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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an iamge processing method for
electrically processing image information and an apparatus therefor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are already known various apparatus for storing digital image data,
obtained from a solid-state imaging device such as a charge-coupled
device, a television camera or a scanner in a semiconductor memory, a
magnetic disk or a magnetic tape, and reproducing the thus stored data in
the form of dots or small picture elements by means of a laser beam
printer, an ink jet printer, a thermal printer or the like.
Such conventional apparatus requires a memory of a very large capaciry for
storing the image data, for example a capacity of 4072 kilobits for
storing the data of an original image of A4 size (215.times.296 mm) with a
resolving power of 8 lines/mm, or a capacity of 1.6 megabits for the same
purpose with a resolving power of 16 lines/mm. Also for achieving
high-speed data reading and printing, the memory has to be of a high-speed
capability and has therefore to be made of a semiconductor memory. However
the semiconductor memory, if used in such very high capacity, is
inevitably expensive and becomes bulky in circuitry.
The reproduction of an intermediate tone from digital image data in such
apparatus generally relies on a so-called dither method in which the image
density is controlled by the change in the number of dots to be recorded
in a unit area. However, such intermediate tone reproduction by the dither
method inevitably involves distortion in the image edges or formation of
moire patterns, and requires a complicated circuit involving a comparator
and a memory for storing dither patterns.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In consideration of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to
provide an image processing apparatus capable of efficient processing of
image information.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image processing
method, and an apparatus therefor, for effective transmission or storage
of image information with a limited storage capacity.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an image
processing apparatus capable of satisfactory reproduction of intermediate
tones.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an image
processing method, and an apparatus therefor, capable of efficient
compression of image information.
The foregoing and still other objects of the present invention, and the
effects thereof, will become fully apparent from the following description
.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1, consisting of FIGS. 1(a)-1(d), is a schematic view showing the
concept of density ranks;
FIG. 2, consisting of FIGS. 2A and 2B, is a circuit diagram for density
ranking;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing examples of reproduced patterns;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a light-emitting diode
printer;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a light-emitting diode
printer;
FIG. 6 is a timing chart showing various signals; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing examples of recorded dots with different
density levels.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Now the present invention will be clarified in greater detail by the
following description which is to be taken in conjunction with the
attached drawings.
In FIG. 1(a) illustrates a part of elementary picture elements,
representing black or white level, obtained by reading an original image
with a linear image sensor such as a charge-coupled device, with a
resolving power of 8 lines/mm, and said elementary picture elements are
divided into pixels as shown in FIG. 1(b), each of which consists of
2.times.2 elementary picture elements. In four elementary picture elements
constituting each pixel, the number of picture elements, of for example,
black level is counted and the obtained count is given, as a density rank,
to said pixel, and stored in a memory means as image information for each
pixel. More specifically, the black-level image signal being taken as "1",
the information of the elementary picture elements shown in FIG. 1(a) is
binarily digitized as shown in FIG. 1(c). The digital values are added for
each pixel as shown in FIG. 1(d), and the added values are stored as the
density ranks.
In this manner each pixel, composed of 2.times.2 elementary picture
elements is represented by a rank number from "0" to "4" or by a 3-bit
binary digital number. Consequently the memory capacity can be reduced to
3/4, in comparison with the conventional memory method in which one bit is
allotted to each picture element or four bits are allotted to every four
picture elements.
FIG. 2 shows an example of circuit structure for carrying out the present
invention.
Binary video signals serially released in the unit of a scanning line from
an output device equipped with imaging means such as a charge-coupled
device are time-sequentially stored in succession, in the unit of a
scanning line, in four buffer memories 1, 2, 3 and 4 each of a capacity of
at least a scanning line. Said buffer memories are grouped as 1, 2 and 3,
4 and alternately activated for signal reading and writing in such a
manner that the video signals are read from the buffer memories 3, 4 while
the video signals are written into the buffer memories 1, 2. A memory read
signal 25 and a memory write signal 26 for switching said signal reading
and writing are released from a control circuit 5 in synchronization with
the video signals. An address counter 6 generates address signals 24 for
storing the video signals representing elementary picture element signals.
