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BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to graft copolymers of crosslinked polymers
and linear polyoxyethylene, processes for their production, and their use.
Graft copolymers of crosslinked, insoluble polymers and polyoxyethylene are
of importance as substrates for peptide synthesis and for the
immobilization of low-molecular and high-molecular active agents for
affinity chromatography, diagnostic agents, and biotechnological methods.
Heretofore, such graft copolymers have been prepared from crosslinked,
chloromethylated polystyrene and shorter polyethylene glycols in
accordance with the Williamson ether synthesis:
##STR1##
(cf. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 3 : 217 [1982]; 2, 621 [1981]). One
disadvantage of this process resides in that the polystyrene is frequently
inadequately charged with polyoxyethylene. The yields drop very
drastically, primarily with an increasing molecular weight of
polyoxyethylene, and only relatively short oligoethylene glycol chains
with molecular weights of up to 1320 could be bound to the polystyrene.
Another drawback in the ether synthesis is the formation of cyclic ethers
by the reaction of both terminal hydroxy groups of polyoxyethylene with
the chloromethylated polystyrene whereby the terminal hydroxy groups,
required for the carrier function, are once again decreased.
The graft copolymers produced in this way exhibit, in their usage,
inadequate reactivity, a charging with polyoxyethylene that is too low,
and an insufficient stability of the bond during immobilization.
Therefore, linear, homogeneously soluble polymers, such as
polyoxyethylene, have frequently been employed for peptide synthesis.
These soluble polymers, though, can be separated only with extreme
difficulty.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide graft copolymers
exhibiting higher reactivity, higher charging, and higher stability of the
bond during immobilization than conventional polymers, as well as a
process for producing these graft copolymers, which avoids the
disadvantages of the above-described prior art process.
This object is obtained by the graft copolymers of the present invention,
containing, on a crosslinked polymer, several polyoxyethylene residues or
chains with an average molecular weight of 500-50,000, and having 0.02-15
meq free hydroxy groups per gram of copolymer. Preferably, the amount of
hydroxy groups is 0.05-15 meq/g, most preferably 0.05-10 meq/g.
With the use of crosslinked polystyrenes, this range is preferably 0.02-2
meq/g, especially preferably 0.05-0.7 meq/g. When using polyvinyl alcohols
as the crosslinked polymers, this range is 1-15 meq/g, preferably 1-10
meq/g.
The average molecular weight of t h e polyoxyethylene chains is preferably
from 800-10,000, especially from 900 to 6,000 with the optimum range being
from 2,000 to 3,000.
The crosslinked polymer is preferably a polyvinyl alcohol,
polyhydroxystyrene, a polymer produced from chloromethylated polystyrene
and ethylene glycol or oligoethylene glycol, or a polyacrylate or
polymethacrylate functionalized by hydroxy groups. The extent of
crosslinking of these polymers herein is generally 0.05-10%, preferably
0.1-8%, especially preferably 0.2-5%. The most suitable extent of
crosslinking is 1-2%, especially when using polystyrenes crosslinked with
divinylbenzene.
Binding of the polyoxyethylene chains to the crosslinked polymers takes
place preferably by way of hydroxy or amino groups of the crosslinked
polymer. These can be present per se in the polymer, such as, for example,
in the polyvinyl alcohol and polyhydroxystyrene, or they can be introduced
subsequently by functionalizing. The amount of hydroxy groups (extent of
functionalization) is generally in a range from 0.02 to 25 meq/g of
crosslinked polymer, preferably 0.05-15 meq/g. Most suitably, a
polystyrene is utilized having an extent of functionalization of 0.05-0.7
meq/g, or a polyvinyl alcohol is utilized with an extent of
functionalization of 1-15 meq/g.
The process for preparing the graft copolymers of the present invention is
characterized by reacting crosslinked polymers with ethylene oxide.
By suitably choosing the reaction temperature, the reaction period, the
monomer concentration, and the solvent, the reaction can be controlled so
that any desired average molecular weight can be obtained for the
polyoxyethylene chain. Preferably, the reaction temperature is in the
range from 20.degree. to 100.degree. C., especially preferably in a range
from 60.degree. to 80.degree. C. The reaction time is preferably 30
minutes to 150 hours.
