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Description  |
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The present invention concerns a liquid for removing printing and screen
printing inks, in particular for cleaning screen printing frames.
The liquid of the invention, which is useful in solving all types of
cleaning problems in the printing and screen printing industry without the
use of dangerous substances, is characterized by consisting of an
essentially anhydrous mixture comprising
(a) .gamma.-butyrolactone of the formula
##STR1##
and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone of the formula
##STR2##
in an amount of 1-25%, preferably about 10% (v/v) as well as
(b) one or more propylene glycol derivatives selected among substituted
propyl acetates of the general formula
##STR3##
wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and/or
propylene glycol ethers of the general formula
##STR4##
wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and n is 1, 2 or
3, and optionally
(c) a diluent selected among aliphatic compounds having a flash point above
22.degree. C. and a content of aromatic compounds below 1% and/or
(d) a surfactant, the amount of components (b), (c) and (d) constituting
99-75% (v/v) of the liquid.
Dilution as well as universal cleaning or washing of printing and/or screen
printing inks from stencils, printing plates, screen printing frames,
rollers and the like was previously made by means of cleaning liquids,
which either contain "dangerous substances", cf. e.g. the notice no. 147
issued by the Environmental Protection Agency on Mar. 16, 1981, or
aromatic solvents the use of which involves considerable risk to the
individuals working with these agents. In particular for the cleaning of
old dried-up ink residues in offset and letterpress printing, mainly
xylene- and toluene-based agents were used in the past, whose health
effects are well-known. To this should be added that the known cleaning
liquids frequently exhibit very low flash points, which partly entails
that the liquids predominantly ignite easily, and partly may be an
expression of a high volatility and thus increased potential health risk
through aspiration of vapours. Thus, toluene has a flash point of only
5.degree. C.
The currently leading cleaning liquid for washing screen printing frames is
thus "Pregan 240E" from Kissel & Wolf, West Germany, which has the
following composition:
Ethyl acetate: 10%
Isobutyl acetate: 32%
"Solvesso 100": 58%
and a flash point of 31.degree. C.
"Solvesso 100" from Esso Chemicals contains 99% aromates.
It has long been known that the diluent liquids for ink formulations
recommended by the ink manufacturers, are based on solvents which contain
dangerous substances and therefore require utmost care.
As regards the cleaning process, the task is even more difficult. Here,
dried-up inks are often to be dissolved in order for these to be removed
from the printing and screen printing apparatus. Some inks are easy to
remove, while others are extremely difficult to handle, and the ink types
used are moreover different at the individual graphic firms. Some inks are
extremely pernicious because they consist of two-component systems. Such
inks may be difficult to remove within an ordinary working day, unless
cleaning liquids of a type involving health dangers are used.
Consequently, it was necessary in the past to keep the above-mentioned
dangerous and easily ignitable cleaning liquids, because only such liquids
have been found to be able to dissolve all the ink types in use.
The screen printing industry faces particular problems because the cleaning
liquids able to remove all inks also tend to destroy the glue which is
used in the mounting of screens on screen printing frames. Further, it is
not possible to select water-based or strongly hydrophilic cleaning
liquids at will because such liquids will tend to destroy the stencil
emulsion.
The use of .gamma.-butyrolactone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a
cleaning agent for printing inks is known. Thus, such use is described in
the FR Patent Specification No. 2,354,377, but this specification deals
with removal of the stencil itself and not the printing ink. An important
property of a cleaning agent for removal of screen printing inks is that
it does not remove or destroy the stencil. The cleaning agent according to
the mentioned FR specification contains e.g. periodate ions which destroy
stencils based on polyvinyl alcohol. The agent may moreover contain large
amounts of water which will also be harmful to the stencil used.
A cleaning liquid predominantly consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is
mentioned in the EP Patent Specification 21149. However, this liquid
primarily serves to dissolve polyurethane and epoxy lacquers, which it is
intended to avoid with the cleaning liquid of the invention because the
glue used for the mounting of screen printing frames is made on this
basis.
