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Description  |
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BACKGROUND
OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The invention disclosed broadly relates to data processing systems and methods and more particularly relates to cryptographic systems and methods for use in data processing systems to enhance security.
2. Related Patent Applications
The following co-pending patent applications are related to this invention and are incorporated herein by reference.
B. Brachtl, et al., "Controlled Use of Cryptographic Keys Via Generating Stations Established Control Values," Ser. No. 55,502, filed March 1987, and assigned to the IBM Corporation, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,805,017.
S. M. Matyas, et al., "Data Authentication Using Modification Detection Codes Based on Public One Way Encryption Function," Ser. No. 90,633, filed Aug. 28, 1987, assigned to the IBM Corporation, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,908,861.
S. M. Matyas, et al., "Secure Management of Keys Using Control Vectors," Ser. No. 231,114, filed Aug. 11, 1988, assigned to the IBM Corporation, Now U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,176.
S. M. Matyas, et al., "Data Cryptography Operations Using Control Vectors," Ser. No. 401,486, filed Aug. 30, 1989, assigned to the IBM Corporation, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,728.
S. M. Matyas, et al., "Personal Identification Number Processing Using Control Vectors," Ser. No. 398,300, filed Aug. 24, 1989, assigned to the IBM Corporation, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,514.
S. M. Matyas, et al., "Secure Management of Keys Using Extended Control Logic," Ser. No. 398,299, filed Aug. 24, 1989, assigned to the IBM Corporation, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,515.
S. M. Matyas, et al., "Secure Management of Keys Using Control Vectors With Multi-Path Checking," Ser. No. 344,165, filed Apr. 27, 1989.
3. Background Art
The above referenced co-pending patent applications, which are incorporated herein by reference, describe a cryptographic architecture for validating that key management functions requested for a cryptographic key in a data processing system,
have been authorized by the originator of the key. The above referenced co-pending patent applications describe a control vector checking unit within a cryptographic facility, which contains the entire repertoire of control vector checking code for the
intended applications of the system. However, one can envision applications wherein the sequence of control vector checking steps might be modified, for example where security improvements are desired for a particular protected application. Other
circumstances where one might envision the need for changing the control vector checking code within the control vector checking unit would include a crypto facility having a control vector checking unit with a relatively small storage capacity for
control vector checking code. In that circumstance, where subsidiary applications are mutually exclusive, such as a banking application where a checking transaction is mutually exclusive of a loan application, a central repository such as the bank's
CPU, could transmit to the control vector checking unit, only that amount of control vector checking code necessary to perform the particular subsidiary application. When a different subsidiary application is desired to be executed, the control vector
checking unit would be programmed with a different control vector checking code sequence by the bank's CPU.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a secure method for key management in which the control vector checking code can be changed in the control vector checking unit.
It is another object of the invention to provide a secure method for key management in which control vector checking code can be transmitted to the control vector checking unit for a particular application.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a secure method for key management in which control vector checking code can be input to the control vector checking unit, which includes modifications to the control vector checking
operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These and other objects, features and advantages are accomplished by the secure key management invention using programmable control vector checking. The invention includes a control vector checking code repository located either within the same
system as the cryptographic facility or alternately remotely from the system containing the cryptographic facility. The control vector checking code repository will be linked to the cryptographic facility by one of several means. A first means for
linking the repository to the cryptographic facility would include a physically secure data communications link. A second means for connecting the repository to the cryptographic facility would be by using an insecure channel with authentication,
wherein either a modification detection code or alternately a message authentication code would be transmitted to the cryptographic facility and then the desired control vector checking code would be transmitted over the link. The cryptographic facility
will include a code authorization mechanism to compare the transmitted MAC or MDC with a corresponding value computed from the received control vector checking code. If the two values of the MDC or the MAC compare, then the control vector checking code
is authenticated and loaded into the control vector checking unit for carrying out the control vector checking operations desired. The control vector checking code repository can be located in a remote system connected by means of the communications
link to the crypto facility, or alternately the repository can reside in the same system as the crypto facility. This provides for the dynamic updating of control vector checking code, where improvements or alterations are made to the control vector
checking sequence. This also provides for a reduced memory size in the crypto facility, being sufficiently large to accommodate subsidiary control vector checking applications, with alternate control vector checking applications requiring the reloading
of the control vector checking unit from the repository.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more fully appreciated with reference to the accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the dynamic loading via a secure channel without authentication.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the dynamic loading via an insecure channel with authentication.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the dynamic loading from a local repository with authentication.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a single system as shown in FIG. 3, within which a local control vector checking code repository is located.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the control vector checking unit, in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 6 is an organizational diagram illustrating the direct linkage to dynamic control vector checking code.
FIG. 7 is an organizational illustration showing the indirect linkage to dynamic control vector checking code.
