 |
Description  |
|
|
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for jam-resistant transmission of
speech signals, processed via vocoders, by radio, utilizing spread
frequency bands (SSMA) or a rapid radio frequency change (frequency
hopping FH).
2. Description of the Prior Art
For the use of tactical radio apparatus in the military field, a
high-resistance against intentional jamming of all types is of particular
significance. To this end, use must be made of transmission methods whose
transmission signals cannot be readily impaired by strong jamming. Such a
transmission method is, for example, made available for the so-called
spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) modulation technique. An
application of this method is disclosed, for example, in the German
Letters Pat. No. 2,121,117, fully incorporated herein by this reference.
The useful signal to be transmitted is widely spread in its frequency band
by an identification modulation, and this spread is canceled (or
nullified) again at the receiving side by a correlator. Strong jammers in
the form of individual spectral lines are thereby considerably attenuated
with respect to the useful signal. An additional method is to make use of
a rapid radio frequency change (frequency hopping) during transmission so
that a strong jamming transmitter has difficulty adjusting rapidly enough
to the radio frequency change just employed. Radio systems making use of a
radio frequency hopping procedure are known, for example, from U.S. Pat.
No. 4,037,159. The jamming resistance of signals to be transmitted is
greater, the smaller the useful (or effective) band width of the signal
can be dimensioned in comparison with the transmission band width. For
this reason, it is advantageous, in the case of speech transmission, in
order to increase the jamming resistance, in addition to the application
of the described method, to make use of vocoders. The speech signal is
here evaluated (or analyzed) on the transmitting side by a vocoder
analyzer with respect to its specific speech parameters, and only the
latter are transmitted in coded form towards the receiving side. A the
receiving side, in a vocoder synthesizer, the original speech signal is
synthesized by means of these parameters in conjunction with a
pulse-shaped and a noise-shaped excitation function. In addition to a
reduction of the useful band width, the coded form of the signal to be
transmitted is simultaneously desirable for an encoding with a high degree
of secrecy which, in the case of military applications, in addition to the
previously-cited jamming resistance, as a rule is likewise required.
As practice shows, the described methods for jam-resistant communication
transmission occasionally gives rise to inherent jammings, In the case of
using the SSMA technique, a great number of stations simultaneously use
the same frequency band. For a specific receiver, which, with the aid of
the correlator allocated thereto, merely receives one signal--determined
by the identification modulation--as the useful signal, all
simultaneously-transmitted useful signals for the other stations act as
spurious (or jamming) signals, or noise signals, respectively, at the
receiver input. In other words, relative to the specified frequency band,
the number of stations simultaneously in operation must be restricted to
such an extent that a receiver can still satisfactorily receive the signal
assigned thereto from the noise. The same applies in the case of
application of a rapid frequency hopping operation. Here, it is necessary
to proceed on the assumption that altogether only a restricted number of
radio frequencies on the order of magnitude of approximately 500 are
available. Of these 500 radio frequencies, a selection of approximately
120 radio frequency channels can then be made available, for example, to
one or more radio circuits. A superior control of several radio circuits
in order to realize a synchronous hopping method is virtually not possible
for many reasons. For reasons of frequency availability it is likewise
impossible to assign to each radio circuit a reserved channel bundle.
Since the radio circuits run synchronously neither in the jump phase nor
in the jump frequency program, therefore, with calculatable probability,
the result must be overlappings of variable width of the information
blocks of the same frequency radiated by the various radio apparatus of
various radio circuits.
In the case of the mentioned redundancy-decreasing transmission of speech
by way of a vocoder, in practice, an acceptable speech quality results if
fewer than 2% of all transmission blocks are jammed, in case the block
length is sufficiently small and the speech synthesizer is informed of the
jamming. In the case of a group of 128 radio hopping frequencies, the
jamming quantity would already be exceeded in the case of simultaneous
operation of more than three radio circuits within the jamming field
intensity range.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide an additional solution
for a method of the type set forth in the introduction by means of which
the inherent jamming is significantly reduced, and thus, in the case of a
specified transmission frequency band, or group of radio frequency
channels, respectively, when needed, the permissible number of stations
simultaneously in operation can be substantially increased.
