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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to mass spectrometry and more particularly to
the laser desorption of very large organic molecules using a time of
flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique for the accurate determination
of molecular weights, the identification of chemical structures, the
determination of the composition of mixtures and quantitative elemental
analysis. For example, it is possible to accurately determine the
molecular weights of organic molecules. It is also possible to determine
the structure of the organic molecules based on the fragmentation pattern
of the ion formed when the molecule is ionized. A quantitative elemental
analysis of organic molecules and compounds requires obtaining precise
mass values from a high resolution mass spectrometer.
One type of mass spectrometer obtains a mass spectrum by passing the ions
(electrically charged atoms or molecules) through a magnetic field. The
ions form a beam which, when they are of different masses, are deflected
through different angles by the magnetic field. The magnetic field is
varied (swept) and, at each field strength, ions pass through precision
slits to be measured by an electrical detector (electrometer). However,
primarily due to the limitations of magnetic field strength, it is
impractical to measure molecules having a mass-to-charge ratio (m/Z)
greater than about 15,000.
The organic molecules of greater mass which are non-volatile and thermally
labile (decomposed by heat) are of great medical and commercial interest,
as they include, for example, proteins, DNA, oligosaccharides,
commercially important polymers and pharmaceuticals.
It has been suggested, in a series of articles published by
"Hillenkamp-Karas", cited below, that large organic molecules, of about
10,000-100,000 Daltons, may be analyzed in a time of flight (TOF) mass
spectrometer. Those articles describe that the molecules of interest are
dissolved in an aqueous solution of nicotinic acid, in a ratio of one
molecule of interest to 1000 nicotinic acid molecules. The solution is
dried and placed on a sample probe tip that is inserted into a TOF mass
spectrometer. The dried material on the tip is searched, using a
microscope, for a suitable spot, and that spot is activated by a laser
beam ("microprobe"). The laser beam wavelength is in the UV (ultraviolet)
region (266 nm wavelength) and the beam size at the tip is 8 um diameter
(Hillenkamp 1) or 10-50 um (Karas, 2,3). The molecules are desorbed and
ionized by the laser beam and are formed into beams by a series of
electrodes creating an electric field, typically of 1000 volts/cm. The ion
beam is directed down a tube which is a vacuum chamber (spectrometer
tube), generally having an equilibrium pressure in the order of 10.sup.-6
mm mercury. Ions of different masses require different times to transverse
the spectrometer tube. The time the tip (target) is struck with a laser
pulse is taken as time zero and the various times the ions arrive at the
opposite end (the ion detector) are measured and displayed generally on a
graph (the mass spectrum).
The frequency of the laser is chosen to match the absorption frequency of
the solid matrix, principally of nicotinic acid, which exhibits strong
absorption at 266 nm wave length. The laser pulses, of 15 ns pulse width
and 266 nm wavelength, are obtained from a frequency quadrupled Q-switched
ND-YAG solid crystal laser instrument.
The "Hillenkamp-Karas" articles are the following:
1. Hillenkamp, "Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry: Mechanisms, Techniques
and Applicatons"; Bordeaux Mass Spectrometry Conference Report, 1988,
pages 354-362.
2. Karas and Hillenkamp, "Ultraviolet Laser Desorption of Proteins Up to
120,000 Daltons", Bordeaux Mass Spectrometry Conference Report, 1988,
pages 416,417.
3. Karas and Hillenkamp, "Laser Desorption Ionization of Proteins With
Molecular Masses Exceeding 10,000 Daltons", Analytical Chemistry, 60,
2299, July 1988.
4. Karas, Ingendoh, Bahr and Hillenkamp, "UV-Laser Desorption/Ionization
Mass Spectrometry of Femtomol Amounts of Large Proteins", Biomed. Environ.
Mass Spectrum. (in press)
Although the previously described Hillenkamp-Karas articles are a real
advance in the field, there are a number of problems and limitations to
the methods.