The DE Offenlegungsschrift No. 3,401,982 concerns water-based printing inks
with a pH of 9-11, which may contain solvents, such as
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, to improve the solubility of the ink in the
formulation. The cleaning liquids comprised by the invention, however, are
not water-based, but are in contrast essentially anhydrous since, as
mentioned, water in large amounts will degrade the stencils used in
practice.
A lacquer remover based on .gamma.-butyrolactone is known from the U.S.
Patent Specification No. 2,438,038. This lacquer remover, however, is also
water-based, and it moreover contains from 40 to 80% .gamma.-butyrolactone
or .gamma.-valerolactone whereas the liquid of the invention does not
contain substantial amounts of water and may have a maximum content of 25%
.gamma.-butyrolactone since, otherwise, it would decompose the glue. In
other words, the cleaning liquid known from this U.S. specification cannot
be used for cleaning screen printing frames while maintaining both the
glue and the stencil.
The EP Application 81355 describes a process and an agent for cleaning
printing screens. The agent of the EP application requires the use of
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in amounts of 30-85%, which will cause
decomposition of the polyurethane-based and epoxy-based glue types used in
the screen printing for mounting of screens. Further, the agent of the
mentioned EP application may contain cyclohexanone or halogenated
compounds, which are termed dangerous substances and which are not
included in the liquid of the invention.
As will appear from a following example, glue systems based on
two-component epoxy or polyurethane will be decomposed and rendered
useless, if the screen printing frames when being cleaned of inks are
subjected to cleaning liquids whose formulations include more than 25%
.gamma.-butyrolactone or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
The ability of a solvent to dissolve a given substance, e.g. a polymer, may
conveniently be evaluated by parameter considerations according to the
so-called "Hansen system", which is described in Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology, Suppl. vol. 2nd Ed., p. 889-910, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
and by Charles M. Hansen in Farg Och Lack 17, 69-77 (1971). According to
the "Hansen system", a solvent may be described by three solubility
parameters .delta..sub.D (dispersion parameter), .delta..sub.P (polarity
parameter) and .delta..sub.H (hydrogen bonding parameter), whose squares
in combination are the square of the total cohesive energy:
.delta..sub.tot.sup.2 =.delta..sub.D.sup.2 +.delta..sub.P.sup.2
+.delta..sub.H.sup.2.
Two substances have a maximum interaction (i.e. are soluble in each other)
when their solubility parameters in pairs are as close to each other as
possible. A solvent may thus be characterized by a total parameter which
may be divided into three sub-parameters, which may e.g. be illustrated in
a three-dimensional system of co-ordinates with the sub-parameters as
axes.
The solubility of polymers, e.g. such as are used as binders in printing
inks, may accordingly be characterized on the basis of their interaction
with different solvents, it having been found that all solvents capable of
dissolving a specific binder are within a defined volume in the
above-mentioned system of co-ordinates. If the scale on the .delta..sub.D
axis is expanded by a factor of 2, the solubility range will be a ball. A
polymer may thus be characterized by a centre (.delta..sub.D,
.delta..sub.P, .delta..sub.H) and a radius R.sub.P.
Any solvent can be adapted to the three-dimensional system of co-ordinates
for a given polymer on the basis of its three parameters. It is determined
subjectively by solubility tests whether the individual solvent can
dissolve the polymer or not, and the solubility range of the polymer is
then determined by electronic data processing, the program iteratively
determining a centre and a radius, so that the greatest possible number of
active solvents is within the resulting ball, while the inactive agents
are outside it.
It is described in the following examples 1 and 2 how possible solvents
have been found by means of the "Hansen system" for two ordinary printing
inks, "Thermojet Hvid" and "Drugloss Bl.ang.", which are considered to be
some of the most difficult inks to remove from printing equipment.
Examples 3-6 describe similar calculations for four additional ordinary
printing inks which are difficult to remove.
