Audio/video transceiver apparatus including compression means, random access storage means, and microwave transceiver means

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The video cassette recorder (VCR) has added significantly to the usefulness of the home television set. Important or exceptionally good programs may be recorded to be viewed again. Programs appearing at times that are inconvenient for viewing may be recorded for playback at a later time. Recorded movies or other materials, educational or entertaining, may be rented or borrowed for viewing at home. (As used in the remainder of this specification, the term "program" encompasses movies and other types of video and/or audio materials, whether broadcast from a TV station or another source.)

The typical VCR has its own tuner-receiver and a videorecorder It can receive and record a program from one channel while the television set is being employed to view a program on another channel. Programs are recorded on magnetic tape. The tape is then played back and viewed on the television set. Features commonly included in the VCR are capabilities for advancing the tape forward or backward at a high speed, stopping motion at any frame to hold the image, or simply playing back the recording at normal speed.

Desirable features that are not normally available in a VCR are capabilities for copying recorded programs from one tape or alternative storage medium to a similar or dissimilar storage medium, editing recorded programs and high speed recording. Another desirable, but currently unavailable, feature is the capability for high speed, high quality transmission and reception by optical fiber using the VCR.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,110, incorporated herein by reference, describes a VCR having two tape decks included therein. The purpose for the inclusion of two decks rather than the usual single tape deck is to permit the simultaneous viewing of a live RF-modulated TV signal or prerecorded material while recording another live RF-modulated TV signal and to also allow the copying of material from a first magnetic cassette tape onto a second magnetic cassette tape without the use of a second VCR. Viewing of the recorded material during the copying process is also possible in this arrangement. A major disadvantage is that the incorporation of the second tape deck is expensive and limited to magnetic tape, and furthermore, this prior art does not allow for the transmission or reception of recorded material over optical fibers or the high speed reception or transmission of audio/video material in a digital format. An additional disadvantage is the inability for random access editing of the audio/video signal. Furthermore, the additional mechanical structure adds significantly to the overall dimension of the equipment and increases the prospects of mechanical failures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention, an improved audio/video recorder is provided with added features and functions which significantly enhance its usefulness and functionality.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved audio/video recorder for use in conjunction with an ordinary home television set.

Another object of the invention is to provide in such an improved audio/video recorder a capability for transferring a previously recorded program from one magnetic tape or other storage medium to another.

A further object of the invention is to provide such a capability for transferring a recorded audio/video program without resort to the use of two magnetic tape decks, this being a cumbersome, limited, and expensive approach already proposed in the prior art.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an effective and efficient means for intermediate storage of the audio/video program in digital memory as a means for achieving the transfer of the audio/video program from one tape or storage medium to another.

A still further object of the invention is to provide in such an improved audio/video recorder a capability for accepting various forms of analog or digital audio and video input signals and for converting the analog input signals to digital form when appropriate.

A still further object of the invention is to provide in such an improved audio/video recorder a capability for editing the video input signals without the necessity of using multiple cassettes or recording media.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved audio/video recorder for connection to various signal sources including a TV RF tuner, video camera, video and audio line input, and direct audio/video digital input from sources as diverse as a fiber optic input line, a microwave transceiver or a computer.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved audio/video recorder having a capability for mixing live audio/video programs with either analog or digital audio/video input signals from another source.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved audio/video recorder for simultaneously playing, viewing, recording and/or mixing digital and analog audio/video programs from different digital and analog audio/video sources or storage media.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved audio/video recorder which maximizes a given storage capacity, through the use of a data compression technique.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an audio/video recorder/transceiver utilizing a data compression technique for efficient storage of data, and efficient transmission and reception of a digitized audio/video program over a telephone line, a fiber optic cable, a microwave transceiver or other data transmission means.

A still further object of the invention is to provide in such an improved audio/video recorder a capability for delivering output signals in different forms or formats including a standard RF modulated output signal for viewing on a television set, a digital output signal for viewing on a high-resolution monitor, and audio output signals for a speaker system.

A still further object of this invention is to provide an improved audio/video recorder which provides for random access to any given segment of a self-stored audio/video program so that the desired segment may be accessed and viewed without the time-consuming delays normally involved in fast-forward or fast-reverse searching procedures employed in present state-of-the-art VCR's.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved audio/video recorder which provides convenience in the editing of stored data by virtue of its random access memory capability.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved audio-video recorder which has the potential for enhanced audio and video quality by virtue of its capability for digital audio/video output and digital filtering techniques, and image or audio processing.

Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds, and the features of novelty which characterize the invention will be pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The present invention may be more readily described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the housing of the audio/video recorder editor/transceiver ("VCR-ET") disclosed and embodying the invention;

FIG. 1A (is an enlarged view of the circled area of FIG. 1;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the VCR-ET of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a VCR-ET in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of an audio recorder/transceiver constructed in accordance with the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to the drawing by reference characters, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an improved audio/video recorder editor/transceiver 10 (VCR-ET) comprising an audio/video recording unit (AVRU) 11, a video control unit (VCU) 12, memory 13, digital control unit (DCU) 14, video line or camera input line 15, TV RF tuner 16, auxiliary digital input port 17, fiber optic input/output port 18, RF modulator 19, RGB converter with synchronizer 21, and an audio/video transmitter/receiver 22 with keypad 45, all in a common housing.

The audio/video recording unit AVRU 11 may be a video cassette recorder similar to a conventional VCR in which the storage media 23 is a magnetic tape. Alternatively AVRU 11 may operate with other types of storage media including, but not limited to, other magnetic tape formats. AVRU 11 has all the functions of the typical VCR including record, play, rewind, slow motion, fast-forward and single frame hold.

An alternate form of storage media for use in AVRU 11 is the CD-ROM, which is a disk using a derivative of glass or plastic in conjunction with an aluminum or other metallic coating Audio and video signals are stored in the form of irregularities in the aluminum coated surface and are read using a low power laser. In this case, the user would not be able to store or write on the CD-ROM, but would be able to play discs that have been recorded and distributed commercially. The storage of video and audio signals on the CD-ROM is in digital form which is readily accommodated by the video recorder of this invention.

Instead of using a CD-ROM, VCR-ET 10 can use optical discs as media 23. Such optical discs are similar to a CD-ROM and use a variable power laser to read from or write on the disc.

A first type of optical disc may comprise a WORM (Write Once Read Many) optical disc. This device has the unique capability of writing on the disc permanently. A laser is used to change the magnetic or optical properties of the media A lower-powered laser is then used to read the data from the disc. Data, in this case, is permanently recorded; it may neither be erased nor written over. A further description of this technology can be found in the Nov. 1988 issue of The Electronic System Design magazine (ESD) pages 55-56, incorporated herein by reference.

A second and preferred type of optical disc to be used in AVRU 11 is an erasable optical disc. This disc has full read/write/erase capabilities. With this disc, AVRU 11 has the same record/playback capabilities as a conventional VCR. As an example, erasable optical discs are used in Steven Jobs' "Next" machine as described in Infoworld, Volume 10, issue 42, pages 51 and 93, Oct. 17, 1988, incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the random access capabilities of the erasable disc (and of the CD-ROM and WORM) provide additional benefits as will be discussed in a later part of this specification.

A key element of VCR-ET 10, which is responsible for its improved functionality, is the video control unit or VCU 12. The VCU comprises an analog to digital converter (ADC) 24, a digital to analog converter (DAC) 25, a compressor/decompressor 26, a controller 27, a central processing unit (CPU) 28 and a random access memory (RAM) 29 VCU 12, using these elements, accomplishes the digitization and compression of analog signals as well as the reverse process in which the compressed digital signals are decompressed and converted back to analog signals.

As a first step in the processing of the composite video signals within VCU 12, the sync signals are decoded to isolate signals for each picture frame for processing.

The video signals defining each frame may then be converted to a red analog signal, a green analog signal, and a blue analog signal in a conventional manner. The red, green and blue analog signals are then converted to digital form by the analog to digital converter (ADC) 24. The frame is divided into a set of closely positioned rows and columns of picture elements or "pixels." Each pixel has a color defined by a set of three digital values defining strength of the primary color components, red, green and blue (RGB) respectively. In one embodiment, each frame is divided into an array of 300 by 300 pixels, with the color and luminance of each pixel being defined by a seven bit word for the red component, a seven bit word for the blue component, and a seven bit word for the green component. These words are generated by ADC 24. The RGB video signal may also be processed by means of hue-saturation-intensity (HSI) color processing, where appropriate, as described in "Chips for Real-Time Comparisons," Electronic Engineering Times, issue 525, Feb. 13, 1989, page 122.

If each frame includes 90,000 pixels (300.times.300), and each pixel is defined by 21 bits (7 bits per primary color), the digital representation of a single video frame utilizes a sizable block of digital information (i.e., 1.89 megabits/frame) which must be processed very rapidly. (Approximately 30 frames/second are received from AVRU 11 ). Fortunately the analog to digital conversion of these signals may be accomplished at the desired speed using commercially available analog to digital converter integrated circuits. The analog to digital converter 24 (ADC) is a high-speed, high-accuracy, A to D "flash" converter available as a single IC (integrated circuit). Several different types of such A/D converters are available from Burr-Brown, one of which is the ADC 600. Part number TIC024, manufactured by Tektronix, Inc. is also appropriate. Other types of devices appropriate for this function are described in an article by K. Rogers entitled "8-bit A/D Flash Hits 500 Msamples", Electronic Engineering Times, Dec. 12, 1988, page 90, incorporated herein by reference.