The resolution of the mass spectrum is not as sharp as is possible, at much
lower molecular weights, with magnetic field mass spectrometry. The
Hillenkamp-Karas graphs show what appear to be a broad envelope of mass
weights rather than the sharp peaks, which are desired. The work so far
published by Hillenkamp and Karas on nicotinic acid assisted UV laser
desorption shows spectral peaks with resolutions of less than about 50
Full Width at Half-Maximum definition (FWHM).
In addition, the procedure is time-consuming and costly. One must obtain a
suitable spot on the tip using a microscope, by trial and error, and a
number of attempts may be made before a successful spot is found. The
instruments required to be used (laser microprobes and LAMMA) are
relatively costly and complex. They have only studied positive ions,
although negative ions sometimes provide complementary and/or unique
information.
The wavelength published by Karas-Hillenkamp, in some cases, presents
problems as to some molecules because that wavelength causes undesirable
fragmentation of the molecule. It is difficult to simply change the
wavelength with the teaching of the Karas-Hillenkamp articles, because the
matrix (nicotinic acid) will only effectively absorb laser energy in a
restricted range of wavelengths (below about 300 nm).
The use of laser beams in time of flight mass spectrometers is shown, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,694,167; 4,686,366 and 4,295,046,
incorporated by reference herein.
OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION
It is an objective of the present invention to provide a method and
apparatus in mass spectrometry which will provide for the analysis of
molecules whose mass is in the range of 200-200,000 Dalton, or greater,
and including large non-volatile bio-organic molecules.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a mass
spectrometry instrument and method which is relatively simple to operate,
permits rapid preparation of samples, provides results quickly, and is
relatively low in cost.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a mass
spectrometry instrument and method which may be used to analyze negative
ions as well as positive ions.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a mass
spectrometry instrument and method which will cause relatively less
fragmentation of the molecules.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a mass
spectrometry instrument and method which may be used with relatively small
samples, of the order of 0.01 picomole, and which will provide
reproducible sample layers.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a mass
spectrometry instrument and method which are able to analyze samples which
are mixtures of materials.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide such a mass
spectrometry instrument and method which are able to analyze large organic
molecules in addition to proteins, for example, DNA, polymers,
glycolipids, glycoproteins, oligosaccharides, etc.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a system and
method in mass spectrometry for the mass analysis of non-volatile large
organic molecules in the range of 200-200,000 Dalton, or greater.
The instrument is a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The organic
molecule material, to be analyzed, is dissolved in a solution containing a
matrix, preferably a cinnamic acid analogue such as caffeic acid,
syanpinic acid and ferulic acid. In one method, the matrix material and
sample is deposited as a thin layer on the metal tip of a probe. The probe
is inserted into the mass spectrometer and the tip is irradiated with a UV
laser beam at the wavelength of 200-600 nanometers, preferably 330-550 nm,
and pulses of 1-20 ns pulse width, to form a relatively large laser spot
on the tip, in the range of 0.03-3.0 mm.sup.2 and most preferably in the
range of 0.1-1.0 mm.sup.2.
The spectrometer has a plate and gridded electrodes to form an electric
field which is switched to be either positive or negative and to thereby
form a beam of either positive or negative ions released by the laser. The
times of flight of the ions are displayed on a graph exhibiting the
relatively high resolution and low noise possible using the present
invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objectives of the present invention will be apparent from the
following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 2A is a mass spectrum of carbonic anhydrase obtained according to the
present invention;
FIG. 2B is a mass spectrum of Not 1 Linker DNA obtained according to the
present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of the parts used in the electrospray
process.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following specific description is of a suitable embodiment of the
present invention and its materials, voltages, etc. is illustrative of the
invention and not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the
invention.
The present invention utilizes a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer of
the type illustrated in FIG. 1. The probe 10 is of platinum metal and has
a flat face 11 which is round in cross-section and has a 2 mm diameter.
The probe 10 is manually inserted and may be manually removed from the
round bore 12 of the metal wall 13 of the spectrometer. The wall 13 is at
voltage V.sub.1.
The ions extracted from the face 11 of the probe are attracted and pass
through the grid covered holes 14, 15 in the metal plates 16, 17
respectively. The plates 16, 17 are at voltages V.sub.2 and V.sub.3.
