Pulse wave detecting apparatus for blood pressure measurement

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally relates to a cuff for blood pressure measuring devices, and more particularly to a cuff which is adapted to the detection of a pulse wave in a person's finger, rather than an arm.

Conventional electronic blood pressure meters are mostly based on an indirect method in which a cuff is wrapped around an upper arm of a patient and pressurized to obstruct the blood flow in the upper arm, and the cuff pressures corresponding to the time points of appearance and disappearance of Korotkoff sound during the process of depressurizing the cuff are determined as the systolic (maximum) blood pressure and the diastolic (minimum blood pressure, respectively.

An electronic blood pressure meter based on Riva-Rocci-Korotokoff method however has the disadvantage that since the Korotkoff sound is to be picked up by a microphone an accurate measurement of blood pressure is sometimes impossible particularly when the surrounding is noisy or the cuff is rubbed by an object and the resulting sound is picked up by the microphone.

According to another method of measuring blood pressure or so-called oscillation method, the pulse wave produced in a living body in synchronization with the pumping motion of a heart is measured and blood pressure values are computed using the amplitude of the pulse wave as a parameter according to a certain algorithm.

Since this method does not require a microphone to pick up the pulse wave from an artery, the above mentioned problems of the Riva-Rocci-Korotkoff method would not occur but the oscillation method still requires to apply a cuff to one's upper arm and it is quite cumbersome that the patient must roll up his sleeve for blood pressure measurement.

In view of such inconvenience of the prior art, the present inventors have realized that the above mentioned problems will be eliminated if an accurate blood pressure measurement can be performed on a part of a body which is normally exposed, such as a finger.

A certain device is known according to which water is used for pressing a finger for the purpose of measuring blood pressure from an artery in the finger, but a roller pump is necessary for the pressure control of the water which fills a cuff for the application or pressure to the finger and must be provided separate from the main unit, making it impossible to achieve a desired compactness of the structure.

Electronic blood pressure meters using air cuffs for pressurizing one's upper arm are well known in the art but an electronic blood pressure meter using such a cuff cannot be directly applied to measuring blood pressure by one's finger since the volume of the cuff and the venting speed are excessive and the pressurization unit and, therefore, the signal processing unit of a conventional electronic blood pressure meter are unsuitable for this application.

For instance, a typical air cuff for a conventional blood pressure meter consists of a rectangular flexible air bag having an outer and an inner skin having the same dimensions and, therefore, when it is wrapped around one's arm and inflated by air pressure, the inner skin tends to develop creases or folds thereby causing uneven application of pressure to the upper arm. This tendency becomes more pronounced as the cuff is wrapped around an object having a smaller diameter such as finger. Furthermore, the orientation of a sensor device attached to the inner skin tends to be unpredictable if such folds are produced in the vicinity of the sensor, thus reducing the reliability of the sensor.

In measuring blood pressure, it is necessary to detect the pulse wave of an artery but the artery in one's finger is so fine that a conventional pulse wave detector is not adequate for accurate detection. In a conventional pulse wave detector, as shown in FIG. 6, light emitted from a light emitting element L (for instance an LED) through an artery D in a finger F is received by a light sensitive element PT (for instance a photo transistor) and the pulse wave of an artery is detected as the changes of the intensity of the light received by the light sensitive element PT. According to this detector, since the light must pas through a distance corresponding to the width of the finger, it is difficult to achieve a desired sensitivity and the signal to noise ratio (SN ratio) of the signal detected by the light sensitive element PT tends to be low.

Another shortcoming of the above-mentioned conventional methods of measuring blood pressure is that since the measurement process takes place as the air pressure is gradually reduced and a substantial pressure must be built up in the cuff prior to starting the measurement the patient is subjected to a discomfort for a substantial time period.

A cuff has been disclosed in the article "New oscillometric method for indirect measurement of systolic and mean arterial pressure in the human finger", Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comp., May 1982, pp. 314-318, which has disposed therein a light-emitting element and light-sensitive element opposing to each other, in which the light emitted from the light-emitting element is received by the light-sensitive element after passing through the artery of a finger, thereby detecting a pulse wave. In this detector however, since the light must pass the distance corresponding to the width of the finger, it is difficult to achieve the sensitivity required for highly accurate measurement.

In FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), a single light-emitting element 3 and a single light-sensitive element 4 are shown as mounted adjacent to each other on the inner surface of the cuff 2. The light emitted from the light emitting element 3 is reflected from the artery 6 of a finger 5 and received by the light-sensitive element 4.

In FIG. 1(a), a light-path can be shortened because the light-emitting element and light-sensitive element are disposed close to the artery of the finger, so that the level of a pulse wave signal can be multiplied to improve the sensitivity. However, since the cuff has only a single pair of light emitting and light-sensitive elements disposed close to each other, the detectable range of a pulse wave is limited as shown by the broken line in FIG. 21. Accordingly, a desired pulse wave as shown in FIG. 22 cannot be detected unless the finger is inserted into a cylindrical space such that the artery 164 of the finger is covered by the limited range.

In addition, the location of the finger artery differs from person to person, which makes it difficult to guide the finger into an appropriate position for accurate measurement. Thus, as shown in FIG. 23, the finger is often inserted with its artery not covered by the detectable range. In this condition, the peak value of the detected pulse wave cannot be clearly identified as shown in FIG. 24, thus making it difficult to measure an accurate blood pressure.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above, a primary object of the present invention is to provide an electronic blood pressure meter which is accurate and easy to use.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic blood pressure meter which is adapted to be used on a finger of a living body.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic blood pressure meter which can achieve an extremely slow venting from a cuff so as to allow measurement of blood pressured by a finger of a living body.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic blood pressure meter which can measure blood pressure as a cuff is being pressurized and thus can reduce the discomfort of the patient.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an advantageous air cuff for an electronic blood pressure meter which is adapted to be applied to a part of a living body having a relatively small diameter such as a finger.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an advantageous pulse wave detector for an electronic blood pressure meter which is highly sensitive and can achieve a high SN ratio.

It is another object to provide a cuff for blood pressure measuring apparatus which is capable of detecting an appropriate pulse wave for accurate measurement.

It is still another object to provide a cuff for blood pressure measuring apparatus whose pulse wave detection range is expanded to cover finger arteries which are differently located from person to person.

According to a broad concept of the present invention, such objects are accomplished by providing an electronic blood pressure meter for measuring blood pressure, comprising: a cuff made of flexible material and defining an air chamber therein for applying air pressure to a finger inserted in a cylindrical space defined by an internal surface of the cuff; pressure control means connected to the air chamber defined in the cuff for varying the air pressure inside the cuff; a cuff pressure sensor for detecting the air pressure in the air chamber of the cuff; pulse wave information detecting means attached to the cuff for detecting pulse wave information as the air pressure in the air chamber of the cuff is varied; and blood pressure determination means for determining a blood pressure value from the cuff air pressure detected by the cuff pressure sensor and the pulse wave information detected by the pulse wave information detecting means.

According to a certain aspect of the present invention, the pressure control means comprises an air pump, a pressure sensor, a fast vent valve and a slow vent valve. And, additionally, an air buffer may be connected either directly or indirectly to the air cuff for the purpose of increasing the effective volume of the air cuff and reducing the rate of pressure drop in the air cuff for a given venting rate. By appropriate arrangement of these pressure control elements, it is possible to measure blood pressure values for the pulse wave data detected by the pulse wave detecting means either while the cuff pressure is being increased or while the cuff pressure is being reduced.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a cuff for measuring blood pressure by surrounding a finger of a living body and obstructing the blood flow in the finger, comprising: an air bag having an internal and an external skin which have a certain length and a certain width sufficient for substantially surrounding the finger, the interior of the air bag defined by the two skins being divided into a plurality of air chambers, which are communicated with each other, along a circumferential direction of the air bag as it surrounds the finger being substantially flexible at least along the longitudinal direction of the finger and being adapted to be inflated individually with respect to different parts of the internal skin which is adjacent to the finger defining different ones of the divided air chamber; a pulse wave sensor attached to the internal skin of the air bag; and a conduit provided in the air bag for supplying and venting air pressure into and from the air chambers.