However, it has been found by a methodical examination of commercially
available screen printing and printing inks with a view to developing new
cleaning and diluting liquids that Hansen's parameter theory, not even in
case of equilibrium without regard to the time parameter, leads to
unambiguous results. Possible explanations are i.a. that the inks may be
complicated and contain several polymers, and that the parameter model is
complicated by the use of mixtures of solvents. Moreover, in practice, it
is necessary to consider the abovementioned "time factor" because a
solvent is not useful in practice, if it is active only after exposure for
an extended period of time, even though it satisfies the Hansen model.
Accordingly, to obtain results which are useful in practice, it is
necessary to use a modified Hansen model to find a solvent which in itself
can dissolve the inks in question, but which--to obtain a reasonably high
dissolution rate and suitable low costs--is included in a mixture of one
or more other agents.
It has surprisingly been found that the cleaning liquid of the invention is
capable of dissolving all printing and screen printing inks which are used
in practice. The subject liquid mixtures consist of compounds, which each
are used as solvents for a number of purposes, and which are characterized
by suitably high flash points, just as they involve an appropriately small
health risk in use, see e.g. Paint & Resin 53 (5), 42-47 (1983).
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and .gamma.-butyrolactone are, as mentioned,
solvents each of which or in mutual mixtures have been found to be capable
of dissolving many, but not all ordinary printing and screen printing
inks. Thus, e.g. .gamma.-butyrolactone cannot dissolve Colorjet CO113
mandarinorange from Sericol (see example 3), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
cannot dissolve Seristar SX (see example 4). Therefore, it has been found
necessary to add one or more substituted propyl acetates or propylene
glycol ethers since this results in (a) solubility, (b) higher dissolution
rates (i.e. improved time parameters) in several cases and (c)
economically more advantageous cleaning liquids.
.gamma.-Butyrolactone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (a) is to be mixed with
such substituted propyl acetates or propylene glycol ethers (b) within
certain limits which are determined in view of such conditions as
solubility, dissolution rate ("time parameter") and economy. The best
results, also economically, are obtained when the mixture ratio of (a) to
(b) is between 25:75 and 1:99 (v/v).
The subject liquid may contain as component (b) e.g. propyl acetates and/or
one or more propylene glycol ethers selected among propylene glycol
monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol
monomethyl ether and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether. The diluent (c)
may e.g. be butyl diglycol ether, ethyl diglycol ether or methyl diglycol
ether, or it may be one or more aliphatic hydrocarbons. The type and
amount of the diluent are selected in view of the flash point of the
mixture, which must not be below 22.degree. C. Preferably, the flash point
should be above 55.degree. C.
Moreover, the subject liquid may contain a surfactant, in particular a
non-ionic surfactant (d), preferably in the form of a nonylphenol
ethoxylate.
As mentioned, the subject liquids may be used for all types of cleaning
tasks in the screen printing and printing field. In the screen printing
field, the liquids are particularly used for cleaning frames, but also
during the actual printing process. In offset, the liquids may be used for
cleaning old dried-up ink residues and for cleaning machine parts,
rollers, plates, etc.
As mentioned, component (a) may constitute up to 25% of the mixture.
Components (c) and (d) together may constitute up to 50% of the mixture.
Otherwise, the mixture may be composed within rather wide limits with
respect to the specific field of use.
The invention will be illustrated more fully by the following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
In this example possible solvents for the printing ink "Thermojet Hvid" are
selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters. The
ability of the selected solvents to dissolve the ink is evaluated
subjectively, the solubility tests being performed in test tubes in which
the ink is in contact with an excess of the liquids in question. The
evaluation is made after 10 minutes and after 24 hours.
The results obtained are listed in the following table 1, from which it
i.a. appears that some of the solvents require long-term exposure before
they are active.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
Solubility range for "Thermojet Hvid"
.delta..sub.D = 18.77 .delta..sub.P = 11.55 .delta..sub.H = 7.81 R.sub.P
= 9.76
Solubility
Solvent .delta..sub.D
.delta..sub.P
.delta..sub.H
10 min.