Preferably V.sub.3 is at ground and V.sub.1 and V.sub.2 are varied to set
the accelerating electrical potential, which typically is in the range of
15,000-50,000 volts. A suitable voltage .vertline.V.sub.1 -V.sub.2
.vertline. is 5000 volts and a suitable range of voltages
.vertline.V.sub.2 -V.sub.3 .vertline. is 10,000 to 45,000 volts.
The low weight ions are generally numerous and may swamp the detector 20.
They are almost entirely prevented from reaching the detector 20 by the
deflection plates 18, 19. The ions travel as a beam between the deflection
plates 18, 19, which suitable are spaced 1 cm. apart and are 3-10 cm long.
Plate 18 is at ground and plate 19 receives square wave pulses, for
example, at 700 volts with a pulse width in the order of 1 microsecond
after the laser strikes the tip. Such pulses suppress the unwanted low
mass ions, for example, those under 10,000 Dalton, by deflecting them, as
shown by 22, so that the low weight ions do not reach the detector 20,
while the higher weight ions pass between the plates 18, 19 after the
pulse is off, so they are not deflected, and are detected by detector 20.
An ion detector 20 is positioned at the end of the spectrometer tube and
has its front face maintained at voltage V.sub.d. The gain of the ion
detector 20 is set by V.sub.d which typically is in the range of -1500 to
-2500 volts. The detector is a chevron-type tandem microchannel plate
array.
The spectrometer tube is straight and provides a linear flight path, for
example, 1/2-4 meters in length, preferably about two meters in length.
The ions are accelerated in two stages and the total acceleration is in
the range of about 15,000-50,000 volts, positive or negative.
The spectrometer is held under high vacuum, typically 10 .mu.Pa, which may
be obtained, for example, after 2 minutes of introduction of the sample.
The face 11 of the probe is struck with a laser beam to form the ions.
Preferably the laser beam is from a solid laser. A suitable laser is an
HY-400 Nd-YAG laser (available from Lumonics Inc., Kanata (Ottawa),
Ontario, Canada), with a 2nd, 3rd and 4th harmonic generation/selection
option. The laser is tuned and operated to produce maximum temporal and
energy stability. Typically, the laser is operated with an output pulse
width of 10 ns and an energy of 15 mJ of UV per pulse. To improve the
spatial homogeneity of the beam, the amplifier rod is removed from the
laser.
The output of the laser is attenuated with a 935-5 variable attenuator
(available from Newport Corp., Fountain Valley, Calif.), and focused onto
the sample on the face 11, using a 12-in. focal length fused-silica lens.
The incident angle of the laser beam, with respect to the normal of the
probe's sample surface, is 70.degree.. The spot illuminated on the probe
is not circular, but a strip of approximate dimensions 100.times.300 um
(measured by burn marks on paper). The start time for the data system
(i.e., the time the laser actually fired) is determined using a beam
splitter and a P5-01 fast pyroelectric detector (available from Molectron
Detector Inc., Campbell, Calif.). The laser is operated in the Q switched
mode, internally triggering at 5 Hz, using the Pockels cell Q-switch to
divide that frequency to a 2.5 Hz output.
The data system for recording the mass spectra produced is a combination of
a TR8828D transient recorder and a 6010 CAMAC crate controller (both
manufactured by Lecroy, Chestnut Ridge, N.Y.). The transient recorder has
a selectable time resolution of 5-20 ns. Spectra may be accumulated for up
to 256 laser shots in 131,000 channels, with the capability of running at
up to 3 Hz. The data is read from the CAMAC crate using a Proteus IBM AT
compatible computer. During the operation of the spectrometer, the spectra
(shot-to-shot) may be readily observed on a 2465A 350 MHz oscilloscope
(available from Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, Oreg.).
This linear TOF system may be switched from positive to negative ions
easily and both modes may be used to look at a single sample. The sample
preparation was optimized for the production of homogeneous samples in
order to produce similar signals from the entire face of the probe tip.
The preferred preparation dissolves less than 0.2 g/L of the sample in a
5-10 g/L solution of matrix in water (or 1:1, water+ethanol) and deposits
0.5 .mu.L of the solution on the probe tip.
