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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to apparatus for imaging selected portions of animal
bodies, especially for imaging selected portions of the skins of human
patients. More particularly, the invention relates to apparatus for
contact-free imaging and measuring of selected portions of skin, for
example, discolored, bruised, cut, frozen, swollen, diseased and/or
otherwise affected portions of skin.
Afflicted portions of skin are usually subjected to visual examination by a
physician who makes a written record of the results of examination to
describe the condition of the inspected portion of the skin. Such
examination is subjective and the terminology which is employed to
describe the condition of an affected skin portion varies from physician
to physician. For example, a physician is likely to describe an afflicted
skin portion as having the size of a cherry pit, being of a reddish-violet
color or in similar terms which might not be sufficiently meaningful to
another physician. Moreover, such subjective description cannot be used to
make valid comparisons as the condition of the affected skin portion
varies from hour to hour, from day to day or from visit to visit. On the
other hand, an accurate comparison of the condition of an afflicted skin
portion during successive examinations is highly desirable and
advantageous because it ensures timely detection of malignant skin
portions and/or to readily distinguish malignant afflictions from benign
ailments.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,782 to Zoltan discloses an apparatus which is used for
non-contacting volume determination of wounds, particularly decubitus
ulcers. The apparatus of Zoltan employs a cubical reference object which
is placed next to the afflicted part of the skin and is imaged on a grid
of lines to facilitate a determination of the dimensions of the afflicted
area. The versatility of the patented apparatus is insufficient to allow
for accurate and rapid imaging of any selected portion of the skin.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which can be used
with advantage for diagnostic purposes and serves for contact-free imaging
and measurement of selected portions of skin in such a way that a
comparison of records made at desired intervals enables the physician to
accurately determine the progress of the disease and/or healing on the
basis of an inspection of measurements and/or pictures taken at such
desired intervals.
Another object of the invention is to provide a versatile apparatus which
can be rapidly set up to allow for imaging and maasurement of
hard-to-inspect portions of the skin.
A further object of the invention is to provide the apparatus with novel
and improved means for illuminating the selected portion of the skin and
with novel and improved means for recording the information which is
gathered as a result of imaging and/or measurement of the selected skin
portion.
An additional object of the invention is to provide the apparatus with
novel and improved means for focusing the imaging unit upon the selected
portion of the skin and with novel and improved means for recording the
positions of all movable parts or of selected movable parts to thus
facilitate renewed positioning of the imaging unit and light source or
sources in the same way as during a preceding examination.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved
method of recording the condition of a selected portion of the skin for
future reference, especially for comparison with recordings made on one or
more previous occasions.
A further object of the invention is to provide the apparatus with novel
and improved means for influencing one or more characteristics of light
which is directed upon the selected portion of the skin.
An additional object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which can
be used for imaging and/or for transillumination of selected portions of
skin.
The invention resides in the provision of an apparatus for contact-free
imaging and measurement of portions of skin, especially for diagnostic
purposes. The improved apparatus comprises at least one imaging unit (such
as a camera) having an optical axis and serving to be trained upon a
selected portion of the skin (e.g., upon a diseased, bruised, discolored
and/or otherwise afflicted portion of the skin), a support member for the
imaging unit, and a carrier member mounted on the support member (or vice
versa). At least one of these members is movable in the direction of and
relative to the optical axis, and the apparatus further comprises means
for at least temporarily recording the position of the at least one
member, and illuminating means including at least one light source (such
as a flash unit) provided on at least one of the members and serving to
illuminate the selected portion of the skin.
The carrier member can include or constitute a suitably curved part which
extends along an arc of at least 90.degree., preferably along an arc of
more than 180.degree., and is movable relative to the support member. The
center of curvature of the arc is preferably on or close to the optical
axis, and the at least one light source can be mounted on the carrier
member. The latter is preferably provided with a slide and/or with other
suitable means for moving the at least one light source along the arc
and/or toward and away from the center of curvature. The skin portion
which is to be imaged and/or measured is preferably located at or very
close to the center of curvature when the apparatus is ready for use.
It is preferred to provide the apparatus with several light sources, namely
with at least one light source on the carrier member and with at least one
light source on the support member. The latter light source is preferably
designed to at least partially surround the imaging unit and to direct
light upon the selected portion of the skin.
The apparatus can further comprise a holder (e.g., a floor-mounted stand)
for the support member, and the support member and/or the imaging unit is
preferably rotatable relative to the holder about the optical axis and/or
movable relative to the holder in the direction of the optical axis. The
imaging unit preferably shares at least some movements of the support
member relative to the holder.
