cost is reducible compared with the use of a
lens. When plastic fibers are used as the light guides for transmitting
light, the convex plastic body protects their end faces. The intensity of
illumination upon the object being observed becomes uniform because of the
convex plastic body.
Still another embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS.
23(a)-23(c).
FIG. 23(a) is a vertical sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the
present invention. FIG. 23(b) is a sectional view taken on line C-C'. FIG.
23(c) is a sectional view taken on line D-D'. As shown in those figures, a
pickup adaptor 140 is inserted in the center of a molded tip portion 142
and adhesive-bonded thereto, and the front end face of the pick-up adaptor
140 is equipped with an image focusing lens, whereas an image fiber 144 is
coupled to the base face thereof. Consequently, the pick-up adaptor 140 in
this example forms the outlet of the image fiber 144. Six light guides 146
are buried in the molded tip portion 142 and a pair of three light guides
146 are arranged symmetrically about the pick-up adaptor 140. Moreover, a
pair of liquid guide passages 148 are formed in the molded tip portion 142
symmetrically about the pick-up adaptor 140. The molded tip portion 142 is
adhesive-bonded to a coating tube 150 and four tube-bonding apertures 152
formed in the coating tube 150 are filled with the adhesive so that the
coating tube 150 may withstand an impact at the time of flushing. The
diameters of the light guide 146 and the liquid guide passage 148 are 0.5
mm and 0.6 mm, respectively.
In the above-described embodiment, the distribution of illumination and the
visual field resulted from flushing are made uniform since the light
guides 146 and the liquid guide passages are arranged symmetrically about
the pick-up adaptor 140.
Subsequently, referring to FIG. 24, the method of making the molded tip
portion 142 will be described. A molding die 156 with a throughhole 154 is
first prepared and a dummy tube 158 for the image fiber, the light guides
146 and a dummy tube 160 for the liquid guide passages are inserted into
the throughhole 154. In that case, the light guides 146 and the dummy tube
160 for the liquid guide passages are arranged symmetrically about the
dummy tube 158 for the image fiber. The throughhole 154 is filled with
epoxy resin while the arrangement above is held. After the epoxy resin is
hardened, the dummy tube 158 is pulled out to form a hole for inserting
the pick-up adaptor, whereas the dummy tube 160 is pulled out to form the
liquid guide passages 148. There is thus made the molded tip portion 142
wherein the light guides 146 and the liquid guide passages 148 are
arranged symmetrically. A metal core 158a is inserted into the dummy tube
158 to prevent it from deforming. On the other hand, the dummy tube 160 is
hollow so that its shape can be changed in accordance with the arrangement
of elements. Since the hole for inserting the pick-up adaptor and the
liquid guide passages 148 are formed only by pulling out the dummy tubes
158,160, the fiberscope can readily be processed.
FIG. 25 illustrates still another embodiment of the present invention,
wherein two liquid guide passages 148 are arranged in positions
substantially symmetrical about a pickup adaptor 140. Moreover, three
light guides 146a each having 0.5 mm in diameter are provided on the
left-hand side of the pick-up adaptor 140, whereas four light guides 146b
each having 0.25 mm in diameter are installed on the left-hand side
thereof. Consequently, the light guides 146a, 146b are substantially
symmetrical. Reference number 154 indicates an image focusing lens.
As set forth above, the outlets of light guides and those of liquid guide
passages are arranged in positions substantially symmetrical with respect
to the outlet of the image fiber. Accordingly, the distribution of
illumination within the visual field is made uniform and the visual field
secured by flushing offers least deflection.
Further, in the present invention an additional improvement is made at the
end portion of the fiberscope in terms of bonding between the protective
tube 150 and optical fiber bundle accommodating therein a plurality of
optical fiber elements. The improvement will be described with reference
to FIGS. 26-28. FIG. 26 shows an optical fiber sensor for use in an
endoscope. More specifically, FIG. 26 shows the tip construction of an
optical fiber sensor, i.e., a bundle of optical fibers in an endoscope and
a tube formed of synthetic resin such as polyethylene or fluorine plastics
for enclosing the former.