The reaction medium employed is one of the aprotic, organic solvents inert
to the reaction; ethers are especially suitable, such as, for example,
dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, or diglycol ethers, as well as toluene, benzene,
xylene, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide.
The reaction is optionally conducted in the presence of alkaline or acidic
catalysts. Suitable alkaline catalysts are, for example, alkali metals,
such as lithium, sodium, or potassium; metallic hydrides, such as sodium
hydride, calcium hydride; alkali metal amides, such as sodium amide;
Grignard compounds or alcoholates. Preferably, potassium is employed.
Suitable acidic catalysts are, for example, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric
acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
Advantageously, in a first stage, oligoethylene glycol chains of the
formula H--(OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2).sub.n --OH, wherein n stands for 2-20, are
bound to the crosslinked polymer. This reaction is carried out under
conditions customary for etherification or Williamson synthesis. An
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution can also serve as the base for the
Williamson synthesis.
In a second stage, the oligoethylene chain is then extended with ethylene
oxide. This two-stage process is suitable, in particular, for the
production of polystyrene-polyoxyethylene graft copolymers.
The graft copolymers of the present invention can be utilized as substrates
for peptide synthesis and nucleotide synthesis, for affinity
chromatography, for the covalent fixation or immobilization of peptides,
active protein compounds on enzymes in biotechnological reactions, and as
active agents in diagnostic media.
On account of the hydroxy groups present in the graft copolymers of the
present invention, peptides can be built up stepwise by means of
conventional methods of peptide synthesis (Peptides, vol. 2, Academic
Press, 1979). Surprisingly, such immobilized polyoxyethylenes with an
average molecular weight of 1,000-2,000 show, in peptide coupling
reactions, a higher reaction velocity than non-immobilized
polyoxyethylenes in solution. This high reactivity thus also permits
immobilization of proteins, enzymes, and other active compounds.
The degree of polymerization and/or the average molecular weight of the
grafted copolymers can be affected by the parameters of temperature, time,
and monomer concentration. For example, it has been found in connection
with PSPOE (polystyrene-polyoxyethylene) that high degrees of
polymerization cannot be attained at low reaction temperatures
(56.degree.-58.degree. C.), in spite of high amounts of monomer added and
a long reaction period. An average molecular weight is obtained for
polyoxyethylene (POE) grafted onto a modified polystyrene substrate of
2,000 (PSPOE-2000).
Reaction temperatures that are too high, or polymerization velocities that
are too high, lead to destruction of the polystyrene substrate matrix. A
reaction temperature of 70.degree.-73.degree. C. proved to be favorable.
Different degrees of polymerization can be obtained by varying the amounts
of monomer added and the reaction time. The curve for PSPOE-5600 in FIG. 1
illustrates the course of the reaction with relatively low amounts of
monomer added, while the curve for PSPOE-6900 illustrates the course of
the reaction at higher amounts of added monomer. Data for the graft
copolymers PSPOE are listed in Table 1, with the course of the reaction
being shown in FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following Examples are given as being exemplary of the present
invention and accordingly should not be considered as limiting the scope
of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Production of a Substrate from Crosslinked, Chloromethylated Polystyrene
(PS) and Tetraethylene Glycol (PSTEJ)
A solution of 350 ml of dioxane, 23 ml (133 mmol) of tetraethylene glycol
(TEG), and 13.5 ml of a 20% aqueous NaOH solution is combined with 10 g
(12.5 meq Cl) of chloromethylated polystyrene crosslinked with 1%
divinylbenzene (DVB). The mixture is heated to boiling. The reaction is
finished after 120 hours; the substrate is suctioned off and washed 10
times with respectively 100 ml of dioxane, dioxane/H.sub.2 O1:1; ethanol,
CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, dioxane, methanol, and dried over P.sub.4 O.sub.10
under vacuum. The elementary analysis is as follows:
C.sub.70 H.sub.73 O.sub.5.2 :
Calculated: C 84.1; H 7.4; O 8.3;
Found: C 83.8; H 8.1; O 8.1.
The hydroxy number was determined to be 0.99 meq/g of copolymer.