It is particularly preferable if the inner skin is provided with a plurality of bulges of a substantially trapezoidal or semicircular shape defining the corresponding air chambers. Thereby, when the cuff is curved into a cylindrical shape, the top surfaces of the bulges define a cylindrical space for inserting a part of a living body such as a finger therein while the lateral side portions of the bulges come closer together without interfering each other. As a result, a uniform contact between the air cuff and a part of a living body for instance a finger can be achieved and high measurement accuracy can be assured.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pulse wave detector for detecting the pulsation of an artery in a living body; comprising: a light emitting element for emitting light onto an artery of a living body; and a light sensitive element for detecting the reflection of the light from the light emitting element and producing a signal representative of the light received by the light sensitive element. According to this aspect of the present invention, since the path of the light in the living body is generally shorter than that of the conventional pulse wave detector according to which light is transmitted through a living body for the detection of pulse waves, the attenuation of the light is less and higher detection sensitivity can be achieved.

According to one aspect of this invention, there is provided a cuff for blood pressure measuring apparatus, which is made of flexible material, comprising an inner surface defining a cylindrical space for a finger to be inserted thereinto, an outer surface together with the inner surface defining a fluid chamber therebetween which applies pressure to the finger, a light-emitting element mounted on the inner surface for emitting light at the artery of the finger, a light-sensitive element mounted on the inner surface adjacent to the light emitting element for receiving the reflected light from the artery, wherein a plurality of elements are provided at least either for the light-emitting element or for the light-sensitive element. That is, if one light-emitting element is employed, then at least two light-sensitive elements are used, and vice versa. The invention also includes the use of two or more of each of the light-emitting and light-sensitive elements.

Other objects and numerous advantages of the cuff for blood pressure apparatus according to this invention will become apparent from the following description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be shown and described in the following in terms of concrete embodiments thereof with reference to the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1(a) is a sectional view of a cuff assembly according to the present invention illustrating how the pulse wave data can be obtained from an artery in a finger;

FIG. 1(b) is a perspective view of the cuff assembly of FIG. 1(a);

FIG. 2 is partially broken away perspective view of an embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the cuff according to the present invention in its developed state;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a first embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are wave form diagrams comparing the outputs from a pulse wave detector according to the present invention and a conventional pulse wave detector;

FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view of an example of conventional pulse wave detector;

FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the cuff shown in FIG. 3;

FIGS. 8 through 10 are sectional views similar to FIG. 7 showing different embodiments of the cuff according to the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating the action of the first embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) are cuff pressure and pulse wave graphs illustrating the determination of blood pressure.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating the action of a second embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of a third embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIGS. 15(a) and 15(b) shows graphs of the cuff pressure and the pulse wave data according to the third embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIG. 16 shows graphs of the cuff pressure and the pulse wave data according to the third embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention;

FIG. 17 shows another embodiment of the present invention having a main unit and a cuff unit which are built as separate units and mutually connected by electric cables;

FIG. 18 is a partially enlarged perspective view showing the cuff of FIG. 12;

FIG. 19 is a sectional view of the cuff of FIG. 2;

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of another embodiment of the cuff of FIG. 2;

FIG. 21 is a sectional view illustrating the cuff having a single light-emitting and light-sensitive element pair;

FIG. 22 is a timing waveform of an appropriately detected pulse wave;

FIG. 23 is a sectional view illustrating a cuff of FIG. 21 in which a finger is inserted with its artery not being covered by the pulse wave detection range; and

FIG. 24 is a timing waveform of a detected pulse wave in which the finger is inserted as shown in FIG. 23.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIGS. 1a and 1b show an embodiment of a pulse wave detector which is installed in a cuff unit which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. As shown in these drawings, a substantially cylindrical cuff 2 is fitted into a tubular member 1 and a light emitting element 3 such as an LED and a light sensitive element 4 such as a photo transistor are attached, adjacent to each other, in the internal wall of the cuff 2 curved into a cylindrical shape.