Compression of the digital data defining a video frame and the reverse process (decompression) are accomplished by compressor/decompressor 26. Various algorithms may be employed in the compression process which enable the representation of a series of numbers by a reduced number of digits As an example, compression algorithms like CCITT Group IV may be used.

In one optional embodiment, to further reduce the amount of memory required to store a program, the compression algorithm can simply record data corresponding to only those pixels which change color from one frame to the next. This results in considerable memory space savings, since not all pixels change color each frame. Basing calculation upon 10% of the pixels changing from one frame to the next, it is estimated that memory requirements using this technique are cut by about 90%. It is also estimated that on the average, the CCITT Group IV algorithm can cut memory requirements by another 95%. Thus, if no data compression technique is used, it would take approximately 51.03 gigabytes to store a 2 hour video program, but by using the above compression techniques, it is estimated that memory 13 will require only 250 megabytes.

Controller 27 handles timing and aids in the communication between the different elements of VCU 12, and between VCU 12, AVRU 11 and memory 13.

In one embodiment, the audio portion of the program is periodically sampled and digitized by analog to digital conversion. In one embodiment, this is done at a sample rate of 88,000/second, one byte per sample, to yield compact disc quality sound. The sampling rate could be dropped to reduce memory requirements. Also, the audio data can be compressed with conventional algorithms.

The process of converting either from analog to digital or from digital to analog requires memory for intermediate storage. Random Access Memory (RAM) 29 serves in this capacity For this purpose either a DRAM (Dynamic RAM) or a SRAM (static RAM) may be employed. An example of a DRAM is the TI (Texas Instruments) TMX4C1024; an example of a SRAM is the INMOS IMS-1203. RAM 29 should have sufficient capacity to store at least two full uncompressed frames (e.g., about 472 KB).

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) 28 is a microprocessor which controls the digitization process of VCU 12. CPU 28 works with controller 27 to control and communicate with the other elements of the VCU. There are numerous commercially available microprocessors that are appropriate for this application. The Intel 80286, Intel 80386, Motorola 68020, and Motorola 68030 are examples. A more complete description of the microprocessors can be found in the Oct. 27, 1988 issue of Electronic Design News (EDN), pages 231 and 242, incorporated herein by reference, or in the applicable data sheets.

Controller 27, CPU 28 and RAM 29 serve in the same manner during the reverse processes, i.e., decompression and digital to analog conversion. Decompression is first accomplished in compressor/decompressor 26. The decompressed digital signal is then converted to an analog signal by digital to analog converter (DAC) 24 (assuming its destination requires an analog form). In the course of converting the decompressed signals from the VCU 12 for use by the AVRU 11 the signals are synchronized by the time base generator (TBG) or corrector 48. TBG generator 48 inserts synchronization pulses into the signal provided by VCU 12 to identify individual raster scan lines and frames so that the resulting signal can be used by a conventional television set or VCR. TBG 48 can be bypassed by shunt switch 48' for the purpose of transmitting either compressed or decompressed signals from VCU 12 directly to the AVRU 11 in an uncorrected time based mode.

DAC 25 provides the inverse of the function performed by A/D converter 24. DAC 25 is a high-speed, high accuracy digital to analog converter. An example of such a converter is the Burr-Brown DAC60 digital to analog converter.

Different types of memory technologies are adaptable for use in memory 13. As mentioned earlier, DRAM and SRAM semiconductor memories are commonly used for applications of this type and are readily available.

One type of random access memory is CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor). The CMOS memory has the advantage of a relatively low power requirement and is readily adaptable for use of battery backup for semipermanent data storage. Other types of memory include the above mentioned optical disc memories, bubble memories and magnetic disks. Another appropriate data storage media may be "Digital Paper" available from ICI Image data of Wilmington, Delaware.

Emerging memory technologies may also prove advantageous with capabilities for mass data storage in even smaller physical dimensions.

Digital Control Unit (DCU) 14 comprises a CPU (Central Processor Unit) 31, a ROM (Read Only Memory) 32 and a controller 32. DCU 14 is responsible for all of the digital editing processes. Through the use of DCU 14, video segments may be edited and rearranged. Thus, one may use DCU 14 to rearrange the scenes in a program, alter the program sound track, etc.