FIG. 8 is a data flow diagram illustrating having control vectors with a first portion of being checked by control vector checking code which is permanently resident within the control vector checking unit and a second portion of the control
vector which is subject to control vector checking using dynamic code which is input from the control vector checking code repository.
FIG. 9 is a data flow diagram which illustrates the ability to have the dynamic control vector checking code shown in FIG. 7, also cross-check a portion of the control vector which is checked with the resident control vector checking code.
FIG. 10 illustrates a smart card reader which provides bulk storage for a smart card control vector checking code, in accordance with the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 show embodiments of the present invention in block diagram form. These configurations include a first cryptographic system or device A 100 and possibly a second system or device B 200. System A 100 contains a cryptographic
facility CF 4, a cryptographic facility access program CFAP 8, and a set of application programs APPL 12. The programs APPL 12 request cryptographic services from the CF 4 via the CFAP 8. The CF 4 accepts or rejects these requests based on the validity
of the input parameters with respect to a requested operation. In particular, the control vector (CV) checking unit 16 in the CF 4 tests the input control vectors for validity. The CV checking unit 16 executes a sequence of rules or instructions called
CV checking code to perform these validity tests. The present invention describes a means to dynamically, securely, and flexibly define, modify, or enhance the CV checking code used by the CV checking unit 16. (Other details of the cryptographic key
management environment are described more fully in the above referenced co-pending patent applications.)
FIG. 1 describes one mode of the present invention in which a control vector checking unit 16 of the CF 4 is initialized with dynamically loaded CV checking code via an input channel 20 from a control vector checking code repository 30 in system
B 200. The integrity of the CV checking code in input channel 20 is protected by a secure channel 60 which directly links the repository 30 to the physically secure CF 4 in system A 100. The secure channel may consist of a physically secure electrical
connection or a logically secure communications session between the CV checking code repository 30 and the CF 4. The system configuration of FIG. 1 is distinguished by the use of a secure channel to protect the integrity of the dynamically loaded CV
checking code as opposed to the use of cryptographic authentication techniques.
FIG. 2 is a modification of the configuration of FIG. 1 wherein the integrity of the dynamically loaded CV checking code is protected by cryptographic authentication techniques. In FIG. 2 system B 200 transmits a segment of CV checking code from
the CV checking code repository 30 to the CFAP 8 in system A 100. CFAP 8 in turn routes the downloaded CV checking code via an input channel 22 to the code authenticator 24 and the CV checking unit 16 in the CF 4. The code authenticator 24 accepts the
downloaded segment of CV checking code as input, performs a cryptographic authentication process on the input data, and outputs a corresponding load authorization signal 40 to the CV checking unit 16. The load authorization signal 40 indicates whether
or not the downloaded code has been received with integrity. The CV checking unit 16 accepts and processes the downloaded segment of CV checking code from input channel 22 if and only if the load authorization signal 40 received from the code
authenticator 24 indicates that the downloaded code has been authenticated successfully.
The cryptographic authentication process may be based on message authentication codes (MACs) or on modification detection codes (MDCs). In the former approach, it is assumed that system A 100 and system B 200 each have a cryptographic facility,
and share a secret authentication key, KDA. System B 200 computes a MAC value which is a function of KDA and the segment of CV checking code to be downloaded. (A method to compute a MAC on arbitrary length text using a cryptographic key is described in
detail in the above-referenced co-pending patent applications) System B 200 then transmits the CV checking code and the computed MAC to system A 100. The code authenticator 24 in the CF 4 of system A 100 computes a trial MAC based on the received CV
checking code and KDA, compares the MAC value received from system B 200 with the trial MAC, and if equal generates a load authorization signal 40. Otherwise, the trial and received MACs do not match, and no load authorization signal 40 is output. The
reader will appreciate that for highest integrity, access to KDA should be limited to trusted elements within each of the communicating systems (e.g., KDA might be stored internally within the CF of each system).
In the MDC approach, it is assumed that a set of reference MDC values corresponding to each of the downloadable segments of CV checking code has been pre-computed and transmitted to system A 100 via a separate, high-integrity channel. (Methods
to compute MDCs on arbitrary length text are described in detail in the above-referenced co-pending patent applications.) The MDC values are indexed and stored within the CF 4 of system A 100, and are accessible to the code authenticator 24. System B
200 then transmits a segment of CV checking code to system A 100. The code authenticator 24 in the CF 4 of system A 100 computes a trial MDC value based on the received segment of CV checking code, compares the trial MDC with the pre-stored reference
MDC corresponding to the received code segment, and if equal generates a load authorization signal 40. Otherwise, the trial and reference MDCs do not match, and no load authorization signal 40 is output.