As shown in FIG. 1a, a finger 5 is inserted in the interior of the cylindrical cuff 2 which is adapted to be pressed onto the finger 5 by being pressurized by an air pump in a manner which is described in greater detail hereinafter. The light from the light emitting element 3 is projected onto an artery 6 of the finger 5 and, after being reflected by the artery 6, reaches the light sensitive element 4. Therefore, the light sensitive element 4 can detect the pulse wave of the artery 6 as the changes in the intensity of the light received thereby while the cuff 2 is being pressurized or depressurized.

According to the illustrated embodiment, since the overall length of the light path between the light emitting element 3 and the light sensitive element 4 by way of the artery 6 is shorter than that of the prior art according to which the light passes through a finger as described earlier with reference to FIG. 6, the pulse wave level detected by the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b is generally greater in amplitude than that detected by the conventional pulse wave detector illustrated in FIG. 6 typically by a factor of 10 or higher and this difference is clearly indicated in the graph given in FIG. 5 in which (a) denotes the pulse wave level detected by the convention detector while (b) denotes the pulse wave level detected by the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a partially broken away external view of an embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter according to the present invention. A main body casing 11 accommodates a battery unit 12 located in a right hand rear portion thereof, an air pump 13 located in front of the battery unit 12, an air buffer 14 located substantially in the middle of the casing 11, and a cuff unit 15 located in a left hand portion of the casing 11. Further, a circuit board 16 extends over the top surfaces of the air buffer 14, the battery unit 12 and the air pump 13. A power switch 17, a start switch 18 and a liquid crystal display unit 19 a attached to the top surface of the circuit board 16 and appropriate electrical connections are made therebetween although it is not shown in the drawing. Also an MPU and other electronic component parts are mounted to the lower surface of the circuit board 16 and this is also not shown in the drawing.

The cuff unit 15 includes the tabular member 1 and the cuff 2 which were described earlier with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 7, the cuff 2 comprises an upper skin 9 and a lower skin 10 defining a chamber therebetween and these skins may also be called as an internal skin and an external skin because of their positions when the cuff is curved into the cylindrical shape shown in FIGS. 1a, 1b and 2. The space defined between the two skins 9 and 10 are divided into a plurality of air chambers 8, which are communicated to each other, with the internal skin 9 formed with so many bulges 23a to 23h which have a relatively small width and extend substantially the whole length of the cuff 2. An air tube 24 is connected to an end surface of one of the bulges 23e for supplying and venting air into and from the air chambers defined in the cuff 2.

Depressions 25 and 26 are formed in two of the protrusions 23c and 23d defining a pair of flat surfaces, and the light emitting element 3 and the light sensitive element 4 are mounted on these flat surfaces. The light emitting element 3 comprises a casing 3a made of synthetic resin which has a window on top surface thereof as shown in FIG. 3 for permitting therethrough the passage of light emitted from an LED (not shown in the drawings) received inside the casing 3a. The longitudinal external end portion the casing 3a is opened for passing thereinto a pair of lead wires 28 for the LED. The light sensitive element 4 has a similar structure which is likewise provided with a pair of lead wires 29 which are however connected to a photo transistor (not shown in the drawings) provided therein instead of the LED. The lead wire 28 and 28 leading out from these elements 3 and 4 are connected to the circuitry provided in the circuit board 16.

Thus, as described previously with refernece to FIGS. 1a and 1b, the light emitted from the light emitting element 3 is projected onto an artery 6 in the finger 5 through the skin and flesh of the finger 5 is reflected by the artery 6 back to the light sensitive element 4 again through the flesh and the skin of the finger 5 so that the pulse wave can be detected by the light sensitive element 4 as a variation of the intensity of the reflected light.