Beginning with a method for jam-resistant radio transmission of speech
signals, processed via vocoders, utilizing spread frequency bands or a
rapid frequency hopping operation, the above object is achieved, according
to the invention, in that, in the case of processing the speech signal to
be transmitted, there is obtained in the transmitting-side vocoder
analyzer, a signal criterion relating to the system internal frame clock
pulse with the aid of which, in the case of the signal which is present or
not present, respectively, in the respective time slot of a frame clock
pulse period, the transmitter, or the transmitter end stage, respectively,
is switched on or off, respectively. In addition, the signal sections,
related to the system internal frame clock pulse, which signal sections
are digitized for their transmission to the receiving side, are possibly
provided with a data protection information for error recognition At the
receiving side, in the case of decoding of the arriving signal sections,
the signal criterion is possibly regained from the data protection
information, and, relative to the frame clock pulse period, is analyzed in
dependence on a present, or non-present, signal for the purpose of
switching on or off the receiver output side vocoder synthesizer.
Underlying the present invention is the recognition that, even in the case
of simplex communication circuits, on the average, approximately 40% of
the transmitting time is unnecessary, even if small portions (from
approximately 20 ms in length) are spared. In the case of duplex circuits,
under these circumstances, the transmitting time to be spared can amount
to even more than 60%. This saving is of full advantage to the inherent
jamming (or interference). Therefore, in the case of simplex operation,
nearly twice as many stations, in the case of duplex, nearly three times
as many stations, can be simultaneously operated in the same radio
frequency spectrum if, to this end, the residual error rate, still
permitted in the case of known system, is to be observed. In this
connection, the fact is also of great advantage that this saving of
transmitting time simultaneously has an effect in the form of an increase
of the ECM resistance, because here the receivers, of course, are only
then switched on when a signal is present in the time intervals specified
by the internal frame clock pulse.
In the case of utilization of a rapid radio frequency change, it is
necessary, for an optimum exploitation of the reduction of inherent
jamming, rendered possible by the solution of the present invention, to
make the frequency jumping interval in size to be exactly 1, 2 . . . n
frame periods of the vocoder and to synchronize the same to the frame
clock pulse, or a multiple thereof, respectively
In order to prevent the vocoder synthesizer being switched off on the
receiving side when the display "no signal" is brought about by a jamming
of the reception, it is advantageous to analyze the signal criterion,
regained on the receiving side, in a signal analyzer to the second input
of which the received signal is supplied. The signal analyzer delivers a
control signal for the disconnection of the vocoder synthesizer only when,
in the time of a signal criterion "no signal", no signal interruption due
to jamming is ascertained.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention, its organization,
construction and operation will be best understood from the following
detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,
on which:
FIG. 1 is a block circuit diagram of the transmitting side and the
receiving side of a radio station of a radio system employing a frequency
hopping technique, which radio station operates in accordance with the
invention in switching on and off of the transmitter or receiver,
respectively;
FIG. 2 is a block circuit diagram of a transmitting side and receiving side
of a radio station of a radio system employing an SSMA technique, the
radio station operating in accordance with the invention in switching on
and off the transmitter or the receiver, respectively;
FIG. 3 is a block circuit diagram, exhibiting further details, of a
transmitting side vocoder analyzer according to FIGS. 1 and 2; and
FIG. 4 is a block circuit diagram exhibiting further details of the
receiving side vocoder synthesizer according to FIGS. 1 and 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The transmitting side of the block circuit diagram of a radio station
illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a vocoder analyzer VOS which is activated
by the output signal of a microphone Mi. The vocoder analyzer VOS has two
outputs. The one output delivers the parameters representing the speech,
which are redundantly coded in a coder CO for the purpose of recognition
of transmission errors, and subsequently supplied to a transmitter SR. The
transmitter SR, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, is equipped with a
device FS for providing rapid frequency hopping. In the transmitter SR,
the coded signals are converted into the radio frequency domain and
radiated by way of the antenna As.