The apparatus can further comprise means for influencing at least one
characteristic of light which is emitted by the at least one source, such
as the intensity, color, direction and/or quantity of light. The
influencing means can be mounted on the carrier member which latter can
support one, two or more discrete light sources each of which is
adjustable relative to the carrier member independently of the other light
source or sources so as to ensure that each light source can be moved to
an optimum position with reference to the selected portion of the skin.
The apparatus can further comprise a computer, a video camera and/or a
monitoring device operatively connected with the imaging system. The
computer can process the information which is furnished by the imaging
unit, and the monitoring device can display the images of the selected
portion of the skin.
The apparatus can further comprise means (e.g., rack and pinion drives,
mating gears, links, levers and/or others) for moving the carrier member
relative to the support member and/or vice versa, for moving the support
member relative to the holder and/or for moving the imaging unit relative
to the support member and/or for moving the at least one light source
relative to the carrier member and/or support member and/or for rotating
the support member and/or the carrier member about the optical axis.
The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention
are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The improved apparatus
itself, however, both as to its construction and its mode of operation,
together with additional features and advantages thereof, will be best
understood upon perusal of the following detailed description of certain
specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view of an apparatus which embodies one
form of the invention, the carrier member being shown in a substantially
vertical plane and the imaging unit on the support member being trained
upon a selected portion of the skin;
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of the apparatus as seen from the
left-hand side of FIG. 1, with the carrier member disposed in a
substantially horizontal plane;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary rear elevational view of the apparatus as
seen from the right-hand side of FIG. 1, with the carrier member in a
plane which makes an acute angle with the vertical plane of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 illustrates the selected portion of the skin as seen through the
objective of the imaging unit at a first distance from the selected
portion of the skin;
FIG. 5 illustrates the selected portion of the skin as seen through the
objective when the imaging unit is located at a different second distance
from the selected portion of the skin;
FIG. 6 is another side elevational view of the apparatus but showing the
carrier member in a different position with reference to the support
member for the imaging unit;
FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of a modified apparatus having a
different holder for the support member and further including electronic
evaluating and displaying means for the images of the selected portion of
the skin;
FIG. 8 is a schematic side elevational view of an apparatus which is
similar to that of FIG. 1 and further showing a seating facility for the
person to be examined with the apparatus; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic perspective view of the apparatus with a minotor and
seating facility but with the carrier member omitted for the sake of
clarity.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown an apparatus wherein a
floor-mounted holder 50 is connected with a support member 2 which mounts
an imaging unit 8 and an arcuate carrier member 1. The latter is a curved
body which extends along an arc of more than 180.degree. and is movable
relative to the support member 2 along an arcuate path between a
practically infinite number of different positions including those shown
in FIGS. 1 and 6. The support member 2 is movable with the imaging unit 8
and with the carrier member 1 in the direction of the optical axis 5 of
the imaging unit toward or away from an object 0, e.g., a selected portion
of the skin of a person occupying a chair or bed in such position that the
selected portion of the skin is located in the focal plane of the
objective of the imaging unit 8. The support member 2 is turnable about
the optical axis 5 to thereby move the carrier member 1 to any one of a
practically infinite number of different positions including those shown
in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. FIG. 3 shows that the support member 2 is provided
with a graduated scale 3 whose graduations denote the inclination of an
arm 6 for the carrier member 1 with reference to a selected plane, e.g.,
with reference to a vertical plane. As can be seen, the pointer 3a which
cooperates with the scale 3 indicates that the plane of the carrier member
1 makes with such vertical plane an angle of 165.degree.. A graduated
scale 11 on the carrier member 1 is movable relative to the arm 6 of the
support member 2, and the arm 6 has a window 6a which renders it possible
to read the selected position of the carrier member 1 with reference to
the support member; the window 6a indicates that the carrier member 1 has
been moved through an angle of 135.degree. with reference to an end
position such as that shown in FIG. 6. The means for moving the carrier
member 1 relative to the arm 6 of the support member 2 includes a knob 7
which is connected with a pinion (not specifically shown) in mesh with a
toothed rack (not specifically shown) on the carrier 1. Alternatively, the
knob 7 can simply carry a friction wheel which engages a portion of the
carrier member 1 and moves the latter relative to the arm 6 in response to
rotation of the knob 7. A wheel or knob 51 is provided to move the support
member 2 along the holder 50 in the direction of the optical axis 5. A
further wheel or knob 52 is provided to rotate the support member 2 with
the imaging unit 8 about or relative to the optical axis 5. The directions
of such movement of the support member 2 about the optical axis 5 are
indicated in FIG. 1 by a double-headed arrow 4. If desired, the imaging
unit 8 and the carrier member 1 can be mounted for movement relative to
the support member 2 in or in parallelism with the direction of the
optical axis 5. All that counts is to ensure that the imaging unit 8 as
well as the object illuminating means of the improved apparatus can be
moved to an optimum position for adequate illumination and imaging of the
object 0, i.e., of a selected portion of the skin.
