 |
Description  |
|
|
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a novel evanescent wave sensor which can
have a high numerical aperture and is capable of being used in various
forms of optically-based assays. Unlike previous fiber optical devices,
the present sensors do not use any cladding at the contact points.
BACKGROUND ART
The use of evanescent wave phenomena as a detection means in
optically-based assays is known in the art. The total reflective
spectroscopy (TRS) techniques of Myron Block (U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,546 and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,558,014) use an evanescent wave to both excite a
fluorescently tagged analyte and to detect the resulting fluorescence. As
disclosed therein, the sensors are comprised of optical
telecommunication-type fibers which have a core surrounded by a cladding,
at least where the fiber is held. Another portion of the fiber has a bare
(or naked) core which is coated with an immunochemically reactive
substance, i.e., an antigen or an antibody. This basic sensor
configuration can be found in other disclosures such as WO 83/01112 to T.
Carter et.al. and U.S. Ser. No. 652,714 to D. Keck et. al.
The presence of a cladding or means to insure energy isolation has both
positive and negative effects. On the positive side, the cladding prevents
mode stripping where the fiber is held. This is especially important when
one is using a sensor for evanescent wave detection because in some cases,
i.e., fluorescent measurements, less than one percent of the excitation
energy will return as a signal. Thus, cladding has been required to insure
that signal stripping does not occur. However, the negative consequences
of this approach include manufacturing difficulties in selectively
stripping or adding cladding to a fiber and the inherent limitation the
cladding imposes on the critical angle or numerical aperture (NA) of the
sensor.
The critical angle .theta..sub.c of a fiber optic or waveguide device, in
general, and an evanescent wave sensor, in particular, is determined by
the differences between the refractive indices of the launching medium,
propagating medium, and the surrounding medium. It refers to the maximum
angle, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the waveguide, at which
light can enter the waveguide and still be retained and propagated by the
waveguide. In practice, the art refers more often to the numerical
aperture (NA) of a waveguide rather than the critical angle.
Mathematically, the relationship is as follows:
NA=N.sub.0 sin.theta..sub.c =(N.sub.1.sup.2 -N.sub.2.sup.2).sup.1/2
Where
N.sub.0 =refractive index of the launching medium
N.sub.1 =refractive index of the propagating medium
N.sub.2 =refractive index of the surrounding medium. (See FIG. 1).
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to evanescent wave sensors that are useful in
optically-detectable assays, including such formats as immunoassays,
enzymatic clinical chemistry assays, molecular probe hybridization assays,
cell measurements, and dye-based pH/blood gas assays. However, the use of
these sensors is not limited to aqueous solutions, but rather can be used
in gaseous or non-aqueous environments. The labels or tags for these
assays include fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and absorptive compounds
well known in the art.
The sensor is comprised of two parts, a light conducting means and a
holding means. The former is a electromagnetic wave-propagating device of
numerous configurations; e.g., cylindrical or planar. Functionally, it
carries light along the waveguide to a point where the propagating surface
of the waveguide (and, of course, the accompanying evanescent wave)
contacts optically-detectable or labelled analyte.
The unexpected novelty of the present sensor lies in the use of a holding
means which can contact the light conducting member at the
wave-propagating surface, ergo, the latter does not require a conventional
cladding or energy isolation means attached thereto where it is held. The
holding means contacts the wave-propagating surface. There are three
general cases, one of which is thickness dependent.
In cases where the seal material is optically transmissive and has an index
of refraction (N.sub.3) which is greater than that of the medium
surrounding the light conducting member, mode stripping, i.e., the loss of
transmitted light due to contact pertubation, is minimized by controlling
the thickness at the contact points. The thickness of the contact points
should be less than Lambda (.LAMBDA.) divided by the optical parameter
(f), where .LAMBDA. equals the cross-sectional thickness of the light
conducting member divided by the tangent of the propagation angle theta
(.theta.). Theta is less than or equal to the critical angle of the light
conducting member) and, as shown in FIG. 2, f being a material dependent
parameter associated with the light transmission across the waveguide/seal
interface and varying between one and zero.
Optical power loss in seals can be independent of thickness in cases where
either the seal or the contact surfaces of the light conducting member are
made of either optically transmissive or optically reflective materials.