EXAMPLE 2
Production of Polystyrene-Polyethylene Glycol [Average Molecular Weight of
Polyethylene Glycol Chain =2,000 (PSPOE-2000)]
9.4 g (about 9.4 meq OH) of the PSTEG substrate obtained in accordance with
Example 1 is suspended with 370 mg (9.4 mmol) of potassium in 600 ml of
dry dioxane and stirred vigorously under a N.sub.2 atmosphere overnight at
60.degree.-70.degree. C. During the procedure, the solution assumes an
orange coloring. The reaction temperature is regulated to be
56.degree.-58.degree. C. and, within 53.5 hours, 267 g (6.6 mol) of
ethylene oxide is introduced into the reaction solution. The reaction
system is then sealed, and the reaction mixture is agitated for another
52.5 hours. Under pressure, another 37 g (0.85 mol) of ethylene oxide is
introduced within 2 hours into the closed system. After total reaction
period of 320 hours, the reaction is terminated. Excess ethylene oxide is
driven out with N.sub.2, the reaction solution is cooled, acidified with
dilute aqueous HCl to a pH 3-4, and the product is worked up.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of Polystyrene Polyoxyethylene (PSPOE-5600)
At 60.degree.-70.degree. C., 10 g (about 10 mmol OH) of the PSTEG substrate
is suspended under nitrogen with 500 mg (12.7 meq) of potassium and
agitated overnight. During this step, the reaction solution assumes a
yellow-orange discoloration. At 70.degree. C., ethylene oxide is initially
introduced into the reaction solution within 15 hours in an amount of 25 g
(0.57 mol). During this step, the reaction temperature increases to
72.degree.-73.degree. C. In the subsequent 2.5 hours, 15 g (0.34 mol),
then within 5 hours, 71 g (1.6 mol) of ethylene oxide are introduced into
the reaction mixture. The reaction system is then sealed, and 14 g of
ethylene oxide is forced under pressure into the gas space of the reaction
system within 30 minutes. The mixture is agitated for another 14 hours,
the temperature of the reaction solution dropping to 68.degree. C. A
further addition of ethylene oxide (86 g in 5 hours) leads initially to a
temperature increase to 70.degree. C., but thereafter the reaction
temperature drops up to termination of the reaction to 65.degree. C. after
a total reaction period of 30.5 hours. Excess ethylene oxide is driven out
with N.sub.2, and the reaction solution is cooled off, acidified to pH 3-4
with dilute aqueous HCl, and worked up.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of Polystyrene-Polyoxyethylene (PSOPOE-6900)
Under N.sub.2, 10 g (about 10 mmol OH) of PSTEG substrate is suspended with
500 mg (12.7 mmol) of potassium in 6,000 ml of dioxane and stirred
overnight at 65.degree.-70.degree. C. The reaction solution assumes a
slightly yellow coloring. The temperature of the reaction mixture is
initially 70.degree. C. Then, within 12 hours, 185 g (4.2 mol) of ethylene
oxide is introduced into the reaction solution, adding 42 g (0.95 mol) in
the first two hours. During this step the reaction temperature rises to
73.degree. C. The reactor is sealed, and the mixture is agitated for
another 12.5 hours, the temperature dropping to 68.degree. C. up to the
end of the reaction period. Excess ethylene oxide is driven out with
N.sub.2, and the reaction mixture is cooled, acidified to a pH 3-4 with
dilute aqueous CHl, and worked up.
Working Up of the PSPOE Copolymers
The polymer is separated from the reaction solution through a porous plate
(G3-mesh size) and washed respectively 8 times with dioxane,
dioxane/H.sub.2 O 1:1, water, ethanol, dioxane, and methylene chloride.
After the last washing step, the mixture is combined with methylene
chloride/diethyl ether 1:1 and suctioned off. During this step, the
copolymer shrinks somewhat. The product is washed once with ether, once
with methylene chloride, and then three times with ether. In order to
dissolve out any still present, soluble POE, the product is extracted for
24 hours with THF in a Soxhlet apparatus, then washed three times with
ether, and dried over P.sub.4 O.sub.10 under vacuum.
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of C-Terminal Decapeptide of the Insulin B Sequence from PSPOE
Graft Copolymers
44 g of the PSPOE polymer produced according to Example 4 is esterified
with BOC-glycine according to the methods of liquid-phase synthesis (The
Peptides, 2:285 et eq., Academic Press, New York 1979) so that 3.65 mmol
of BOC-glycine is bound. Then the decapeptide is built up stepwise with
the amino acid derivatives listed in Table 2 according to the methods of
substrate-bound peptide synthesis.