24 hours
______________________________________
Acetone 15.50 10.40 7.00 yes.sup.a
--
Acetophenone 19.60 8.60 3.70 no.sup.b
yes
1,3-butane diol
16.60 10.00 21.50
no no
Butyl acetate 15.80 3.70 6.30 no yes.sup.a
.gamma.-butyrolactone
19.00 16.60 7.40 yes --
Carbontetrachloride
17.80 0.00 0.60 no no
Chlorobenzene 19.00 4.30 2.00 yes.sup.a
--
Chloroform 17.80 3.10 5.70 yes --
Cyclohexanol 17.40 4.10 13.50
no no.sup.b
Diacetone alcohol
15.80 8.20 10.80
no.sup.b
yes
o-dichlorobenzene
19.20 6.30 3.30 no.sup.b
yes
Diethylene glycol
16.20 14.70 20.50
no yes.sup.a
Diethyl ether 14.50 2.90 5.10 no no
Dimemethyl formamide
17.40 13.70 11.30
yes.sup.a
--
Dimethyl sulfoxide
18.40 16.40 10.20
no yes
1,4-dioxane 19.00 1.80 7.40 no yes.sup.a
Dipropylene glycol
15.90 20.20 18.40
no no
Ethanol 15.80 8.80 19.40
no no
Ethyl acetate 15.80 5.30 7.20 yes --
Ethylene dichloride
19.00 7.40 4.10 yes --
Ethylene glycol
17.00 11.00 26.00
no no
Ethylene glycol mono-
15.90 4.70 10.60
no yes
ethyl ether acetate
Hexane 14.90 0.00 0.00 no no
Isophorone 16.90 8.20 7.40 no.sup.b
yes
Methanol 15.10 12.30 22.30
no no
Methylene chloride
18.20 6.30 6.10 yes --
Methyl isobutyl ketone
15.30 6.10 4.10 no yes
N--methyl-2-pyrro-
18.00 12.30 7.20 yes --
lidone
Nitrobenzene 20.00 8.60 4.10 no yes
2-nitropropane
16.20 12.10 4.10 no yes
Propylene carbonate
20.00 18.00 4.10 * yes
Propylene glycol
16.80 9.40 23.30
no no
Tetrahydrofuran
16.80 5.70 8.00 yes --
Toluene 18.00 1.40 2.00 no no
Trichloroethylene
18.00 3.10 5.30 yes --
______________________________________
*Not evaluated after 10 min.
.sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball
.sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball
EXAMPLE 2
Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink "Drugloss
Bl.ang." are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen
parameters.
The results obtained are listed in table 2:
TABLE 2
______________________________________
Solubility range for "Drugloss Bla"
.delta..sub.D = 17.54 .delta..sub.P = 8.35 .delta..sub.H = 7.33 R.sub.P =
5.90
Solubility
Solvent .delta..sub.D
.delta..sub.P
.delta..sub.H
10 min.
24 hours
______________________________________
Acetone 15.50 10.40 7.00 yes --
Acetophenone 19.60 8.60 3.70 yes --
1,3-butanediol
16.60 10.00 21.50
no no
1-butanol 16.00 5.70 15.80
no no
Butyl acetate 15.80 3.70 6.30 yes.sup.a
--
.gamma.-butyrolactone
19.00 16.60 7.40 yes --
Carbontetrachloride
17.80 0.00 0.60 no no
Chlorobenzene 19.00 4.30 2.00 yes.sup.a
--
Cyclohexanol 17.40 4.10 13.50
no no
Diacetone alcohol
15.80 8.20 10.80
no.sup.b
yes
o-dichlorobenzene
19.20 6.30 3.30 no.sup.b
yes
Diethylene glycol
16.20 14.70 20.50
no no
Diethyl ether 14.50 2.90 5.10 no no
Dimemethyl sulfoxide
18.40 16.40 10.20
no yes
1,4-dioxane 19.00 1.80 7.40 no yes.sup.a
Dipropylene glycol
15.90 20.20 18.40
no no
Ethanol 15.80 8.80 19.40
no no
Ethyl acetate 15.80 5.30 7.20 yes --
Ethylene dichloride
19.00 7.40 4.10 yes --
Ethylene glycol
17.00 11.00 26.00
no no
Ethylene glycol mono-
15.90 4.70 10.60
yes --
ethyl ether acetate
Hexane 14.90 0.00 0.00 no no
Isophorone 16.90 8.20 7.40 no.sup.b
yes
Methanol 15.10 12.30 22.30
no no
N--methyl-2-pyrro-
18.00 12.30 7.20 yes --
lidone
Nitrobenzene 20.00 8.60 4.10 no yes
2-nitropropane
16.20 12.10 4.10 no.sup.b
yes
Propylene glycol
16.80 9.40 23.30
no no
Toluene 18.00 1.40 2.00 no yes.sup.a
Trichloroethylene
18.00 3.10 5.30 yes --
______________________________________
.sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball
.sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball
EXAMPLE 3
Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink "Color Jet" are
selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters.