The illuminating means comprises an annular light source 9 which is
preferably mounted on the support 2 and at least partially surrounds the
objective of the imaging unit 8. In addition, the illuminating means
comprises at least one light source 13 on the carrier 1. FIG. 1 shows that
the carrier member 1 which is illustrated therein supports two light
sources 13 each of which is mounted on a slide 10. The slides 10 are
movable along the arcuate path which is defined by the carrier member 1
between any one of a finite or infinite number of different positions, and
each light source 13 is further movable relative to the respective slide
10 in directions toward the object 0. The latter is located at or close to
the center of curvature of the arc which is defined by the carrier member
1, and the light sources 13 are movable toward and away from such center
of curvature along paths which are indicated in FIG. 1 by broken lines 12.
The slides 10 and/or the light sources 13 are provided with means
(indicated at 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d) for changing at least one
characteristic of the light beam or beams which are emitted by the
respective sources, for example, the size of the aperture or slot which is
defined by a diaphragm to thus change the quantity of light impinging upon
the object 0, the color of light, the intensity of light and/or one or
more additional parameters which can influence the illumination of the
object.
Movability of the imaging unit 8 in the direction of the optical axis 5
ensures that the objective of the unit 8 can be properly focused upon the
selected portion of the skin, and movability of the light sources 13 with
and relative to their slides 10 ensures that the selected portion of the
skin can be illuminated in an optimum way during imaging of the selected
portion of the skin, e.g., of an afflicted portion whose condition must be
monitored at regular or irregular intervals. A scale 50a on the holder 50
indicates the selected position of the support member 2 with reference to
the holder and hence the distance of the imaging unit 8 from the object 0
when the latter assumes a position at a known distance from the holder 50.
The reference characters 14 denote in FIG. 1 mechanisms which are provided
to move the light sources 13 with reference to the associated slides 10
along the respective paths 12. Suitable scales on the slides 10 furnish
information as to the selected positions of the respective light sources
13.
In many instances, it suffices to illuminate the object only by light which
issues from the source 9 or by light issuing from one or more sources 13
on the carrier member 1. The provision of illuminating means with light
sources on the support member 2 as well as on the carrier member 1 ensures
that any selected portion of the skin can be properly illuminated for the
taking of pictures as well as that the selected porton of the skin can be
illuminated by light having an optimum intensity, color and/or other
desirable characteristics which can influence the quality of the recorded
information.
The pedestal 54 of the holder 50 can be turned about a vertical axis in
response to loosening of a locking device 15. This contributes to
versatility of the apparatus. The reference character 16 denotes in FIG. 2
a counterweight which is provided on the support member 2 to compensate
for unequal distribution of the combined weight of the carrier member 1,
slides 10 and light sources 13.
The scale 11 on the carrier member 1 further serves to indicate the
selected positions of the slides 10 relative to the carrier member.
At least some of the moving means (for the pedestal 54, for the support
member 2 relative to the holder 50 in the direction of the optical axis 5,
for the carrier member 1 relative to the support member 2, for the support
member 2 about the optical axis 5, for the slides 10 along the carrier
member 1 and/or for the light sources 13 relative to the respective slides
10) can be provided with suitable servomotors (not shown) and the
movements can be initiated automatically in response to signals from a
microprocessor or the like.