The construction of an optical fiber sensor in an endoscope is such that a
bundle of optical fibers incorporating a number of optical fiber elements
constituting image elements is enclosed in a tube of synthetic resin such
as polyethylene and fluorine plastics fit for medical use. Since such an
optical fiber sensor is inserted into the blood vessel and the body, its
construction must particularly be stable and fully reliable for a long
period of use.
FIG. 26 illustrates an example of the tip construction of a bundle of
optical fibers. In FIG. 26 and in the abovedescribed embodiments, a bundle
201 of optical fibers of an optical fiber sensor is bonded to a medical
tube 150 of polyethylene and fluorine plastics with an epoxy resin
adhesive 203 applied between the bundle 201 of optical fibers and the tube
150 because there is no fully suitable adhesive capable of sticking on
polyethylene and fluorine plastics, whereas part of the adhesive 203 is
forced to communicate with a plurality of holes 152 provided in the tube
150 so as to fill the holes 152 with the adhesive and reinforce the
adhesion between the tube 150 and the adhesive 203 mechanically.
While an optical fiber sensor is used for a long time, the tube 150 may
come off the bundle of optical fibers, or the tube 150 may be gradually
deteriorated or torn because the stress is concentrated at the holes 152.
Damage may also expand because of temperature changes. As a result,
stepped clearance may be generated between the end faces of the bundle of
optical fibers and the tube. Consequently, an unexpected trouble may
occur, that is, a thrombus may crop up around the stepped portion when the
optical fiber sensor is used in the blood vessel.
The present invention is intended to remedy the shortcomings mentioned
above and to provide the end construction of an optical fiber sensor not
only highly reliable but also free from damage and deformation despite
long range use by solidly coupling the ends of a bundle of optical fibers
and a plastic tube enclosing the bundle of optical fibers. The end
construction of the optical fiber sensor that has accomplished the
above-described object is such that the gap between an outer periphery of
end portion of a bundle of optical fibers and an inner periphery of an end
portion of the plastic tube enclosing the bundle of optical fibers is
filled with an adhesive so that the ends of the tube and the bundle of
optical fibers can solidly be fixed. The inner peripheral surface of the
end portion of the tube is formed with a plurality of circumferential
grooves, so that tight connection with respect to the bundle is
obtainable.
FIG. 27 is a sectional view of the end portion of an optical fiber sensor
embodying the present invention. The gap extends over a length of l from
the tip. The gap is provided between a bundle 201 of optical fibers and a
tube 150 of synthetic resin such as polyethylene or fluorine plastics
accompanying relatively less bioreaction when medically used to enclose
the optical fibers 1. The gap is filled with an adhesive, for instance,
epoxy resin 203 so that the end portions of the bundle of optical fibers
and the tube may be fixed. The adhesive epoxy resin used to fill the gap
between the tube 150 and the bundle 201 of optical fibers generally
ensures firm adhesion with respect to the bundle 201 coated with epoxy
resin or similar materials. However, because the adhesion between
polyethylene or fluorine plastics and the adhesive is bad, there are
provided many grooves 204 cut in the circumferential direction of the
inner face of the tube 150, and the epoxy resin adhesive 203 used to fill
the gap between the tube 150 and the bundle of optical fibers is also used
to fill the grooves 204. Accordingly, the bundle 201 of optical fibers is
mechanically stuck on the tube 150 with the adhesive 203, thus firmly
engaging with the tube 150 in the axial direction. When the tube 150 is
prepared from polyethylene, for instance, and the gap is filled with an
epoxy resin adhesive between the bundle and the polyethylene tube 150
having a thread ridge diameter of 1.4 mm and axial length of the threaded
portion l=3 mm, tensile strength of more than 3 kg was obtained.