The results obtained are listed in table 3:
TABLE 3
______________________________________
Solubility range for "Color Jet" (CO-113)
.delta..sub.D = 14.34 .delta..sub.P = 7.45 .delta..sub.H = 10.12 R.sub.P
= 12.75
Solubility
Solvent .delta..sub.D
.delta..sub.P
.delta..sub.H
10 min.
24 hours
______________________________________
Acetone 15.50 10.40 7.00 yes --
Acetophenone 19.60 8.60 3.70 yes --
1,3-butane diol
16.60 10.00 21.50
no.sup.b
no.sup.b
1-butanol 16.00 5.70 15.80
yes --
Butyl acetate 15.80 3.70 6.30 yes --
.gamma.-butyrolactone
19.00 16.60 7.40 no no
Carbontetrachloride
17.80 0.00 0.60 yes.sup.a
--
Chlorobenzene 19.00 4.30 2.00 yes.sup.a
--
Chloroform 17.80 3.10 5.70 yes --
Cyclohexanol 17.40 4.10 13.50
no.sup.b
no.sup.b
Diacetone alcohol
15.80 8.20 10.80
yes --
o-dichlorobenzene
19.20 6.30 3.30 yes --
Diethylene glycol
16.20 14.70 20.50
yes.sup.a
--
Diethylene glycol
16.00 7.00 10.60
yes --
monobutyl ether
Diethyl ether 14.50 2.90 5.10 yes --
Dimemethyl formamide
17.40 13.70 11.30
yes --
Dimethyl phthalate
18.60 10.80 4.90 yes --
Dimethyl sulfoxide
18.40 16.40 10.20
no.sup.b
no.sup.b
1,4-dioxane 19.00 1.80 7.40 yes --
Dipropylene glycol
15.90 20.20 18.40
no no
Dipropylene glycol
15.50 5.70 11.20
yes --
methyl ether
Ethanol 15.80 8.80 19.40
yes --
Ethyl acetate 15.80 5.30 7.20 yes --
Ethylene dichloride
19.00 7.40 4.10 yes --
Ethylene glycol mono-
15.90 4.70 10.60
yes --
ethyl ether acetate
Hexane 14.90 0.00 0.00 no.sup.b
no.sup.b
Isophorone 16.90 8.20 7.40 yes --
Methanol 15.10 12.30 22.30
yes.sup.a
--
Methylene chloride
18.20 6.30 6.10 yes --
N--methyl-2-pyrro-
18.00 12.30 7.20 yes --
lidone
Nitrobenzene 20.00 8.60 4.10 yes.sup.a
--
2-nitropropane
16.20 12.10 4.10 yes --
Propylene carbonate
20.00 18.00 4.10 no no
Propylene glycol mono-
15.60 6.30 11.60
yes --
methyl ether
Tetrahydrofuran
16.80 5.70 8.00 yes --
Toluene 18.00 1.40 2.00 yes --
Trichloroethylene
18.00 3.10 5.30 yes --
______________________________________
.sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball
.sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball
EXAMPLE 4
Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink "Seristar SX" are
selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters.
The results obtained are listed in table 4:
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Solubility range for Sericol red Seristar D2528
.delta..sub.D = 16.25 .delta..sub.P = 14.43 .delta..sub.H = 10.29 R.sub.P
= 11.06
Solubility
Solvent .delta..sub.D
.delta..sub.P
.delta..sub.H
10 min.
