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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is a fairly recent phenomenon that public health officials have become
alarmed at the affect of Radon on the health of the public and,
particularly, on its having a role in causing lung cancer. Radon is a
radioactive gas that originates naturally in the earth and is a decay
product of the radioactive isotopes of polonium, lead, and bismuth. When
this gas emerges into the open air, its concentration is reduced to a
great extent and there is little danger of ill effects of it. Starting in
about the year 1970, however, home owners became very concerned with
airflow and heat transfer through the walls of their homes. Both factors
cause a loss of heat and, therefore, procedures were taken to insulate the
walls of homes and to seal any possible crack that would allow the loss of
heated air. This has caused a reduction (at least throughout the United
States) in the rate of air exchange between the inside and the outside
residences, so that, when radon enters the living space, it stays there
for a longer period of time. In the United States the amount of radon
which investigators have found in homes varies to a great extent by at
least four orders of magnitude. In terms of the normal measurement of
radiation called "becquerels" per cubic meter of air, the enclosure
concentration can vary from a few "becquerels" per cubic meter of air, to
more than 10 thousand; the average level is about 50 "becquerels". This
average indoor level represents a radiation dose of about 3 times larger
than the dose a person obtains from X-rays and other medical procedures in
the course of his lifetime. It has been stated that hundreds of thousands
of Americans living in high radon houses receive more radiation than
people living in the vicinity of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, when
one of its reactors exploded. In any case, the concern with the radon
problem has caused many investigators to work on ways of limiting the
amount of radon in residences.
One method, for instance, of reducing radon is to form a large cavity under
the foundation slab of the house and to have a small fan pumping the
resulting gas into the open air. This reduces the pressure of radon on the
foundation and, therefore, limits the flow of the gas from below the
cellar floor into the living area. Another method, of course, is to
increase the ventilation in the house by a fan which removes air from the
house and introduces cleaner outside air; that is to say, one can change
the air in the house more frequently. This has the disadvantage of
increasing ones fuel cost. The fan pumping radon from under the foundation
involves a piece of mechanical equipment which can become out-of-order and
which must be maintained. Furthermore, any cavity under the building
presents structural problems, as well as eventually becoming filled with
dirt or water. The method of reducing radon that is highly recommended is
to fill any cracks or holes in the foundation with a sealing compound. The
difficulty with this procedure is that concrete and other foundation
materials are not impervious to gas, so that the radon is able to permeate
and pass through the foundation, even when all the cracks and the holes
have been sealed. These and other difficulties experienced with the prior
art methods have been obviated in a novel manner by the present invention.
It is, therefore, an outstanding object of the invention to provide a
system for shielding a building foundation against the passage of radon,
which system can be used when the foundation is first made or can be
applied to a building whose foundation has existed for sometime.
Another object of this invention is the provision of a shield for a
building foundation, which shield can be applied as the foundation is
being formed.
A further object of the present invention is the provision of a shield for
excluding radon from a building having a pre-existing foundation.
It is another object of the instant invention to provide a shield for a
building foundation, which shield is simple in construction, which can be
readily applied making use of inexpensive materials, and which is capable
of a long life of useful service with a minimum of maintenance.
A still further object of the invention is the provision of a shield for
radon which will maintain its integrity for a long period of time without
attention.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a foundation shield
which not only will exclude gases such as radioactive radon, but also will
exclude moisture and other chemicals.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In general, the invention consists of a shield for a building foundation
for excluding radon, wherein the foundation consists of a concrete slab on
which are mounted vertical walls; three laminated layers in the form of a
sheet are provided to lie along the slab and extend up the walls. The
walls are formed with flat upper surfaces along which the sheet extends
and a sill beam lies over the upper surfaces and clamp the sheets in
place.