The video signals are stored, in the unit of a scanning line, into the
buffer memories in the successive order of 1, 2, 3 and 4, but the signal
read-out is conducted simultaneously for two scanning lines for a set of
buffer memories 1, 2 or 3, 4. For example during the signal write-in to
the buffer memories 3, 4, the signals are simultaneously read from the
buffer memories 1, 2. A binary counter 7 divides the video signals, read
from the buffer memories, into the sets of two bits each, while bit
counters 8, 9 count the number of signals "1" representing the black
picture elements on respective lines and provide 2-bit signals, which are
added in an adder 12 to supply a 3-bit density rank number to a
multiplexer 14. On the other hand, during the video signal storage in the
buffer memories 1, 2, the video signals are similarly read from the buffer
memories 3, 4. In this manner the adder 12 or 13 releases a 3-bit density
rank number representing the number of black-level elementary picture
elements in the 2.times.2 elementary picture elements. The multiplexer 14
alternately selects the adders 12, 13 for every two lines of the original
video signals, or every line of an image memory 15, in response to the
selecting signal 27 supplied from the control circuit 5, whereby the image
memory stores the image information as shown in FIG. 1(d).
The density ranks "0"-"4" thus stored are respectively correlated with
different unit pixel patterns with varying number of black elementary
picture elements as shown in FIG. 3, and the original image can be
reproduced by accordingly regulating the image density for example by the
number of dots per unit area. According to the present embodiment, the
number of black or white elementary picture elements in each unit pixel
composed of 2.times.2 elementary picture elements remains unchanged, and
each pixel is as small as 0.25 mm.sup.2 or 0.125 mm.sup.2 for a resolving
power of 8 or 16 lines/mm, respectively, so that the reproduced image is
visually not distinguishable from the original image.
In the present embodiment the memory capacity is reduced to 3/4 of that in
the conventional method by selecting 2.times.2 elementary picture elements
as a unit pixel, but it is also possible to store an image without change
with a memory capacity reduced to less than half, or more exactly to 4/9,
by selecting 3.times.3 elementary picture elements as a unit pixel. In
this manner the effect of the present invention will naturally become more
marked as the number of elementary picture elements constituting the unit
pixel increases.
Also it will be easily understandable that a similar effect can be obtained
with a unit pixel of other shapes than a square of n.times.n picture
elements, and it is naturally possible to effect the counting of picture
elements and the conversion to the density levels through appropriate
software for a microcomputer.
In the foregoing embodiment the number of black picture elements in a unit
pixel is counted, but it is also possible to count and store the number of
white picture elements. Also the number of picture elements need not
necessarily be stored directly but may be stored in the form of a suitable
corresponding signal. The present invention is furthermore effective for
the transmission of image information since the quantity of information
can be efficiently compressed.
As explained in the foregoing, the present invention, enabling to store the
image information with memory means of a limited memory capacity, is
advantageous in terms of cost and structure.
In the foregoing description the recording is achieved by regulating the
proportion of black image in the unit pixel according to the density level
of each unit pixel stored in the image memory 15. In the following there
will be explained another recording method in which the density itself of
the recorded dot is regulated according to said density level.
FIG. 4 shows the structure of a light-emitting diode printer representing
an example of the image recording apparatus, wherein a light-emitting
diode printing head provided with 4096 light-emitting diodes is activated
in response to the aforementioned density level signals. There also shown
are a rotary drum 102 provided with a photosensitive member along the
periphery thereof; a rod lens array 103 for focusing the light from the
light-emitting diodes of the printing head 101 onto the photosensitive
surface of the drum 102; a corona charger 104 for charging the
photo-sensitive surface in advance; a developing station 105 for
developing an electrostatic latent image with toner; recording sheets 106;
a cassette 107 containing a plurality of said recording sheets 106; a
feeding roller 108 for feeding a recording sheet 106 from said cassette
107; registration roller 109 for matching the front end of the recording
sheet with that of the image on the drum 102; a transfer charger 110 for
transferring the developed image on the drum 102 onto the recording sheet;
a separating roller 111 for separating the recording sheet from the drum
102; a belt 112 for conveying the recording sheet; fixing rollers 113;
discharge rollers 114 for discharging the recording sheet onto a tray 115;
a blade cleaner 116 for removing the toner remaining on the drum 102; a
container 117 for removed toner; and lamp 118 for eliminating the charge
remaining on the drum 102.