24 hours
______________________________________
Acetone 15.50 10.40 7.00 yes --
Acetophenone 19.60 8.60 3.70 yes.sup.a
--
1,3-butane diol
16.60 10.00 21.50
no no
1-butanol 16.00 5.70 15.80
no no
Butyl acetate 15.80 3.70 6.30 yes.sup.a
--
.gamma.-butyrolactone
19.00 16.60 7.40 yes --
Carbontetrachloride
17.80 0.00 0.60 no no
Chlorobenzene 19.00 4.30 2.00 no no
Chloroform 17.80 3.10 5.70 no no
Cyclohexanol 17.40 4.10 13.50
no no
Diacetone alcohol
15.80 8.20 10.80
yes --
o-dichlorobenzene
19.20 6.30 3.30 no no
Diethylene glycol
16.20 14.70 20.50
yes --
Diethyl ether 14.50 2.90 5.10 no no
Dimemethyl formamide
17.40 13.70 11.30
yes --
Dimethyl phthalate
18.60 10.80 4.90 no yes
Dimethyl sulfoxide
18.40 16.40 10.20
yes --
1,4-dioxane 19.00 1.80 7.40 no no
Dipropylene glycol
15.90 20.20 18.40
no.sup.b
yes
Dipropylene glycol
15.50 5.70 11.20
yes --
methyl ether
Ethanol 15.80 8.80 19.40
yes --
Ethyl acetate 15.80 5.30 7.20 yes --
Ethylene dichloride
19.00 7.40 4.10 no.sup.b
no.sup.b
Hexane 14.90 0.00 0.00 yes --
Isophorone 16.90 8.20 7.40 no no
Methanol 15.10 12.30 22.30
yes.sup.a
--
Methylene chloride
18.20 6.30 6.10 yes --
N--methyl-2-pyrro-
18.00 12.30 7.20 no no
lidone
Nitrobenzene 20.00 8.60 4.10 yes.sup.a
--
2-nitropropane
16.20 12.10 4.10 yes --
Propylene carbonate
20.00 18.00 4.10 yes yes
Propylene glycol mono-
15.60 6.30 11.60
yes --
methyl ether
Tetrahydrofuran
16.80 5.70 8.00 yes --
Toluene 18.00 1.40 2.00 no no
Trichloroethylene
18.00 3.10 5.30 no no
______________________________________
.sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball
.sup.b Ought to have heen outside the calculated ball
EXAMPLE 5
Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink "Sericol MV 043"
are selected on the basis of solubility tests and Hansen parameters.
The results obtained are listed in table 5:
TABLE 5
______________________________________
Solubility range for Sericol MV 043
.delta..sub.D = 17.55 .delta..sub.P = 10.30 .delta..sub.H = 7.26 R.sub.P
= 6.93
Solubility
Solvent .delta..sub.D
.delta..sub.P
.delta..sub.H
10 min.