FIG. 6 shows that the apparatus can be set up to allow for
transillumination of a selected skin portion (at 0). The selected skin
portion (such as a swollen area) is located between a light source 13 on
the carrier member 1 and the light source 9 on the support member 2. The
carrier member 1 is shown in or close to one of its end positions with
reference to the support member 2 and is located in a vertical plane. As
explained above, the angular position of the carrier member 1 (with
reference to the plane of FIG. 6) can be altered with or relative to the
support member 2, for example, by turning the support member 2 about the
optical axis 5. The intensity of radiation which is emitted by the light
source 13 can be varied to ensure an optimum transillumination of the
selected skin portion.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the selected portion of the skin as it is seen in
the field of view through the eyepieces of the imaging unit 8. The images
which are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be displayed by a monitor 33 which is
shown in FIGS. 7 and 9. FIG. 4 shows the field of view in a first end
position and FIG. 5 shows the field of view in a second end position of
the imaging unit 8 with reference to the selected portion (0) of the skin
on the optical axis 5. The focal plane 17 of the objective of the imaging
unit 8 is shifted relative to the selected portion of the skin as a result
of movement of the support member 2 and imaging unit 8, carrier member 1
and light source 9 in the direction of the optical axis 5. This renders it
possible to produce sharp images of different regions of the selected skin
portion. FIG. 4 shows a sharp image of the deepmost or rearmost region of
the selected skin portion, and FIG. 5 shows a sharp image of the topmost
or foremost region of such selected skin portion. In other words, the
operator of the apparatus can take a series of pictures at different
distances from the skin part surrounding the selected skin portion
(object) 0. This renders it possible to record the color and the
dimensions of each of a number of regions or zones of the selected skin
portion 0 for comparison with the same regions or zones during the
next-following or preceding examination.
The field 18 above the image of the selected skin portion 0 contains
patient data (such as the age, sex, social security number and the like).
The field at the left-hand side of the image of the selected skin portion
is provided with scales 19 and 20 with pointers 21, 22 to indicate the
dimensions of the selected skin portion 0. In the embodiment which is
shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the height of the skin portion 0 is 0.53 cm. The
right-hand side of the image shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is provided with a
field for the displaying of information including at 23 the magnification
factor, at 24 the angular position of the support member 2 with reference
to the holder 50 (i.e., that graduation of the scale 3 which is pinpointed
by 3a), at 25 the position of the carrier member 1 relative to the support
member 2 (i.e., that graduation of the scale 11 which is seen in the
window 6a of the arm 6), at 26 the setting of the diaphragm in the
objective of the imaging unit 8, at 27 the intensity of light which is
supplied by the source 9 and/or by the sources 13, and at 28 the color of
light which impinges upon the selected portion of the skin.
A further scale 30 in the field of view of the objective of the imaging
unit 8 renders it possible to ascertain the width of the selected skin
portion 0. It will be seen that the apparatus can furnish information
pertaining to all important factors which must be taken into consideration
by a dermatologist in diagnosing an afflicted skin portion. The
information which is seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be transmitted to a
computer 32 (FIG. 7) which is connected to the imaging unit 8, together
with a video camera 31 and the aforementioned monitor 33. The camera 31
transmits a microscopic image to the computer 32 for an analysis and for
memorizing of the transmitted information. The monitor 33 can be used to
directly display the information which is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 as the
examination of a selected skin portion progresses. Such information can
include the image of the skin portion as well as all other data including
the characteristics of light, the dimensions of the selected skin portion
and the positions of various movable components relative to the holder 50
and relative to each other.
FIGS. 8 and 9 show a chair 34 which is occupied by a patient during
examination and which is preferably a universally movable chair so as to
enable a dermatologist, a nurse or another person in charge to move the
patient to an optimum position for examination of the afflicted skin
portion. One of the persons in charge can look through the eyepieces of
the imaging unit 8 while another person in charge observes the screen of
the monitor 33. The carrier member 1 is omitted in FIGS. 8 and 9 for the
sake of clarity. The imaging unit 8, the camera 31, the computer 32 and
the monitor 33 are commercially available units. Suitable units are
distributed by IBM, Zeiss, Leitz and many other makers of optical and
electronic equipment.
An important advantage of the improved apparatus is its versatility. Thus,
the apparatus can be set up to permit highly satisfactory illumination and
examination of any, or practically any, selected skin portion and to
permit the imaging of the selected skin portion in a number of different
views including closeup shots as well as simultaneous recording of all
other important information which is necessary for accurate and reliable
determination of the healing process as well as of the nature of the
affliction (e.g., whether benign or malignant). The illustrated
illuminating means allows for satisfactory illumination (even
transillumination) of the selected skin portion to ensure the making of
satisfactory images.
Another important advantage of the improved apparatus is that it furnishes
objective data regarding the condition of the selected skin portion. The
stored information can be interpreted by any dermatologist regardless of
language barriers.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of
the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge,
readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that,
from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential
characteristics of the generic and specific aspects of my contribution to
the art and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be
comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the appended
claims.
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