More specifically, the sheet consists of a first layer of polymer sheet, a
second layer of metal foil, and a third layer of polymer sheet. The three
layers are laminated together with the second layer sandwiched between the
first and second layers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The character of the invention, however, may be best understood by
reference to one of its structural forms, as illustrated by the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of a building foundation showing shield
in place,
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the foundation taken on the line II--II, of
FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of the foundation taken on the line
III--III, of FIG. 1,
FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the foundation taken on the line
IV--IV, of FIG. 3,
FIG. 5 is a horizontal sectional view of the foundation taken ,on the line
V--V, of FIG. 1,
FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 represent first, second and third steps of the application
of a shield to a building foundation having hollow cement block walls,
FIGS. 9 and 10 show a first and a second step of another method of applying
a shield to a foundation having a concrete block wall,
FIG. 11 is a vertical sectional of the foundation showing the details of
application of the shield to a pipe passing through a foundation wall,
FIG. 12 is a vertical sectional view of a portion of the foundation the
shield applied where a pipe passes through the floor of the foundation,
and
FIG. 13 is a vertical sectional view of a building showing a seal applied
during the original construction of the foundation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring first to FIG. 1, which best shows the general features of the
invention, it can be seen that the shield, indicated generally by the
reference numeral 20, is in use with a building foundation having a
footing 21, a floor slab 22, a vertical wall 23, and a sill beam 24
resting on an upper horizontal surface 26 of the wall. The joists 25 of
the building are shown as resting on the sill beam 24. A locking slab 27
rests on top of the shield 20 and the floor slab 22.
FIG. 1 shows the application of the shield 20 to a residential building
which has been in existence for some time, but which shows signs of radon
leakage into the living quarters from beneath the foundation.
FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of the shield 20 lying on top of the floor
slab 22 and carrying the locking slab 27. The shield 20 consist of a first
layer 28 formed as a polymer sheet, a second layer 29 of metal foil, and a
third layer 31 of polymer sheet. The three layers are laminated together
with the second layer 29 sandwiched between the first layer 28 and the
third layer 31. The first layer 28 is formed of heavy duty polyethylene
and the second, and third layers 29 and 31 are in the form of aluminized
Mylar, a polyester terephthalate manufactured by Dupont.
Returning again to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the building foundation
consists of a footing 21 on which are mounted vertical walls 23 with a
floor slab 22 lying on the footing between the walls. The three laminated
layers 28, 29 and 31, forming the shield 20, lie along the upper surface
of the slab 22 and extend up the walls 23. The footings 21 are only used
in the case of a heavy building and normally would not be present in a
residential building. The walls are formed with the flat upper surface 26
along which the shield 20 extends. The sill beam 24 lies over the upper
surfaces of the wall and serve to hold the shield in place. In FIG. 1, the
shield lies along the upper surface of the slab 22 and along the inner
surfaces of the wall 23.
It is evident in FIG. 1 that a rigid protective layer 32 overlies the
shield 20 along the vertical surfaces of the walls 23. The protective
layer is held in place along the bottom edge by the locking slab 27 and is
also fastened along its upper edge to the structure of the building, for
instance, to the joists 25.
FIG. 1 shows the manner in which some of the elements of the residence lie
within the foundation; for instance, a furnace 33 rests on the top of the
locking slab 27 and has a hook 34 fastened to the joist above it, which
hook was used in lifting the furnace during the application of the shield.
Similarly, an oil tank 34 rests on the upper surface of the locking slab
27 and has a hook 36 overhead on the joist 25 by which the oil tank is
lifted during the application of the shield 20. A water pipe 37 extends
into the foundation through the floor and an oil filling pipe 38 also
passes through one of the walls. A chimney 39 rests on the upper surface
of the floor slab 22 and remains so during the application of the shield
20, as will be described more fully hereinafter.
FIG. 3 shows the manner in which the shield 20 is treated in connection
with the chimney 39. The bottom of the chimney is sealed by a suitable
sealant 41, poured into the base of the chimney through the access door
42. The shield 20 is formed with a flange around the base of the concrete,
which flange 43 is locked in place by the locking slab 27.
FIG. 4 shows the manner in which a seam is formed between the various
sheets making up the shield 20. The edges are folded back and locked
together by a seam 44, after which the junction is fixed in place by the
locking slab 27 which is poured over it.
FIG. 5 shows the manner in which the shield 20 is applied at the corner of
the foundation. The single sheet which appears at the corner is cut and
folded one layer upon the other as shown in the drawings, and locked in
place by the protective layers 32 to hold the shield in place and to
prevent injury to it by contact from within the residence.
FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 show an alternate method of applying the shield 20, when
the wall 23 is formed of hollow cinder blocks. It is, of course, necessary
to prevent the passage of radon into the house through these blocks, and
for that purpose the shield is passed over the top of the wall. In FIG. 6,
the sill 24 is shown as resting on the top of the cinder block wall 23,
and it is possible for radon to leak into the house by this path. In FIG.
7, a top block of the wall is removed, leaving a gap between the sill beam
24 and what is then the uppermost block. The shield passes over the top of
the floor slab 22, up the inside surface of the wall 23, and then over the
top end. In FIG. 8, the removed block is replaced, thus, restoring the
wall to its original condition with an intervening layer of the shield 20.
The protective layer 32 is used to hold the shield in place; the locking
slab 27 is poured to hold the bottom of the protective layer and to
furnish protection for the shield along the floor.
FIGS. 9 and 10 show an alternative method of applying the shield 20 to a
wall 23 formed of concrete blocks. A top block 45 is removed and is then
replaced after the shield 20 is looped into the opening between the sill
beam 24 and the remainder of the blocks in the wall 23. A block is then
inserted into the loop, as shown, and is locked in place along with a flap
of the shield by the protective layer 32, which layer is then held in
place by pouring the locking slab 27.
FIG. 11 shows the manner in which the pipe 38 entering the foundation
through the wall 23 is sealed against the entry of radon. The pipe 38 is
provided with a sleeve 46 that is formed of the three layer lamination
that exist in the rest of the shield. This sleeve 46 has a radial flange
which extends outwardly along the inside surface of the wall 23. The main
shield 20 is provided with an aperture that fits tightly around sleeve 46
and the pipe 38; the protective layer 32 serves to lock the entire
assemblage together. Suitable adhesives are used to hold the sleeve 46 on
the pipe 38, as well as, to hold the shield 20 and the flange on the
sleeve 46 together in tight conformation, as shown in the drawing.
FIG. 12 shows the manner in which the entry of the water pipe 37 is sealed
against the passage of radon. The same sleeve 46 is applied to the pipe by
adhesive and has its flange extending outwardly along the upper surface of
the floor slab 22. The shield 20, at this point, is provided with an
aperture that fits tightly over the sleeve 46 and pipe 37 and impinges
upon the flange of the sleeve 46. The entire assemblage is held together
by a suitable adhesive. The locking slab 27 is then applied to hold the
entire assemblage in place and to protect it against damage.
FIG. 13 shows the manner of application of the shield 20 to the exterior of
the building at the time that the foundation is installed. In general, the
footings 21 are first poured and the shield 20 is laid on top of it with
large amounts extending outwardly of the sides in the excavation. The
footings 21 would be used only in the case of a heavy building and would
not normally be present in a residential building. The floor slab 22 is
then poured in place and extends outwardly by several inches from the
proposed periphery of the walls that are to be installed. The walls 23 are
then poured in place by use of forms and the like. The shield is then
moved up along the outside surface of the walls 23, and inwardly over the
top surface 26. An L-shaped reinforcing element 47, formed of rigid heavy
duty polyethylene, is laid over the portion of the shield 20 that lies
along the top surface 26 of the wall. The horizontal leg 48 of the element
47 receives the sill beam 24, while the vertical leg 49 extends downwardly
along the exterior of the foundation to a point that is well below the
level to which the earth will be replaced.
Any pipe (not shown) that enters the foundation will be sealed by a sleeve
in the manner shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, as will be readily understood.
The detail of the manner in which the shield 20 is applied during an
original foundation installation is described more fully hereinafter:
A. After the excavation work has been done, mark the exact foundation size.
Then, place any pipes that are to be under the finished floor. Now measure
4' beyond the foundation size on all sides and mark
again.
B. Prepare the earth using a rake; any object not passing through the teeth
together with all sharp objects should be removed. Ledge should be removed
to level lower than the site and covered with sand or fine fill. Place
sleeves 46 on any protruding pipes. Press down all small objects by
compressing entire area using a roller or tamper.
C. Apply the shield 20 to cover the entire basement area plus, at least, 4'
beyond the foundation size on all sides. Cut the shield above floor pipes
to have a snug fit.