24 hours
______________________________________
Acetone 15.50 10.40 7.00 yes --
Acetophenone 19.60 8.60 3.70 yes --
1,3-butane diol
16.60 10.00 21.50
no no
1-butanol 16.00 5.70 15.80
no no
Butyl acetate 15.80 3.70 6.30 yes.sup.a
--
.gamma.-butyrolactone
19.00 16.60 7.40 yes.sup.a
--
Carbontetrachloride
17.80 0.00 0.60 no no
Chlorobenzene 19.00 4.30 2.00 no no
Chloroform 17.80 3.10 5.70 yes.sup.a
--
Cyclohexanol 17.40 4.10 13.50
no no
Diacetone alcohol
15.80 8.20 10.80
no.sup.b
no.sup.b
o-dichlorobenzene
19.20 6.30 3.30 no.sup.b
no
Diethylene glycol
16.20 14.70 20.50
no no
Diethyl ether 14.50 2.90 5.10 yes --
Dimemethyl formamide
17.40 13.70 11.30
no no
Dimethyl phthalate
18.60 10.80 4.90 no yes
Dimethyl sulfoxide
18.40 16.40 10.20
yes --
1,4-dioxane 19.00 1.80 7.40 no no
Dipropylene glycol
15.90 20.20 18.40
no no
DipropyIene glycol
15.50 5.70 11.20
no no
methyl ether
Ethanol 15.80 8.80 19.40
no no
Ethyl acetate 15.80 5.30 7.20 no.sup.b
yes
Ethylene dichloride
19.00 7.40 4.10 no.sup.b
no
Hexane 14.90 0.00 0.00 yes --
Isophorone 16.90 8.20 7.40 no no
Methanol 15.10 12.30 22.30
yes --
Methylene chloride
18.20 6.30 6.10 yes --
N--methyl-2-pyrro-
18.00 12.30 7.20 yes --
lidone
Nitrobenzene 20.00 8.60 4.10 yes --
2-nitropropane
16.20 12.10 4.10 no no
Propylene carbonate
20.00 18.00 4.10 no no
Propylene glycol mono-
15.60 6.30 11.60
no no
methyl ether
Tetrahydrofuran
16.80 5.70 8.00 yes --
Toluene 18.00 1.40 2.00 no no
Trichloroethylene
18.00 3.10 5.30 no no.sup.b
______________________________________
.sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball
.sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball
EXAMPLE 6
Like in example 1, possible solvents for the printing ink Sericol
"Polyplast PY-043" are selected on the basis of solubility tests and
Hansen parameters.
The results obtained are listed in table 6:
TABLE 6
______________________________________
Solubility range for Sericol "Polyplast PY-043"
.delta..sub.D = 19.37 .delta..sub.P = 8.73 .delta..sub.H = 5.91 R.sub.P =
8.74
Solubility
Solvent .delta..sub.D
.delta..sub.P
.delta..sub.H
10 min.
24 hours
______________________________________
Acetone 15.50 10.40 7.00 yes --
Acetophenone 19.60 8.60 3.70 yes --
1,3-butane diol
16.60 10.00 21.50
no no
1-butanol 16.00 5.70 15.80
no no
Butyl acetate 15.80 3.70 6.30 yes --
.gamma.-butyrolactone
19.00 16.60 7.40 yes --
Carbontetrachloride
17.80 0.00 0.60 no no
Chlorobenzene 19.00 4.30 2.00 yes --
Chloroform 17.80 3.10 5.70 yes --
Cyclohexanol 17.40 4.10 13.50
no no.sup.b
Diacetone alcohol
15.80 8.20 10.80
no.sup.b
yes
o-dichlorobenzene
19.20 6.30 3.30 yes --
Diethylene glycol
16.20 14.70 20.50
no no
Diethyl ether 14.50 2.90 5.10 no no
Dimemethyl formamide
17.40 13.70 11.30
yes --
Dimethyl phthalate
18.60 10.80 4.90 no yes
Dimethyl sulfoxide
18.40 16.40 10.20
yes.sup.a
--
1,4-dioxane 19.00 1.80 7.40 yes --
Dipropylene glycol
15.90 20.20 18.40
no no
Dipropylene glycol
15.50 5.70 11.20
no no
methyl ether
Ethanol 15.80 8.80 19.40
no no
Ethyl acetate 15.80 5.30 7.20 yes --
Ethylene dichloride
19.00 7.40 4.10 yes --
Ethylene glycol mono-
15.90 4.70 10.60
yes --
ethyl ether acetate
Hexane 14.90 0.00 0.00 no no
Isophorone 16.90 8.20 7.40 no.sup.b
yes
Methanol 15.10 12.30 22.30
no no
Methylene chloride
18.20 6.30 6.10 yes --
N--methyl-2-pyrro-
18.00 12.30 7.20 yes --
lidone
Nitrobenzene 20.00 8.60 4.10 yes --
2-nitropropane
16.20 12.10 4.10 yes --
Propylene carbonate
20.00 18.00 4.10 no yes
Propylene glycol mono-
15.60 6.30 11.60
no no
methyl ether
Tetrahydrofuran
16.80 5.70 8.00 yes --
Toluene 18.00 1.40 2.00 no no
Trichloroethylene
18.00 3.10 5.30 yes --
______________________________________
.sup.a Ought to have been within the calculated ball
.sup.b Ought to have been outside the calculated ball
It appears from the foregoing examples that there are several solvent
candidates for each individual printing ink which are within the
solubility range according to the Hansen model, but which are
(a) not useful in practice because of current environmental requirements,
(b) not useful in practice because of too slow dissolution effect, cf. the
time parameter previously mentioned, or
(c) have no effect on one or more of the ordinary printing inks.