FIG. 4 shows a functional block diagram of the first embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter. As shown in this drawing, the light emitting element 3 deriving electric power from an MPU 33 is placed on the cuff 2 adajcent to the light sensitive element 4 whose output is supplied to the MPU 33 by way of an amplifier 31 and an AD converter 32. An air conduit 40 is connected to the cuff 2, and this air conduit 40 is connected to various forms of air control equipment operative to control the air pressure of the air cuff 2; i.e., a pressure sensor 34, an air buffer 14 or an air accumulator consisting of an air chamber of a certain volume, a slow vent valve 37 and a fast vent valve 38 which are directly connected to the conduit 40, and an air pump 13 whose output end is connected to the conduit 40 by way of one-way valve 36.

The cuff pressure signal detected by the pressure sensor 34 is amplified by an amplifier 35 and supplied to the MPU 33 by way of the AD converter 32. The MPU 33 is internally equipped with memory for storing a program and values derived during the process of arithmetic operations given by the program end, through appropriate switching of the AD converter 32, can perform the functions of inputting pulse wave data and cuff pressure data thereinto, turning on and off the air pump 13, opening and closing the fast vent valve 38, determining blood pressure from the pulse wave data, and indicating the status whether measurement is in progress or not.

The determined blood pressure values or the systolic blood pressure (SYS) and the diastolic blood pressure (DIA) are outputted from the MPU 33 and displayed on the display unit 19, and a buzzer 39 may be activated by a command from the MPU 33 at an appropriate timing as will be described hereinafter. The air buffer 14 has a certain volume which effectively increases the effective volume of the air cuff 2. Because of the presence of the air buffer 14, the drop in the pressure of the air cuff 2 is slower for a given rate of air venting as compared to the case in which the air buffer is not provided. As a result, even when a slow vent valve 37 for an arm cuff is applied to the present embodiment using the air cuff 2 for a finger, the pressure drop of the air cuff 2 is as slow as 2 to 3 mmHg/sec.

FIG. 7 shows the air cuff 2, used in the first embodiment of the present invention, in the cross section. The outer skin 10 is made of relatively hard material but is flexible enough to be deformed from a flat shape to a cylindrical shape of a desired diameter. The inner skin 9 is made of flexible material such as rubber and formed with a plurality of bulges 23 to 23h (FIG. 3) which extend substantially the whole length of the cuff 2 and are arranged along the inner circumference of the cuff 2, when it is curved into the cylindrical shapr, at substantially equal intervals. The circumferential edges of the inner skin 9 and the outer skin 10 are bonded together.

Each of the bulges 23a to 23h in the inner skin 9 has a substantially trapezoidal cross section and comprises a middle flat portion 9a and a pair of sloping portions 9b rising towards the lateral side edges of the middle flat portion 9a. Thus, a plurality of air chambers 8 are defined between the inner skin 9 and the outer skin 10 but they are communicated to each other. And the air tube 24 is connected to an end surface of the inner skin 9 (FIG. 3) for inflating and venting the cuff 2. Two of the bulges 23c and 23d are provided with the depressions 25 and 26 which define the flat surface for mounting the light emitting element 3 and the light receiving element 4 thereon as mentioned previously with reference to FIG. 3.

Thus, the cuff 2 is rolled into the cylindrical shape and fitted into the tubular member 1 in the electronic blood pressure meter. As a result, a cylindrical space is defined by the flat top portions 9a of the bulges 23a to 23h of the inner skin 9, and adjacent ones of the sloping portions 9b come close together without causing any substantial strain to the inner and outer skin 9 and 10. After a finger, for instance a first finger, is inserted into the thus defined cylindrical space and the cuff 2 is inflated through pressurized air supplied from the air tube 9 by turning on the power switch 17 and activating the air pump 13, the flat portions 9a of the bulges 23a to 23h of the inner skin 9 can conform to the contour of the finger 5 and will uniformly apply pressure to the finger 5.