In the former case, the seal is made of a material having an index of
refraction less than both the light conducting member and the medium to be
sampled. While in the latter case the seal or the light conducting member
has a reflective surface at the interface between the two.
Without conventional types of cladding, the NA of these sensors becomes
dependent on the difference between the refractive indices of the light
conducting member and the surrounding medium, e.g., air or water. Thus,
for aqueous-based assays the high end of the sensor NA range is no longer
restricted to about 0.3, but can now be extended to 0.6.
The combination of easier manufacturing requirements and expanded
capabilities makes the present invention the evanescent wave sensor of
choice. Conventional cladding steps are eliminated, and greater NA's mean
substantially greater sensor sensitivity. It has been determined
experimentally (at sin .theta..sub.max) that the fluorescent signal
associated with free fluorescein varies strongly, approximately equal to
sin.sup.8 .theta..sub.max, where .theta..sub.max is the maximum angle for
light launched into the light conducting member.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the seal of the present sensor.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the present sensor showing the angle
Theta (.theta.).
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred form of the present sensor.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of an optical system for use with the present sensor.
FIG. 5 is a graph comparing the sensitivity of the present sensor versus
conventional solution fluorimetry.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a fluoroimmunoassay performed with the present
sensor.
PREFERRED MODES OF THE INVENTION
The present sensor can be made from a wide selection of materials. Optical
glass and plastic are preferred for the light conducting member. The
choice can be based on the selected excitation and detection wavelengths,
and possible absorption or internal fluorescence interferences at those
wavelengths. It should be noted that for the present purposes, "light"
also refers to wavelengths outside of the visible spectrum, including the
ultraviolet and infrared ranges.
Likewise, the holding means can be made from a variety of materials,
however, the choice of material affects the required thickness at the
contact points for minimal optical pertubation. The optical transmission
of light (T) within the light conducting member is given by the following
formula:
T=1-(tf)/.LAMBDA.
where t is the seal thickness, and T varies between zero and one.
Depending upon the relative magnitudes of N.sub.1, N.sub.2, and N.sub.3,
(N.sub.3 being the refractive index of the seal), several cases can be
generated:
TABLE I
______________________________________
Requirements
for Minimum
Case Transmission Conditions Power Loss
______________________________________
1 T = 1 f = 0 N.sub.1 > N.sub.2 .gtoreq. N.sub.3
t is not
functional
2 0 < T < 1 0 < f < 1 N.sub.1 > N.sub.3 > N.sub.2
(t/.OMEGA.) f << 1
3 0 < T < 1 f = 1 N.sub.3 = N.sub.1 > N.sub.2
(t/.OMEGA.) << 1
4 0 < T < 1 0 < f < 1 N.sub.3 > N.sub.1 > N.sub.2
(t/.OMEGA.) f << 1
5 T .apprxeq. 1
f .apprxeq. 0
N.sub.1 > N.sub.2
t is essentially
not functional
______________________________________
In the first case of Table I, t is not functional, and thus, the thickness
of the seal becomes essentially immaterial because the seal maintains the
electromagnetic radiation within the light conducting member. In practice,
one selects a seal material having an index of refraction lesser than or
equal to that of the surrounding medium. The remaining cases probably have
greater utility because one selects the seal material with respect to the
material used for the light conducting member, and thus, typically, a
greater selection of materials is available. In the second case, a
polyfluorinated hydrocarbon seal (such as Teflon.RTM.) would be used on a
light conducting member which is made of optical glass and which is
surrounded by an aqueous solution. Such a seal is preferred because the
refractive index of the Teflon.RTM. closely matches that of the aqueous
solution.
If other materials such as latex or the light conducting material itself
were to be used for seals, and thus N.sub.3 is greater than or equal to
N.sub.2, then the thickness of the seals would have to be limited to the
conditions set forth in the third and fourth cases in Table I. For
example, where a rubber seal is used on a light conducting member made of
optical glass, the power loss is strongly dependent upon the thickness of
the seal.