EXAMPLE 7
This example shows that the solvent mixtures EX I A, EX I B, EX I C and EX
2 destroy the glue system more than the liquid mixtures O and V of the
invention. It is moreover shown that a too large amount of
.gamma.-butyrolactone in the liquid mixtures of the invention (above 25%)
destroys the glue system.
The commercial glue systems used were the following:
1. 10% hardener, as prescribed by the manufacturer
2. 10% hardener, as prescribed after 24 hours' hardening, coated with
lacquer so that all the glue is covered.
3. 20% hardener, the frame having been pre-coated with a glue mixture which
has hardened for 24 hours before mounting of the screen.
______________________________________
Solvent mixtures
WW %
______________________________________
EX I
A 75.72 N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
18.52 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
3.04 Cyclohexanone
2.72 Synperonic NP 9
EX I
B 47.12 N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
B 47.12 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
3.04 Cyclohexanone
2.72 Synperonic NP 9
EX I
C 39.38 N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
18.52 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
39.38 Cyclohexanone
2.72 Synperonic NP 9
EX 2
37.86 N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
9.26 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
1.52 Cyclohexanone
24.00 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
26.00 Methylene chloride
1.36 Synperonic NP 9
______________________________________
Liquid mixture V of the invention with various amounts
of .gamma.-butyrolactone
V V.sub.C
W/W % W/W %
______________________________________
Isoper L 24.9 23.7
DMP 16.6 15.8
MPA 41.5 39.8
.gamma.-butyrolactone
11.3 15.0
Synperonic NP 9
5.9 5.7
______________________________________
A maximum of 15 W/W .gamma.-butyrolactone may be added if
a homogenous liquid is desired.
______________________________________
Liquid mixture V with various amounts of N--methyl-2-
pyrrolidone
V.sub.A V.sub.D F.sub.F
W/W % W/W % W/W %
______________________________________
Isoper L 24.9 22.29 20.79
DMP 16.6 14.86 13.86
MPA 41.5 37.15 34.65
N--methyl-2-
11.3 20.0 25.0
pyrrolidone
Synperonic NP 9
5.7 5.7 5.7
______________________________________
Liquid mixture V with various amounts of .gamma.-butyrolactone
and N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
V.sub.B V.sub.E
W/W % W/W %
______________________________________
Isoper L 24.9 20.29
DMP 16.6 14.86
MPA 41.5 37.15
.gamma.-butyrolactone
5.65 10.0
N--methy1-2-
pyrrolidone
Synperonic NP 9
5.7 5.7
______________________________________
Liquid mixture O with various amounts of .gamma.-butyrolactone
O O.sub.I O.sub.L
W/W % W/W % W/W %
______________________________________
Isoper L 9.7 8.95 8.37
PMA 14.6 13.48 12.61
DB 27.2 25.12 23.49
DPM 32.0 29.55 27.63
.gamma.-butyrolactone
13.6 20.0 25.0
Synperonic NP 9
2.9 2.9 2.9
______________________________________
Liquid mixture O with various amounts of N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
O.sub.G O.sub.J O.sub.M
W/W % W/W % W/W %
______________________________________
Isoper L 9.7 8.95 8.37
PMA 14.6 13.48 12.61
DB 27.2 25.12 23.49
DPM 32.0 29.55 27.63
N--methyl-2-pyrrolidone
13.6 20.0 25.0
Synperonic NP 9
2.9 2.9 2.9
______________________________________ | | |