D. The entire basement is to have one floor slab 22; this is also the
finished basement floor. To avoid cracks, maintain the same thickness
throughout. Preparing to set the slab forms, use the outside forms only.
Place the forms end to end, nailing them together to form one large slab.
Forms are set 4" beyond the actual foundation size; the 4" edge thus
formed is a convenience to support forms during the pouring of the walls.
No forms and no bracing are to be used on the inside; the inside is to be
left open for concrete only. After the forms are set and nailed together,
it is time for bracing. No holes or stakes are to be driven through the
construction shield 20. Forms are to braced from the outside only. Using
2.times.4's, the forms can be easily braced using the bank as a stop. If
stakes are desirable, keep them at a safe distance from the shield. If
reinforcement is to be used, now is the time.
E. It is desirable to pour the floor slab 22 directly from the truck or
using a concrete pump. Skill is a must (while pouring) to maintain rods in
proper placement, lest the construction shield 20 be punctured. If a wheel
barrel is used, stay on planks. At all times protect the shield. This slab
is not only a footing, but also the finished basement floor. It is
important to have the finishers present and ready. The foundation, the
lolly columns, the chimney, fireplaces and the bulkhead all come to rest
on one solid finished slab. There should be no joints of any sort. Where
weakness is suspected, reinforcing should be used. 3,000 per sq. inch
concrete is recommended. A key or rods should be used to stabilize the
foundation.
F. The shield 20 is vulnerable to punctures and should be protected at all
times. Should there be puncture, it should be repaired immediately.
Constructing foundations is a heavy job, so that the shield must be
protected. Fold the excess shield over itself to allow as much walking
space as possible. Build a bridge over the shield by leaning plywood on
the footing edge.
G. With the shield protected, the foundation forms for the walls 23 may now
be placed and the concrete poured.
H. After the removal of the forms, break off all steel rods. Remove any
sharp object or cement over them. Remove the protecting plywood and round
off the 4" shelf against the foundation, by applying concrete to form a
fillet 49. Allow to dry overnight.
I. Now, taking the extra 4' of construction shield, pull and stretch it on
the foundation walls, slapping and pulling it and removing all pocket
wrinkles. With the reinforcing element 47, beginning on the very top of
the foundation, go across the to bringing it down on the side overlapping
the bottom shield by 2' and cut off. Do this all the way around the
foundation, compressing it and bonding it as it is being done. The sill of
the structure will be placed directly on the shield to hold it securely.
J. In treating foundation pipes, mark the exact size on the location that
any pipe is to enter. Cut the exact size of the shield out, and then cut
the hole through the foundation. Take a section of pipe and place it in
the opening and cement it tightly around the pipe and allow to dry
overnight. The following day, place the sleeve 46 on the pipe as described
above.
K. In back filling, any earth can be re-used, but it is never advisable to
use the foundation as a dumping ground for waste and rolling rocks. Heavy
fill and large stones are a major cause of foundations cracks. Take great
care in back-filling the foundation, lest the shield 20 be damaged.
L. Reinforcing is very often an important part of masonry work; in any case
where there is extreme ground movement or heavy water pressure,
reinforcing is vital. Many a concrete or gunite swimming pool has broken
because of water pressure. Today it is good building practice in building
a swimming pool to have a relief valve to cause the water pressure to
enter the pool rather than lift and break it. Light gage wire has little
strength and it is very hard to control. It's ends are like needles, and
can quickly penetrate the shield. Reinforcing rods, are not to be set
directly on the ground because of their weight. Once they are set in place
and the concrete is being poured, it is too heavy a mass to lift. Rods are
to be set on blocks at approximately 1 1/2" to 2" over the bottom and it
may be necessary to have a double layer. All rods must be securely tied
together, so that they do not move. The amount of steel and size will
depend on ground movement and mainly water pressure. Dry sandy areas
seldom have any ground problems.
M. Ledge is not only expensive to remove, but under certain conditions, can
cause masonry cracks. Where a structure is built partially on ledge and
partially on soft ground, cracks can appear. While one portion underneath
is unmovable, the other portion moves and eventually a crack will separate
the two extremes. It would be desirable that either the entire structure
be on ledge or else not on ledge at all. To avoid the situation, two steps
can be taken. Lower the ledge below the ground level and cover with fine
fill. Taking steel rods, place them across where the ground and the ledge
meet. This will add great strength to the general area and should prevent
cracking.