Subsequently, an example of the method of making the end portion of the
optical fiber sensor thus constructed according to the present invention
will be described. As shown in FIG. 28,
(1) a screw 205 or a tap having an outer diameter slightly greater than the
inner diameter of the polyethylene tube 150 is, for instance, thrusted by
a depth of l into the end of the tube 150;
(2) the end of the tube 150 with the screw 205 thrusted therein is covered
with an elastic thin-wall stainless pipe 206 having an inner diameter
roughly equal to the outer diameter of the tube 150 within the range of l,
the pipe being provided with a longitudinal slot;
(3) the combination of the tube 150, the screw 205 and the longitudinally
slotted pipe 206 is dipped into hot water having softening temperature of
the plastic tube 2 (90.degree. C. in the case of polyethylene) so that the
tube 150 may be thrusted into the grooves of the screw 205 as it is
subjected to plastic deformation because of the restoring force of the
longitudinally slotted pipe 206;
(4) subsequently, the screw 205 is removed from the tube 150;
(5) grooves are formed in the inner face of the tube 150 over the length of
l from the end thereof by removing the longitudinally slotted pipe 206
from the tube 150. The procedures 4 and 5 may be implemented reversely;
and
(6) the bundle 201 of optical fibers is inserted into the tube 150, and the
end faces of the bundle of optical fibers and the tube 150 are flush with
each other, whereas the gap between the tube and the bundle of optical
fibers is filled with epoxy resin 203, which is then hardened.
The end portions of the bundle of optical fibers and the tube 150 enclosing
the former are thus firmly joined over the length of l and there has been
made available the end construction of an optical fiber sensor usable with
greater reliability for a long period of time.
In the end construction of the optical fiber sensor according to the
present invention, a number of grooves are cut in the circumferential
direction of the inner face of the tube enclosing the bundle of optical
fibers. Space defined between the tube and the bundle is filled with a
resin adhesive over the desired length from the end of the bundle of
optical fibers of the optical fiber sensor, and the grooves cut in the
circumferential direction act as locking, thus making it possible to
obtain high bonding strength in the axial direction. Moreover, there have
been eliminated the troubles caused by the generation of a recess in the
end faces of the bundle of optical fibers and the tube. Further, increase
of outer diameter at the joined ends can be prevented, which has resulted
in superior effect on the use of small diameter endoscopes. The end
construction of an optical fiber sensor according to the present invention
can effectively be applicable to not only endoscopes for medical use but
also to various optical fiber sensors for industrial use.
Next, explanation will be made on the image fiber according to the present
invention, which is used in combination with a lens. That is, the
embodiments hereinbelow concerns an improvement of the image pickup
optical system which is an objective optical system which is applied to a
medical or industrial endoscope, especially to a small diameter endoscope.
A small diameter endoscope of this type uses a lens 301 and an image fiber
302 as shown in FIG. 29. The endoscope is used for instance in the case
where the object side is water 303, and the image side is air 304.
It is assumed that, in FIG. 29, the lens 301 has a front side curvature
radius of 0.36 mm, a rear side curvature radius of 0.47 mm, an outside
diameter of 0.66 mm, a length of 0.76 mm, and a refractive index of 1.85.
If, when the lens is focused on a point at a distance of 10 mm in the
water which is the object side as was described above, calculation is made
to detect convergent spot sizes at six points, 5(1) through 5(6), in the
range of a half view angle 21.degree. (half of the angle of view) as shown
in a field depth calculation diagram of FIG. 31, then as a result of the
optical tracing operation with a computer 42 .mu.m, 52 .mu.m, 41 .mu.m, 49
.mu.m, 45 .mu.m and 41 .mu.m are obtained as spot size radii,
respectively. And the image element distance of the image fiber is 5 to 10
.mu.m. Therefore, the formed image is foggy.
Therefore, the present embodiment should provide an image pickup optical
system high in resolving power in which the above-described difficulty has
been eliminated. For this purpose, a lens iris (305 in FIG. 30) having a
suitable size is formed on the front surface of an image pickup optical
system according to a simple method.