FIGS. 8 to 10 show different embodiments of the air cuff 2a to 2c according to the present invention. The embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is similar to the embodiment given in FIG. 7 but an air tube 9 is provided in the outer skin 10 instead of the inner skin 9. According to the embodiment given in FIG. 9, the bulges in the inner skin 9 are semi circular in cross section, as opposed to the trapezoidal shape of the previous embodiments, while the inner skin 10 is flat in the same manner as the previous embodiment. As a result, the air chambers 8 have semi circular cross sections. According to the embodiment given in FIG. 10, not only the inner skin 9 is provided with bulges similar to those of the embodiment of FIG. 9, but also the outer skin 10 is provided with similar bulges 21a to 21h in alignment with the corresponding bulges of the inner skin 9. Therefore, the air chambers 8 in this case are substantially circular in cross section.

Now the action of the first embodiment of the electronic blood preasure meter is described in the following particularly with referencer to the flow chart given in FIG. 11.

Prior to starting a measurement process, a patient puts his first finger of his left hand into the cylindrical space of the cuff 2, and the power switch 17 is turned on. This starts off the execution of the program stored in the memory of the MPU 33 and performs a segment check for the display unit 14 by turning on all the segments in the display unit 14 for 1.5 seconds in step 1. Thereafter, all the segments are turned off in step 2. In step 3, it is determined whether the cuff pressure is zero or not. If the cuff pressure is not zero, the fast vent valve 10 is activated in step 22 and the system flow returns to step 3. And, this is repeated until the cuff is sufficiently deflated. When the cuff pressure is zero in step 3, a ready mark (indicated as a heart shaped mark in the display unit 19 as shown in FIG. 4) is turned on in step 4 and the buzzer 15 is activated for four consecutive short time intervals in step 5. This completes the preparation of the electronic blood pressure meter for the actual measurement process.

At this instance, if the start switch 18 is turned on, the determination result of step 6 becomes yes, and the air pump 13 is activated. In step 7, the air pressurized by the air pump 13 is conducted to the main conduit 40 by way of the one-way valve 36 and is supplied to the air buffer 14 and the cuff 2 until the air pressure detected by the air pressure sensor 34 reaches a certain value P.sub.set programmed in the MPU 33. Typically the value P.sub.set programmed in the MPU 33 is higher than the expected systolic blood pressure by 20 to 30 mmHg. Then, the air pump 13 is deactivated and venting from the cuff 2 takes place only through the slow vent valve 37 in step 8. However, since the reference level for pulse wave detection may not be stable immediately after the completion of the pressurization of the cuff 2, a stabilization process is conducted in steps 9 and 10. It is determined in step 9 whether the reference level is stable or not. If not, it is determined whether the pressure level is below the predetermined by value by more than 40 mmHg or not. If so, the cuff is rapidly vented by the fast vent valve 38 in step 21 and the process flow returns to step 3. If the pressure is not lower than the predetermined value by more than 40 mmHG, the process flow returns to step 9. Once the reference level for pulse wave detection has been stabilized, the amplitude of the pulse wave is determined in the subsequent steps.

In step 11 a pulse wave number j corresponding to the part of the pulse wave at which the amplitude is to be determined is set to zero. In step 12 the count of a sample counter for one cycle of pulse beat is reset to 1 and the pulse wave number is incremented by one. At the same time, a maximum pulse wave level x.sub.max is set to zero and a minimum pulse wave level x.sub.min is set to an upper limit value x.sub.sup which is higher than a conceivable maximum value of the pulse wave level.

In step 13, it is determined whether the cuff pressure is higher than 20 mmHg or not. If the cuff pressure is lower than 20 mmHg, the process flow advances to step 21 and rapid venting of the cuff 2 takes place. If the cuff pressure is higher than 20 mmHg, pulse wave data x.sub.i is inputted in step 14 and the difference between the current value of the pulse wave data x.sub.i and the previous value of the pulse wave data X.sub.i-1 are compared with a certain value x.sub.t in step 15. In step 15 it is determined if this difference is greater than this certain value x.sub.t or not.

If the determination result step 15 is negative, the process flow advances to step 23 and the current value of the pulse wave data x.sub.i is compared with the maximum pulse wave level x.sub.max. If x.sub.i >x.sub.max the maximum pulse wave level x.sub.max is updated by the value of x.sub.i in step 24. Conversely, if x.sub.i <x.sub.max step 24 is skipped and the process flow advances to step 25. In step 25 the current pulse wave data x.sub.i is compared with the minimum pulse wave level x.sub.min. If x.sub.i <x.sub.min the minimum pulse wave level x.sub.min is updated by the value of x.sub.i in step 16. Conversely, if x.sub.i >x.sub.min step 26 is skipped and the process flow advances to step 27.