Compounds useful as matrices for the practice of this invention include
organic compounds which absorb above the region at which the DNA bases
absorb. Therefore, they should absorb above 300 nm, preferably above 330
nm. As a matter of convenience, it is preferred to utilize compounds which
absorb at about 355 nm or higher. The compounds should preferably be
solids so that they do not volatilize under the conditions of use. They
should not react with DNA under the conditions of use, nor should they
decompose to give compounds which do react with DNA.
The presently preferred compounds are cinammic acid derivatives such as
ferulic, caffeic and syanpinic acid, all of which are substituted in the
phenyl ring with activating groups. Cinammic acid derivatives which absorb
above 300 nm and are substituted on the phenyl ring with hydroxyl,
alkoxyl, amino, aklylamino, lialkylamino groups in which the alkyl group
is preferably methyl or ethyl, but may contain up to six or more carbon
atoms are useful.
Those skilled in the art can readily conceive of other compounds which will
meet the criteria of this invention. For example, compounds which absorb
well above 300 nm and even into the visible or infrared regions of the
ulispectrum may be employed. Such compounds may be considered as "based"
on cinnamic acid but with longer coordination chains. These would include
the .alpha.- and B-naphthalene analogues of cinnamic acid, or analogs of
these compounds in which the coordination chain of the aliphatic group is
extended. Such compounds might be substituted with activating groups.
Heterocyclic compounds with the appropriate properties are also included
within the scope of the invention.
In addition, the following are suitable matrix materials, particularly from
non-DNA organic molecules:
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
2-Pyrazinecarboxylic acid
Thymine
3-Methoxy, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid
Thiourea
These suitable matrix materials, listed above, are further described in
"Factors Affecting The Ultraviolet Desorption of Proteins", Beavis and
Chait, Rapid Comm. in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 3, No. 7 (1989),
incorporated by reference herein.
In one method of sample preparation, the droplets of the sample are
deposited on the tip face 11 by electrospray (electrodeposition), see FIG.
3. The matrix material, in this technique, is preferably ferulic acid. The
tip is grounded and an electric field, typically of 5000 volts, is created
by bringing a charged metal capillary tube 21, through which the matrix
material flows, to within 2 cm of the tip face 11. Droplets of the matrix
material are attracted to the tip face, i.e., are sprayed thereon, forming
a dry, thin, evenly spread layer on the tip face. Then a small quantity,
in the order of about 1 p mol, of the organic molecule sample of interest,
dissolved in a solvent, is applied to the matrix material layer and dried
by a stream of air over the tip.
An alternative sample preparation method is to dissolve the organic
molecule in an appropriate solvent and mix with a matrix material, for
example, a cinnamic acid analogue. A suitable ratio of organic molecule to
matrix is 1:10,000. That mixture of solvent and matrix material is applied
to the probe tip and dried with an air stream.
The sensitivity of this technique is very high for proteins. With a typical
sample loading of 0.1-20 p mol of analyte on the probe tip (3 mm.sup.2)
good signals were observed. For most peptides, the optimum signal was
produced with a sample coverage of <2 pmol/mm.sup.2 on the probe. There
should be a 10.sup.3 -10.sup.4 molar excess of matrix for optimum
detection.
Preferably the laser beam is operated in the UV region or visible region in
the range of 320 nm to 600 nm. At laser wavelengths over 300 nm the
organic molecules of interest do not absorb the laser energy and are not
fragmented, which is highly desirable. A relatively inexpensive nitrogen
laser may be used which produces UV at 337 nm or a dye laser may be used.
With the ferulic, syanpinic or caffeic acid matrix materials, a
satisfactory wavelength, obtainable with the 3rd harmonic from the solid
crystal laser described above, is 355 nm.
FIG. 2A is a graph of intensity vs. time of flight of the
pseudomolecular-ion region of a TOF mass spectrum of the organic molecule
carbonic anhydrase 11 from a syanpinic acid matrix at 355 nm wavelength.
FIG. 2B is a similar graph of Not 1 Linker (DNA) in which the matrix is
ferulic acid and the wavelength is 355 nm.
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