N. Chimneys, fireplaces, bulkheads are frequently attached to a foundation
and are not a part of it. They are a constant source of water, radiation
and problems. To be protected by the shield 20, these accessories must be
a part of the footing and foundation.
O. In using the construction shield 20, it is more desirable for all pipes
to go through the foundation wall 23, rather than the floor. If the
possibility of extreme water pressure is present, going through the wall
is absolutely vital. To run pipes from underneath the floor, they must be
below the earth level prior to pouring the footing. At the point of
entrance, they should be equipped with an elbow and come directly up
through the footing into the structure. Pipes running fully or partly in
the floor cause a construction weakness. If there is insufficient depth, a
different basement plan should be made. In severe water areas, all piping
should come through the side walls. Where pipes are coming through the
basement floor, it is advisable to keep them as low as possible to the
finished floor, thus making it easier in placing the construction shield.
All incoming pipes must be equipped with the sleeves 46.
P. Sleeves are an accessory of the construction shield that fit on the pipe
bonding it to the shield. If pipes are in the floor, they are to be dug
down 1' below the ground level and the pipe cleaned and the shield
properly set in place by winding it around and thoroughly bonding it to
the pipe. The top lip should be even with the top of the earth floor. Once
the sleeve has been properly placed, the earth is to be replaced in the
hole and compressed by pressing down with the feet. After the shield has
been pulled across the entire earth surface, put in proper place over the
impression of the protruding pipe the hole is to be tightly cut over the
existing pipe. The shield is then to be pulled down tightly over the pipe
and pressed down upon the existing sleeve cover which is now lying upon
the ground snugly around the pipe. After the shield has been placed the
exact location and size of the pipes should be determined and marked with
a crayon. The shield is then cut and a hole is cut through the foundation
allowing the pipe easy entrance. Excessively large holes should be
avoided. A section of pipe should then be placed through the opening of
the hole and re-cemented. The following day the pipe extending 10" from
the wall should be cleaned and the sleeve wrapped around the pipe 11/4
times tightly squeezing it around the pipe seeing that the lips of the
sleeve are right to the foundation and they too are to be firmly pressed
and squeezed into the existing shield causing them to be a unit.
Q. Unless drywells and cesspools are properly installed they can be the
source of pollution and water backup. They must be away from the house and
the piping sloped away from the house with proper traps and a ventilating
system. Dry wells in basements with just a drain plate over them are the
source of pollution and water. Straight pipes just going into some
homemade drywell can and are the source of water and pollution.
R. Construction with the shield 20 must follow good building practices for
the location. Where there is ground heaving due to frost, there must be a
foundation (frost walls) which go below the frost depth. Few foundations
which are built on hills are constructed properly. Constructions on a
hillside where half the foundation is in the bank and the other half is on
the top of the ground is only a half of foundation. Because a structure is
made out of masonry or concrete does not necessarily make it a foundation.
A foundation is a masonry or concrete substance that goes deep down into
it and sits upon solid ground and is unaffected by the frost. In using the
construction shield on these conditions, a foundation (a frost wall) must
first be placed. Because of the use of the construction shield this will
be a separate part of the foundation. The frost wall can consist of a
poured concrete foundation or, in this case, a block wall is acceptable.
Upon its completion the earth is to be replaced and compacted. Frost walls
can also be lifted if they are improperly placed or constructed. It is to
be located directly under the outside floor of the upper construction as
would any concrete wall. And the upper floor or the upper foundation is
not to be beyond this wall. If the upper structure is penetrating out
beyond the wall into the frost level, it is of no avail. The walls are
also to be as smooth as though they were to be viewed by people. If it is
a concrete wall, forms are to be used. If the walls are not consistently
even, the frost has pockets in which to lift the structure. An example
would be a block wall where all the same size blocks were used until the
top and then larger blocks were used in the top half; the frost would then
go underneath the larger blocks and lift the structure. With the earth now
replaced and compacted, the remainder of the procedures can go forward.