FIG. 3 is a modification of the configuration of FIG. 2 wherein the CV checking code repository 30 is physically located within system A 100. This configuration may be used when it is necessary or advantageous to store the CV checking code
outside the CF 4 but directly accessible to the CFAP 8. For example, the CV checking code used by the CV checking unit 16 may be physically too large to be stored within the CF 4. In this case, only those segments of the overall CV checking code which
are actually needed to validate a requested operation can be dynamically loaded from a local CV checking code repository 30 through CFAP 8 to the CV checking unit 16. As described in FIG. 2, the dynamically loaded CV checking code segment will not be
accepted by the CV checking unit 16 unless an authorization signal 40 is received from the code authenticator 24. Likewise, the code authenticator 24 may employ either of the authentication methods described above in order to determine the authenticity
of the loaded CV checking code segments.
FIG. 4 provides a further elaboration of the processing described in FIG. 3, in which the CV checking code repository 30 is local to the cryptographic system A 100. The reader will appreciate that FIG. 4 is equally applicable to the
configurations described in FIGS. 1 and 2 in which the CV checking code repository 30 is located in a remote system B 200. In FIG. 4, an application program APPL C 12 requests a cryptographic service via a CALL to function FUNCi, passing a set of input
parameters on an input channel 14 to CFAP 8.
Function FUNCi in CFAP 8 in turn invokes one or more instructions within the instruction processor 10 of the CF 4. The diagram shows the invocation of one such instruction INSTRj to which FUNCi passes a set of input parameters (such as an
operation code, encrypted keys, control vectors, and ciphertext) via an input channel 18. The instruction processor 10 passes the operation code which corresponds to instruction INSTRj and the set of input control vectors on an input channel 26 to the
CV checking unit 16 for validation. If the CV checking unit 16 successfully validates the input control vectors with respect to the operation code associated with INSTRj, then the CV checking unit 16 transmits a positive execution authorization signal
28 back to the instruction processor 10. The instruction processor 10 then completes execution of the instruction INSTRj and returns a set of output parameters to FUNCi via an output channel 32. FUNCi, in turn, may invoke additional instructions or
return the output parameters to the calling application APPL C 12 via an output channel 34. However, if the CV checking unit 16 fails to validate the input control vectors, then the CV checking unit 16 returns a negative execute authorization signal 28
to the instruction processor 10. The instruction processor 10 aborts processing of instruction INSTRj and transmits the error condition back to function FUNCi via the output channel 32. FUNCi may then return a corresponding error value to the calling
application APPL C 12 via output channel 34.
The present invention describes a flexible, but secure method for implementing a programmable control vector checking unit 16. An elaboration of the components and methods of the control vector checking unit 16 is provided in the following
paragraphs.
A CV checking code processor 70 within the CV checking unit 16 accepts the input operation code and control vectors from the instruction processor 10 and executes a sequence of checking rules or instructions known as CV checking code. The CV
checking code may be broken up into two parts: an optional fixed part (possibly stored in read only memory) called the resident CV checking code 72, and a variable part (possibly implemented in read-write memory) called the dynamic CV checking code 74.
The dynamic CV checking code 74 is retrieved from an external CV checking code repository 30 via an optional code access method function 50 within the CFAP 8. The code access method 50 ensures that the CV checking code required to perform each requested
cryptographic function is available when needed by the CV checking unit 16. The code access method 50 may access the CV checking code repository 30 at system startup, on a function-by-function basis, or as requested by the CF 4. The accessed CV
checking code segments (and MACs or other authentication parameters) are passed by the code access method 50 to the code loader 76 and to the code authenticator 24 within the CV checking unit 16 via an input channel 22. The code loader stores the code
segments into the dynamic CV checking code 74 buffer if and only if a load authorization signal 40 is received from the code authenticator 24. Once the required dynamic CV checking code 74 is loaded, the CV checking code processor 70 begins fetching and
executing instructions from the resident CV checking code 72 buffer and from the dynamic CV checking code 74 buffer.
FIG. 5 describes the components and data flow within the CV checking unit 16. As described in FIG. 4, the code loader 76 component accepts a load authorization signal 40 and a segment of code via input channel 22 and stores the code segment in
the dynamic CV checking code 74 buffer. The CV checking code processor 70 accepts a cryptographic instruction operation code (opcode) and a set of control vectors C1, . . . , Cn and stores the values as required in a set of internal working registers
92. The CV checking code processor 70 contains a controller/arithmetic logic unit 94 which sequences the operation of the processor and provides primitive arithmetic, logical, and relational functions used to test and compare fields of the input control
vectors C1, . . . , Cn. An instruction register 96 is used to store each CV checking instruction to be executed. A program counter (PC) 98 stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched from the resident and dynamic CV checking code buffers
72 and 74, respectively. A generate authorization signal 90 component outputs the positive or negative execute authorization signal 28 based on the results of CV checking code execution. The reader will appreciate that the CV checking code processor
may include other components and storage facilities as needed to support execution or interpretation of the CV checking code. The CV checking code itself may consist of a set of machine-level instructions, each containing an operation code and some
arguments, a set of high-level language commands to be interpreted, or simply a set of parameters used to control the checking and cross-checking of fields within the input control vectors C1, . . . , Cn. The resident CV checking code 72 may represent
a fixed sequence of checking rules which is common to all cryptographic functions, or it may represent the CV checking rules associated with a first CV architecture. The dynamic CV checking code 74 may contain function-specific CV checking rules, or it
may represent extensions corresponding to a second CV architecture.