Finally, the last case in Table I refers to sensors wherein f approaches
zero, as in the first case. However, the selection of the seal material is
no longer based on indices of refraction. Here, the seal is reflective but
not optically transmissive. For example, the seal contact surface
comprises a mirror-like coating. The coating having been deposited on
either the seal surface or the contact surface of the light conducting
member.
The shape of the sensor elements is not restricted to one configuration.
The light conducting member may be either a solid or hollow, cylindrical
or planar surface having any desired thickness. Unlike prior
telecommunication fiber sensors, thickness can easily exceed 1000 microns.
Likewise the holding means can be suited to both the light conducting
member and any associated sensor structures such as protective or sample
volume shields, locking means, et al. Of course, the key feature is that
the contact points thickness does not exceed the above limits. The points
can be distinct or merged into a gripping flange ring.
Preferably the holding means contacts the light conducting member within a
set distance (x) from the electromagnetic radiation launching end of the
member. This reduces the pertubation effect of the seal when the launched
light spot is smaller than the cross section of the light conducting
member. Mathematically this distance is defined as
x=(R.sub.f -R.sub.s)/tan .theta.
where
R.sub.f =one half of the cross-sectional thickness of the member;
R.sub.s =one half of the cross-sectional thickness of the launched optical
spot (R.sub.f >R.sub.s); and
.theta.=angle theta (as described above).
In practice, a typical immunoassay sensor would be configured as shown in
FIG. 3. A sensor (10) comprises a light conducting member or waveguide
(12) made of optical glass (n=1.46) and having diameter of 500 microns and
a length of 7 cm. Placed about the fiber is a tubular sample chamber (14)
having inlet and outlet means (16) of greater diameter and lesser length
(5 cm.). Alternatively, the sample chamber can be greater in length with a
recessed fiber, the caps extending inwardly to grip the fiber. The holding
means is comprised of molded end caps (18) made from Teflon .sup.R
(n=1.34) which are designed and shaped to grip the chamber end, forming a
watertight seal, and to contact circumferentially the light conducting
member with a thin contact distance for minimal pertubation. (See Table
I).
Those skilled in the art recognize the wide applications of such sensors.
For example, IR or UV absorption of the evanescent wave can yield
identification and concentration of many organic liquids, the sensor
serving as a monitor for chemical process control.
The effect of excessively thick contact points can be readily seen as
follows, where the observed fluorescent signal decreases from 900 to 51
cps with an increase in seal thickness of 0.14 to 2.00 mm.:
TABLE II
______________________________________
EVANESCENT WAVE SENSOR SEAL MATERIALS
Rubber Latex Teflon .RTM.
______________________________________
Refractive Index
1.51 1.51 1.34
Seal Thickness (mm)
2.00 0.14 0.25
Fluorescent signal (cps)
51 900 8000
______________________________________
The use of both a low-index material such as Teflon.RTM., and thin contact
distance gives an extremely well-optimized signal. (The above results have
been obtained using an aqueous solution of fluorescein at 10.sup.-6
molar.)
The use of the present evanescent wave sensor is illustrated by the two
examples described below both of which used an optical system as shown in
FIG. 4.
SOLUTION FLUORIMETRY
In FIG. 5, aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of
fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were placed in the sampling chamber
surrounding a fiber. Using 490nm excitation light and detecting 525nm
fluorescent emission as cps with a photon counter, the relation between
fluorescent signal and FITC concentration was established. This is shown
to correspond well with the fluorescence versus concentration curve
observed with a commercial conventional solution cuvette fluorimeter
(Perkin Elmer Model 650-40).
IMMUMOASSAY
In FIG. 6, a fluorimeteric immunoassay was constructed for the clinically
relevant analyte ferritin using fiber sensors in which the glass fiber
component had been previously coupled to anti-ferritin antibodies through
the art described in (Weetall Patent U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,271). The sensors
were then incubated with various concentrations of ferritin (to produce an
immunological binding reaction), washed, then incubated with a secondary
ferritin antibody which was labelled with FITC. The proportion of bound
labelled antibody gave rise to an increased level of fluorescent signal
(as expressed in cps), which is proportional to the amount of ferritin in
a sample. The assay range is of clinical relevance while the assay could
be performed in 20 minutes or less.
It should be apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art that many
variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *
|
|
 |
|
 |
Description |
|