A suspension in DMF is prepared from 6 g of the decapeptide polymer
obtained according to the above directions, and irradiated under N.sub.2
with a mercury vapor lamp at 330 nm and 25.degree. C. for 22 hours.
Thereafter, the product is filtered off from the polymer, and the solution
of the peptide is evaporated to dryness. The blocked decapeptide in
solution is purified on a silica gel column with chloroform/methanol/ethyl
acetate/glacial acetic acid (65:25:9:1) as the eluent. The peptide
fractions are collected and subsequently purified with methanol as the
eluent over a "Sephadex" LH 20 column, thus obtaining 157 mg of blocked
peptide revealing an amino acid analysis of 1.10 Glu, 1.06 Arg, 1.01 Gly,
2.01 Phe, 1.03 Tyr, 0.96 Thr, 0.95 Pro, 1.02 Lys and 1.00 Ala. The
blocking groups can be split off with HF, thus yielding the free peptide.
EXAMPLE 6
Immobilization of Bovine Serum Albumin on .alpha.-Polystyrene
-[.alpha.-(succinimido-oxycarbonyl)-ethylcarbonyl]aminopoly(oxyethylene)
(I)
Derivatization of the PSPOE substrate (mol.wt..sub.POE =5,100, 163 .mu.mol
OH/g) takes place analogously to Makromol. Chem. 182 : 1379-1384 (1981)
and, respectively, Angew. Chem. 24 : 863-874 (1975). The capacity of I
amounts to 75.6% of the originally present capacity.
2.5 g (37 .mu.mol) of bovine serum albumin is dissolved in 10 ml of water
and adjusted to a pH of 8 with 13 ml of a 1-molar NaHCO.sub.3 solution.
The albumin solution is centrifuged, then combined with 160 mg of
substrate I and stirred for 22 hours under darkness at room temperature.
After the reaction is finished, the mixture is suctioned off and the
surface carefully washed with water. Once no more albumin can be detected
in the filtrate, washing is repeated at least 15 more times, and the
product dried under vacuum over P.sub.4 O.sub.10.
Charging of albumin: 0.5 .mu.mol/g=33 mg of albumin/g of substrate.
TABLE 1
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Properties of Various PSPOE Graft Copolymers
PSPOE-2000
PSPOE-5600
PSPOE-6900
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
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Weight increase per gram of PS-
TEG substrate produced pursuant to
2 g 5.6 g 6.9 g
Example 1
Average molecular weight of
2,000 5,600 6,900
grafted POE (dalton)
Free hydroxy groups per g of
0.33 0.154 0.13
copolymer (meq/g)
% Charging, based on free
100 100 100
hydroxy groups of PS-
TEG substrate
Elementary Analysis
C Found 64.1 59.3 59.0
Calculated 64.9 59.0 58.2
H Found 9.6 10.0 10.3
Calculated 8.5 8.9 8.9
O Found 26.3 30.6 30.7
Calculated 26.6 32.1 32.8
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TABLE 2
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Course of Synthesis of Couplings at Polymer to the Decapeptide
of Insulin B Chain Sequence 30-21:
Coupling
Period
Coupling Yield
No.
Sequence
AS Derivative (Hours)
in %
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1 B.sub.30
BOC--Ala--OBzl(2-NO.sub.2 --4-COOH
20 99.4
(B)
2 B.sub.30-29
BOC--Lys(o--BrZ)--OH
3 99.4
(A)
3 B.sub.30-28
BOC--Pro 2 99.4
(A)
4 B.sub.30-27
BOC--Thr(Bzl)--OH 6 99.4
(A)
5 B.sub.30-26
BOC--Tyr(o--ClZ)--OH
17 99.4
(B)
6 B.sub.30-25
BOC--Phe 2 99.4
(A)
7 B.sub.30-24
BOC--Phe 2 99.4
(A)
8 B.sub.30-23
BOC--Gly 1 99.4
(A)
9 B.sub.30-22
BOC--Arg(Mbs)--OH 3 99.4
(A)
10 B.sub.30-21
BOC--Glu(Bzl)--OH 3 99.4
(A)
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Description |
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