When the updating of the maximum and minimum pressure level x.sub.max and x.sub.min in steps 23 to 26 is completed, the count i is incremented by one in step 27 and the process flow returns to step 13. Thereafter, steps 23 to 27 and steps 13 to 15 are repeated and the updating of the maximum and minimum pulse wave level x.sub.max and x.sub.min continues until (x.sub.i-1 -x.sub.i)>x.sub.t or until the next cycle of pulse beat begins.

It it is determined that (x.sub.i-1 -x.sub.i)>x.sub.t in step 15, the buzzer 39 is activated in step 16 and extraction of the pulse wave is notified to the user. Then, the difference between the maximum and the minimum pulse wave level x.sub.max and x.sub.min (the amplitude of the pulse wave) A.sub.j is derived in step 17 and stored in the MPU 33. And a blood pressure determination process is conducted in step 18 using this amplitude A.sub.j as a parameter.

It is possible to determine blood pressure in a number of ways and, according to the present embodiment, the cuff pressure at the time point t.sub.1 at which the pulse wave starts appearing is determined as the systolic blood pressure P.sub.sys (refer to FIG. 12) and the cuff pressure at the time point t.sub.2 at which the amplitude of the pulse wave A.sub.j maximizes is determined as the average blood pressure P.sub.mean. And the diastolic blood pressure P.sub.dia is determined by the following equation:

P.sub.mean =P.sub.dia +(P.sub.sys -P.sub.dia)/3

And, until the diastolic blood pressure P.sub.dia is determined, the process flow continues returning from step 19 to step 12 and, after incrementing the pulse wave number j by one in step 12, the blood pressure determination process is continued by deriving the difference between the maximum and minimum pulse wave level x.sub.max and x.sub.min or the amplitude of the pulse wave A.sub.j.

Upon completion of the determination of the maximum and mimum pressure level (step 19), these blood pressure values are displayed on the display unit 19 in step 20 and, therafter, the fast vent valve 38 is activated in step 21 to complete the measurement process.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating the action of another embodiment of the electronic blood pressure meter of the present invention. According to the present embodiment, steps 1 and 2 are identical to steps 1 and 2 of the previous embodiment, but the fast vent valve 38 is activated or opened in step 3 and the fast vent mark is displayed in the display unit 19 in step 4 although it is not shown in the drawings. In step 5, it is determined whether the cuff pressure is zero or not and the process flow goes into a loop until the cuff pressure drops to zero.

When the cuff pressure has dropped to zero, the fast vent mark is turned off in step 6 and a ready mark (indicated as a heart shaped mark in the display unit 19 shown in FIG. 4) is turned on in step 7. Then, the user can known that the electronic blood pressure meter is ready for measurement. Here, by turning on the start switch 18, the process flow advances from step 8 to step 9 and an LED on the display unit 19 (not shown in the drawings) for indicating that a measurement process is in progress is lighted in step 10. Further, the fast vent valve 38 is closed in step 11 followed by the activation of the air pump 13, and the pressurization of the cuff 2 by the air pump 13 is continued until the cuff pressure reaches a certain pressure P.sub.set in step 12.

If this pressurization is determined as being a repressurization process for resuming a pressurization after an interruption of a pressurization in step 13 as is described hereinafter, and a repressurication mark which is described hereinafter is turned off in step 14. In either case, upon completion of the pressurization process, a slow venting is started in step 15. As mentioned previousely, this venting process may be performed at the rate of 2 to 3 mmHg/sec. Thereafter, the process flow goes into a loop by way of steps 16 and 17 until the reference level for pulse wave detection is stabilized. If the cuff pressure has dropped below the prdetermined pressure P.sub.set by more than 30 mmHg during this process, the repressurization mark is displayed on the display unit 19 in step 20 although it is not shown in the drawings and the system flow returns to step 12 for repressurization of the cuff 2.