By applying the aforementioned lens iris 305 to the image pickup optical
system as shown in FIG. 30, the resolving power is increased, and the
depth of field in the range of observation is also increased.
As shown in FIG. 30, the same lens 301 as that in FIG. 29 and a lens stop
305 having an aperture diameter di are used. In this case, if the aperture
diameter is set to 0.6 mm, 0.5 mm and 0.4 mm, then the spot size radius is
decreased. For instance when the aperture diameter di is set to 0.4 mm,
the spot size radii at the aforementioned points 5(1) through 5(6) (the
angle of view being 60.degree. ) are 5 .mu.m, 18 .mu.m, 7 .mu.m, 28 .mu.m,
20 .mu.m and 32 .mu.m, respectively.
In FIG. 31, a to (e) show spot size radius (SP) whose unit is .mu.m. a is
SP at the front of lens having no iris and aperture diameter is 0.66 mm.
Focus point is adjusted at the position .circle.1 . b is SP at aperture
diameter of 0.60 mm . c is SP at aperture diameter of 0.50 mm. d is SP at
aperture diameter of 0.40 mm. (e) is SP similar to the condition of a but
iris is provided to provide aperture diameter of 0.40 mm. In these cases,
view angle is 41.degree. and diameter of image fiber is 0.47 mm. By
providing a stop having aperture diameter of 0.40 mm, spot size will be
improved by 12 to 35% at the axis, and by 44 to 78% at the area
surrounding the axis.
As shown in FIGS. 32 and 33, the depth of focus is about 15 .mu.m, and the
lens should be focused in this range.
In FIG. 33, the region (depth of focus) at which the spot size does not
exceed 1 .mu.m from the spot size at best focus is about 15 .mu.m (within
a range shown by an arrow).
In FIG. 34, reference numerals added with parentheses indicate spot sizes
at r.sub.1 =0.36 mm, r.sub.2 =0.47 mm, lens length of 0.76 mm, n=1.85 and
lens diameter of 0.66. These spot sizes were obtained when focused at the
point .circle.1 .
FIG. 36 shows one example of an image pickup optical system comprising two
convex lenses which has no lens iris. FIG. 35 shows one example of an
image pickup optical system according to the invention. The spot size
decreasing effect is as shown in FIG. 36. In FIG. 36, a is SP (spot size)
at the front of the lens without stop. The diameter of the lens is 0.68
mm. The focal point is adjusted at point .circle.1 (-0.010). b is SP
(-0.014) at the aperture diameter of 0.60 mm. c is SP (0.011) at the
aperture diameter of 0.50 mm. d is SP (0.030) at the aperture diameter of
0.40 mm (0.030). The numerals added with parentheses indicate back focus
amount (mm). The unit of the spot size is .mu.m. The view angle is
60.degree. and diameter of image fiber is 0.47 mm. FIG. 37 shows a
concrete method of combining a lens iris 305 with the optical system. In
the method, a sleeve 306 is used to combine a lens 301 and an image fiber
302 together. First, the lens is fixed with cyanoacrylate adhesive, and
then light shielding epoxy resin (mixed with carbon), which can protect
the optical system from the entrance of water, is applied to the lens to
form a lens stop thereon. FIG. 38 shows the case where a lens iris is
formed on the lens by vacuum-depositing aluminum according to the masking
method. As is apparent from the above description, a large mechanical lens
iris for 35 mm camera lenses cannot be applied to the image pickup optical
system for small diameter endoscopes.
The embodiment provides the following effects:
(1) The resolving power or the depth of field of the image pickup optical
system is increased.
(2) When the method of forming the lens iris with light-shielding resin is
employed, the formation of the lens iris can be achieved readily, and the
aperture diameter can be quickly changed when required.
(3) When the method of forming the lens iris by vacuum deposition is
employed, the aperture diameter can be provided with high accuracy.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to
specific embodiments thereof it will be apparent to one skilled in the art
that various changes and modifications can be made therein without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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