In the following there will be given an explanation on the function of the
above-described printer. Upon the turning on of an unrepresented main
switch, a motor is activated to rotate the drum 102, and the lamp 118 and
the corona charger 104 are turned on, thereby removing the toner and
charge remaining on the drum and erasing the hysteresis thereon. When the
fixing rollers 113 reaches an image fixing temperature by means of an
internal heater, there is released a recording enable signal.
Then, in response to the density level signals supplied from the
aforementioned image memory 15, the light-emitting diodes of the printing
head 101 are dynamically activated, and the emitted light is projected
through the rod lens array 103 onto the drum 102. The charge formed by the
charger 104 on the drum 102 is selectively eliminated in an exposure
station by the light from the printing head 101, thereby forming an
electrostatic latent image on the drum. Said latent image is rendered
visible by toner deposition in the developing station 105. The visible
image thus obtained is transferred, in a transfer station, onto the
recording sheet by means of the transfer charger 110. The recording sheets
are fed one by one from the cassette 107 by means of the timed function of
the feeding roller 103, and each sheet passes through said transfer
station with a speed the same as the peripheral speed of the drum, by
means of the registration roller 109.
The recording sheet after image transfer is separated by the separating
roller 111, then advanced by the belt 112 to the fixing rollers 113 for
image fixing, and finally discharged onto the tray 115 by the rollers 114.
The drum after said image transfer continues to rotate and is subjected to
toner removal with the blade cleaner 116 and hysteresis erasure with the
lamp 118.
FIG. 5 shows a circuit for driving and intensity modulating a
light-emitting diode array having a linear array of light-emitting diodes
and functioning as an output device for image recording with the printer
shown in FIG. 4, in response to the image information supplied from the
image memory 15 shown in FIG. 2. The image information stored in the form
shown in FIG. 1(d) is read from the memory 15, 3 bits at a time in
parallel form, in synchronization with memory read-out clock pulses
.phi.R, and supplied through a data bus DB to a digital-to-analog
converter 40, which supplies a voltage to a line L2 corresponding to the
density rank of the unit pixel, as shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, a curve L2
shows the change in voltage when the density rank varies in a sequence 3,
2, 3, 1, 0, 2 and 4. Light-emitting diode selecting pulses S1, S2, S3, . .
. actuate the analog switches AS1, AS2, . . . in succession for respective
unit pixels in synchronization with the memory read-out clock pulses
.phi.R, thereby dynamically lighting the lightemitting diodes LD1, LD2, .
. . .
The intensity modulation of the light-emitting diodes is conducted in the
following manner. Let us consider a state in which the signal S1 turns on
the analog switch AS1 to select the light-emitting diode LD1. In this
situation, a transistor Q1 is turned off because of the level "1" state of
the signal S1. On the other hand, a transistor Q2 is given a base bias
corresponding to the output voltage of the digital-to-analog converter 40
released to the line L2 in response to the 3-bit image density data on the
data bus DB, whereby the current flowing in the light-emitting diode LD1
is accordingly controlled. Subsequently the light-emitting diodes LD2,
LD3, . . . are controlled dynamically in a similar manner. When data "0,
0, 0" are given to the data bus DB, the D/A converter 40 releases a zero
output voltage, whereby emitter current in the transistor Q2 is reduced
almost to zero and the light-emitting diode LD1 is extinguished.
FIG. 7 shows different states of the dot in each unit pixel obtained by
exposure with the light emitting diode in the above-explained manner. The
intensity of each light-emitting diode varies according to the data (0-4)
on the data bus DB whereby the image density is regulated by the change in
the exposure. When the light-emitting diode LD1 is not selected, the
signal S1 is in a state "0" to turn on the transistor Q1, whereby the base
of the transistor Q2 is reduced to zero potential so that the
light-emitting diode LD1 is not lighted. In the present embodiment the
data bus DB has a capacity of 3 bits for enabling control of 5 levels, but
a more delicate intensity is naturally possible if the capacity of the
data bus is increased.
Although the foregoing description is limited to an electrostatic recording
method utilizing light-emitting diodes, the present invention is naturally
applicable also to the intensity modulation in a laser beam printer for
dot recording with a laser beam, or to the ink droplet control in an ink
jet printer for recording by ink droplet deposition. Also the signals
representing the density ranks may be directly supplied to the printer
without the use of memory.
As explained in the foregoing, the present invention enables one to
reproduce image density, particularly intermediate tones, with a simple
structure.
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