FIG. 6 illustrates one method of control flow linkage between the optional resident CV checking code 72 and the dynamic CV checking code 74. In this method, the resident CV checking code 72, if present, is executed first to test the input
control vectors C1, . . . , Cn against the fixed CV rules. The resident code returns a first validity result RESULT.sub.-- 1 on the basis of its test results. RESULT.sub.-- 1 may be in the form of an error code or a simple valid/not-valid flag. The
CV checking code processor 70 then executes the dynamic CV checking code 74, if loaded (a system flag may be interrogated to determine the state of the dynamic CV checking code 74 buffer), to test the input control vectors C1, . . . , Cn against a
second, variable set of CV rules. The dynamic 74 code returns a second validity result RESULT.sub.-- 2 on the basis of its test results. The generate authorization signal 90 component of the CV checking code processor 70 combines the results of
resident and dynamic CV checking, RESULT.sub.-- 1 and RESULT.sub.-- 2, to generate a positive or negative execute authorization signal 28 for the instruction processor 10. A feature of this method is the independence of the resident and dynamic CV
checking codes 72 and 74: the control flow linkage and result correlation is performed by the CV checking code processor 70 in the generate authorization signal component 90.
FIG. 7 illustrates a second, indirect method of control flow linkage between the optional resident CV checking code 72 and the dynamic CV checking code 74. In contrast to the above method, the resident CV checking code 72 transfers control to
the dynamic CV checking code 74 via a programmed exit. The dynamic CV checking code 74 performs additional checking on the input CVs and modifies the RESULT obtained from the resident CV checking code 72. The updated RESULT and program control is then
returned to the resident CV checking code 72, which, in turn, passes it back to the CV checking code processor. This method is distinguished by the fact that the dynamic CV checking code 74 can adjust the results of the fixed resident CV checking code
72 on the basis of enhanced or extended CV checking rules present in the dynamic CV checking code 74. However, this method requires that the implementer plan for such enhancements or extensions by including a programmed control exit in the fixed
resident CV checking code 72.
FIG. 8 illustrates how the resident CV checking code 72 may be used to validate certain fields in a first control vector part and the dynamic CV checking code 74 may be used to validate fields in a second control vector part of an input control
vector Ci. The first CV part may be associated with a first CV architecture whereas the second CV part may be associated with a second CV architecture. Such a second architecture may arise from enhancements or extensions made to the first architecture
by the vendor or user of the cryptographic system.
FIG. 9 illustrates a further extension of this notion in which the resident CV checking code 72 may be used to validate certain fields in a first control vector part, the dynamic CV checking code 74 may be used to validate fields in a second
control vector part, and the dynamic CV checking code 74 may also perform CV cross-checking on the first and second control vector parts. Cross-checking is a method of validating one or more control vectors or control vector fields on the basis of the
contents of other control vectors or control vector fields. The rules for cross-checking may include testing fields from the first CV parts for consistency with fields from the second CV parts.
An application of the invention is to provide bulk storage for the control vector checking code required for operation of a smart card, as illustrated in the system block diagram in FIG. 10. A smart card is a cryptographic device in the form of
a common consumer credit card. The card is used to authenticate the consumer to other cryptographic devices, such as terminals, automatic teller machines, etc. The smart card reader is a cryptographic device or system which accepts and validates an
inserted smart card, and provides an electrical interface between the smart card and some system application. Because of its size, a smart card may have limited memory for the storage of its CV checking code. However, by applying this invention the CV
checking code may be stored within the smart card reader and securely transferred (in parts, as needed) to the smart card.
In FIG. 10, the CV checking code loader 76 in the CV checking unit 16 of the CF 4 of the smart card 110 requests a new segment of code from the code access method 50 in CFAP 8. The code access method 50 transmits a corresponding request to the
repository manager 55 in the smart card reader 210. The repository manager 55 accesses the CV checking code repository 30 (which may be a bulk data storage device such as a local or host-attached hard disk), extracts the requested CV checking code, and
transmits the code back to the code access method 50 in the s | | |