The earth is to be prepared, any pipes are to be laid. It is to be
compacted. The shield is to be laid in all directions overlapping by 4'.
The concrete footing forms are then to be laid and are not to go beyond
the frost wall.
S. The three major foundations consist of poured concrete, stone and field
stone, and cement blocks. Concrete walls poured have great strength and
have the most resistance against water. Stone or field stone foundations
when properly laid have been known to exist for thousands of years.
Pre-cast cement blocks may be convenient and cheap to work with, but
certainly are not long lasting in comparison to concrete or stone. In
sandy dry areas, cement blocks may be suitable. In areas where the ground
constantly moves because of frost, blocks - source of problems. Any of
these three means can be used with the construction shield. A block wall
should be placed directly on the finished footing-floor as specified. A
stone wall can follow the same procedure. In dry areas with no water
pressure whatsoever, a stone wall can follow a cheaper procedure by
preparing the ground, laying the construction shield as specified, and
then placing the stone wall on the shield. Then, a 4" floor is placed over
the shield inside. All voids on the outside are then filled with cement.
Upon drying, the shield is overlaid in the customary manner.
The operation and advantages of the above of the invention will now be
readily understood in view of the above description. The present invention
is a new concept in construction together with a specially-designed
membrane in which the entire below ground structure in encased. Unlike
conventional constructions, where the floor slab is placed first, in this
concept the floor is placed after the shield has been laid even when
retrofitting an older building. The shield is brought up and folded over
the footings and bonded to the walls. The result is that the entire
below-ground structure is encased by the structural shield. The purpose of
the invention is to shield structures from the decaying affect emanating
from the earth such as, moisture, water, chemicals, odors and gases such
as radon.
The benefits are very clear. Moisture is a very expensive problem. Mildew
tends to build up causing paint to peal and causing wood rotting, and
plasted walls to crumble. Lolly columns, furnaces and other metal parts
need replacement because of rust. Rugs filled with odor, loss of heat
essence insulation becomes wet and ineffective. The structure becomes
infested by insects. More importantly, the radon passes freely into the
living area.
So far as water is concerned this causes devastation in the millions of
dollars in terms of ruined furniture, rugs, furnaces and storage areas are
turned into disaster areas. Homes have to be sold at reduced prices
because of water, or cannot be sold at all. This is particularly true of
radon infestation.
Drainage pipes when placed around the foundation very often fill with earth
in just a few years, and sometimes in a years time they are rendered
useless. The present invention shield eliminates the need for drainage
pipes.
Some pumps are noisy and demand constant vigilance. There is a possibility
of clogging, mechanical failure, power failure, water capacity failure,
and when the house is sold the presence of a pump can mean a loss in the
prices available.
Finally, since radon is considered by health officials as the No. 2 cause
of lung cancer deaths, slightly behind cigarette smoking. Certainly, being
able to minimize this threat is a worthy endeavor.
Also, toxins, pollutions, and odors emanating from the ground are becoming
an ever-increasing reality. It is impossible to examine an empty lot and
predict with any certainty that with a structure in it, it would not well
become the victim of what remains in the earth. This is particularly true
in areas where chemical manufacturing is taking place in past years or
where mining has taken place and the residue of the mining constitutes the
fill on the ground.
The present structural shield is a marriage between metal and polymers.
While plastics or polymers will stop water, they do not have the density
to stop radon gasses and other harmful chemical gasses that may be
admitted from the earth. The present invention provides not only a strong
damage-proof shield, but one that contains metal that will stop radon and
other hazardous waste that plastic alone cannot stop. It should be pointed
out that concrete is porous and, therefore, allows the passage of moisture
and vapors. Not only is the moisture bad for the structure, but the vapors
may be intolerable to human life.
It can be seen, then, that the present invention provides a security
against the entry of radon into the living rooms of a structure whether
the shield is provided at the time that the foundation is formed or after
it is formed. In both cases, the security is present.
It is obvious that minor changes may be made in the form and construction
of the invention without departing from the material spirit thereof. It is
not, however, desired to confine the invention to the exact form herein
shown and described, but it is desired to include all such as properly
come within the scope claimed.
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