The radio frequency signals, received at the receiving side via the antenna
Ae, are converted into the base band domain in the receiver ER which is
equipped, corresponding to the transmitter SR, with a device FS for
synchronous rapid frequency hopping, and subsequently the signals are
examined in a decoder DE as to transmission errors. The decoder DE has two
outputs which are connected with the two inputs of the receiving side
vocoder synthesizer VOE. By way of one input the vocoder synthesizer
receives from the decoder DE the specific speech parameters of the speech
analyzed at the transmitting side in the vocoder analyzer, with the aid of
which, in the synthesizer, the original signal is reconstructed through
synthesis and radiated by way of the speaker H.
According to the invention, the transmitting side vocoder analyzer VOS
delivers at its second output a signal sc which indicates, respectively,
whether, relative to the internal frame clock pulse sequence, a useful
signal is present or not during a frame period. The signal sc is obtained
in the course of analysis and, by way of a delay element .tau., is
supplied to a second input of the transmitter SR and there employed for
the purpose of switching on and off the transmitter in dependence upon a
present, or non-present, signal. In other words, the transmitter SR is
always switched off during the operation in the frequency of the internal
frame clock pulse of the vocoder analyzer VOS if no signal is present in
the time interval of a frame period. The device FS for rapid frequency
change is, in this instance, likewise related to the frame clock pulse,
namely in such a manner that a radio frequency change is always carried
out during the transition from one signal section to another.
In order to be able to switch on and off the receiver on the receiving side
in the same manner, depending upon whether a signal is present or not, the
receiver or the vocoder synthesizer VOE, must be able to distinguish
between signal and noise. In order to guarantee this, the specific speech
sampling values at the input of the coder CO, which respectively represent
a signal section obtained within a frame period, in the case of a present
signal, are provided with a data protection information which, in the
decoder DE, permits a recognition or also correction of the transmission
errors, and delivers a corresponding signal via its second output, as a
signal sc', to the second input of the vocoder synthesizer VOE. In the
vocoder synthesizer VOE, the signal sc', obtained in this manner, is
analyzed for switching on and off the vocoder synthesizer.
A variation of this technique is illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of
FIG. 2 for a radio station in a radio network operating in accordance with
the SSMA principle. Here, at the transmission side, the signal sections at
the output of the vocoder analyzer VOS are supplied to a modulator M in
which an identification modulation, delivered by a quasi-random number
generator QZ, is modulated onto each individual bit of the signal
sections. The spread in the useful frequency band is canceled at the
receiving side, in the same manner, with an identification modulation,
generated at the receiving side in an identical quasi-random number
generator QZ connected to the modulator M connected to the output of a
receiver ER, and the signal obtained in this manner is supplied to an
evaluating circuit AS. The evaluating circuit AS delivers, at its first
output, the signal bits representing the useful information to the first
input of the vocoder synthesizer VOE. A signal then occurs at the second
output of the evaluating circuit only when no signal bit, or only noise,
respectively, is present. This signal is up-slope integrated in an
integrator I for the duration of a signal section. The signal si occurring
at the output of the integrator I is supplied to a decision circuit ES
which generates the signal sc' at the input of a signal section, and
delivers the same to the second input of the vocoder synthesize. VOE for
the purpose of switching on and off the same in dependence upon a present
or non-present signal section.
For a better understanding of the method of operation of the switching on
and off of the transmitter or receiver, respectively, according to the
present invention, in the case of the radio stations illustrated in FIGS.