At any rate, when it is determined in step 16 that the eference level for the pulse wave detection has been stabilized, the process flow advances to step 21. In step 21 a pulse wave number j corresponding to the part of the pulse wave at which the amplitude is to be determined is set to zero. In step 22 the count of a sample counter for one cycle of pulse beat is reset to 1 and the pulse wave number is incremented by one. At the same time, a maximum pulse wave level x.sub.max is set to zero and a minimum pulse wave level x.sub.min is set to an upper limit value x.sub.sup which is higher than a conceivable maximum value of the pulse wave level.

In step 23, it is determined whether the cuff pressure is higher than 20 mmHg or not. If the cuff pressure is lower than 20 mmHg, the process flow advances to step 31 and, after turning off the LED indicating that the measurement process is in progress in step 31, rapid venting of the cuff 2 takes place in step 3. If the cuff pressure is higher than 20 mmHg, pulse wave data x.sub.i is inputted into the MPU 33 in step 24 and the difference between the current value of the pulse wave data x.sub.i and the previous value of the pulse wave data x.sub.i-1 are compared with a certain value x.sub.t. In step 25 it is determined if this difference is greater than this certain value x.sub.t or not.

If the determination result of step 25 is negative, the process flow advances to step 32 and it is determined whether the pulse wave number j has not been updated for 1.5 second. If the pulse wave number j has been updated during that time interval, the current value of the pulse wave data x.sub.i is compared with the maximum pulse wave level x.sub.max in step 33. If x.sub.i >x.sub.max the maximum pulse level x.sub.max is updated by the value of x.sub.i in step 34. Conversely, if x.sub.i <x.sub.max step 34 is skipped and the process flow advances to step 35. In step 35 the current pulse wave data x.sub.i is compared with the minimum pulse wave level x.sub.min. If x.sub.i <x.sub.min the minimum pulse wave level x.sub.min is updated by the value of x.sub.i step 36. Conversely, if x.sub.i >x.sub.min step 36 is skipped and the process flow advances to step 37.

When the updating of the maximum and minimum pulse wave level x.sub.max and x.sub.min in steps 32 to 36 is completed, the count i is incremented by one in step 37 and the process flow returns to step 23. Thereafter, steps 32 to 37 and steps 23 to 25 are repeated and the updating of the maximum and minimum pulse wave level x.sub.max and x.sub.min continues until (x.sub.i-1 -x.sub.i)>x.sub.t holds or until the next cycle of pulse beat begins.

If it is determined that (x.sub.i-1 -x.sub.i)>x.sub.t in step 25, the buzzer 39 is activated in step 26 and extaction of the pulse wave is notified to the user. Then the difference between the maximum and minimum pulse wave level x.sub.max and x.sub.min (the amplitude of the pulse wave) A.sub.j is derived in step 27 and stored in the MPU 33. And a blood pressure determination process is conducted in step 28 using this amplitude A.sub.j as a parameter. The blood pressure values may be obtained in step 29 in the same manner as described with reference to FIG. 11.

Upon completion of the determination of the maximum and minimum pressure level (step 29), the obtained blood pressure values are displayed on the display unit 19 in step 30 and, when the process flow has returned to step 3, the fast vent valve 38 is activated in step 3 to complete the measurement process and get ready for the next measurement (steps 6 and 7).

According to the present embodiment, the air buffer 14 was provided in the casing 21, but it is also possible to provide an air buffer in part of the air cuff 2 itself. Alternately, it is also possible to eliminate the air buffer 14 as long as a desired rate of venting can be achieved with the slow vent valve 41.

FIG. 14 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention which is based on a different algorithm for determining the various blood pressure values. In this drawing, the parts corresponding to those in FIG. 4 are denoted by like numerals and their detailed description is ommitted.

According to this embodiment, the outlet of an air pump 13 is connected to a conduit 45 by way of a one-way valve 36, and the conduit 45 is connected to another conduit 44 leading to an air cuff 2 by way of a slow ven