1 and 2, in FIGS. 3 and 4 block diagrams exhibit greater details of the
transmitting side vocoder analyzer VOS and the receiving side vocoder
synthesizer VOE. The transmitting side analysis portion of the vocoder
according to FIG. 3 comprises, at the output of the microphone Mi,
parallel-connected spectral channels SK1-SKn. These spectral channels
separate the speech band, by means of band pass filters, into various
subbands, which are rectified at the output side and, via a low pass
filter, are freed of undesired higher frequency components. Subsequently,
these output signals of the spectral channels, also designated at envelope
partial curve signals, are sampled and converted into coded signals in an
analog/digital converter A/D.
For the receiving side synthesis of the speech present at the microphone
output, a signal characterizing the speech fundamental frequency, a
so-called pitch signal, and a signal indicating the voiced/invoiced
condition must yet be additionally attained. In the analysis portion of
the vocoder according to FIG. 3, to this end, two channels are
additionally provided, namely a channel SGF having a speech fundamental
frequency filter and a channel LB having a circuit for determining the
sound character. The output side signals of the channels SGF and LB are
likewise coded via respective analog/digital converters A/D and, together
with the digital outputs of the spectral channels SK1-SKn, are combined in
a mutiplexer MUX into a pulse frame having a frame period of approximately
20 ms. The signal sc, necessary for the switching on and off of the
transmitter SR is obtained, with the aid of a summing amplifier SU and a
threshold value circuit SW connected to the output of the summing
amplifier SU. The summing amplifier SU sums up the signals present at the
inputs of the analog/digital converters A/D of the spectral channels.
Depending upon whether the sum value exceeds the threshold of the
threshold value circuit SW or not, the output signal of the threshold
value circuit indicates the criteria "signal present" or "signal not
present".
The receiving side synthesis portion of the vocoder comprises, at its input
side, an intermediate memory SP to which a selection switch U1 is
connected. The selection switch U1 has three switching positions from
which, in the illustrated switching position, it forwards the input signal
directly to a demultiplexer DE-MUX while bypassing the intermediate memory
SP. In the center switching position, the input of the demultiplexer
DE-MUX is connected with the output of the intermediate memory SP, and, in
the upper switching position, it is connected with the output of a device
R which, in the most general instance, delivers a pulse pattern
characterizing the quiescent state.
A digital/analog converter D/A is connected to each of the outputs of the
demultiplexer. The converters are followed by the spectral channels
SK1-SKn. The signal containing the speech fundamental frequency is
supplied, at the output of the respective digital/analog converter D/A, to
the control input for the tone pitch of a tone generator TG. The signal
indicating the sound character, in turn, controls the operation of a
switch U2 which, depending upon whether the speech signal is voiced or
voiceless, supplies to all second inputs of the spectral channels, either
the output signal of the tone generator TG or the output signal of a noise
generator RG. The synthesized sub-band channels of the original speech
channel, present at the output of the spectral channels SK1-SKn are summed
up in a summing amplifier SU' and supplied to a speaker connected to its
output.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the vocoder synthesizer VOE comprises at its
input side a signal analyzer SB, having a first input for receiving the
incoming signal and a second input for receiving the signal sc', obtained
in the decoder DE according to FIG. 1 or in the integrator I according to
FIG. 2. The signal analyzer SB comprises a computer which examines the
signal supplied thereto at the first input as to whether an occurring
signal pause is inherent in speech, or, however, whether it was caused by
jamming of the signal on the transmission link. Only if, in the time of
the occurrence of the signal criterion "signal not present", the signal
analyzer ascertains no signal jamming, is the switch U1 operated by the
signal analyzer into the upper position connected with the device R for
receiving the predetermined pulse pattern characterizing the quiescent
state. Otherwise, the signal analyzer SB controls the switch U1 into the
center switching position in which there is supplied to the demultiplexer
DE-MUX, instead of a jammed signal section, a preceding signal section is
intermediately stored in the intermediate memory SP.
Although we have described our invention by reference to particular
illustrative embodiments, many changes and modifications of the invention
may become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention. We therefore intend to include within
the patent warranted hereon all such changes and modifications as may
reasonably and properly be included within the scope of our contribution
to the art.
* * * * *
|
|
 |
|
 |
Description |
|