In addition, a program may be edited, one frame at a time, by changing the contrast, brightness, sharpness, colors, etc. (Alteration of the contrast, brightness, sharpness and colors can be automated as well.) In one embodiment, images can be rotated, scaled (i.e., made larger or smaller), etc. In addition, pixel by pixel editing can be accomplished by DCU 14, e.g., in a manner similar to a PC paint program. Similar editing features can be incorporated for the audio portion of each program. In one embodiment, a display such as a flat panel video display (not shown) is built into the VCR-ET. A user interface control panel of DCU 14 allows a user to select a desired frame number from a menu on the display. The VCR-ET then displays a strip of frames (including several frames before and after the selected frame). The user can delete frames in a strip, select a point where other frames are to be inserted into the program, or edit different frames (i.e., alter contrast, brightness, sharpness, colors, etc.). In one embodiment, a user input device such as a light pen or mouse can be used to select individual frames in a strip for editing.

Instead of incorporating a flat display into VCR-ET 10, in another embodiment, a television coupled to output lead 42 of RF modulator 19 can be used during editing.

CPU 31 is a microprocessor of the type described in connection with the CPU 28 of VCU 12. Controller 33 is an integrated circuit which handles the timing and interfacing between DCU 14 and memory 13. ROM 32 holds the necessary step-by-step editing programs which are installed at the factory A currently available example of a suitable ROM for this application is the Texas Instruments part TMS47256 CPU 31 and controller 33 together control the editing process as they execute the programs stored in ROM 32.

The VCU 12, memory 13 and DCU 14 communicate with each other via a high speed data bus 34. The high speed data bus is required in order to meet bandwidth requirements. Examples of suitable data bus devices are Motorola's VME bus, Intel's Multibus and the Optobuss (U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,446).

A video line or camera input line 15 is provided to enable VCR-ET 10 to receive an input signal from a source such as a television camera, a conventional VCR, a television tuner, or another VCR, etc. The signals received at input line 15 are typically carried by a coaxial cable and are in the form of a standard television composite signal. As used throughout this specification, the words "standard television composite signal" or its acronym STCS shall be read to include any one of the following: NTSC, PAL, SECAM, HDTV, or any American or European broadcast signal standards. (NTSC, PAL and SECAM are discussed in "Reference Data for Radio Engineers", published by Howard W. Sams & Co. in 1983, incorporated herein by reference.) An NTSC composite signal is defined as the analog signal that carries the chrominance (color), luminance (brightness), synchronization (timing) and audio signals that make up the video signals received and displayed by television and video cassette recorders. These four components are combined into one signal by modulating the components in different ways. (Amplitude modulation and phase modulation are examples.) The standard video line signal is such a composite signal and may be received at input line 15 from one of the above-mentioned sources.

TV RF tuner input port 16 also supplies a composite signal as described in regard to video input line 15. The difference is that this signal is received from an antenna or cable TV coaxial cable. To receive such a signal, tuner 16 is capable of being set or tuned to receive the desired carrier frequency or television channel.

Selector switch 35 is provided to select either video input line 15 or TV RF tuner 16 as an input signal source to AVRU 11.

Auxiliary digital input port 17 is employed to receive any acceptable digital signal such as computer-generated video signal or as may be supplied by another VCR-ET. This signal, for example, may be an RGB video signal such as that delivered to computer monitors, or it may be a digitized audio signal. (As mentioned above, an RGB signal is a signal which communicates the strength of the red, green and blue color components for the pixels that make up each video frame.) Switch 36 selects whether the digital video/audio input signal is chosen from auxiliary digital input port 17. Switch 36 supplies the selected signal to high speed data bus 34 which carries the signals in digital form.

Fiber optic port 18 incorporates a fiber optic transceiver Port 18 has a capability for transforming fiber optic (light) signals to electrical signals or for transforming electrical signals to fiber optic signals Port 18 thus provides a capability for two-way communication between high speed data bus 34 and a fiber optic signal line. The incorporation of fiber optic port 18 in the VCR-ET provides a capability for receiving audio/video signals from or delivering audio/video signals to the fiber optic line such as a fiber optic telephone line. The fiber optic line carries digital signals in the form of light waves over great distances with a high degree of accuracy and reliability and at a high speed (e.g., about 200 megabytes/second). The VCR-ET can receive/transmit a video program at an accelerated rate via fiber optic port 18 from/to a variety of sources. For example a video program may be communicated at an accelerated rate from the first VCR-ET to a second VCR-ET in less time than it would take to view the program. Thus, it is not necessary to access the optical fiber for long periods of time in order to transmit a long video program.

It is also envisioned that in the future, a video library may be established which downloads video programs at an accelerated rate via optical fibers to a subscriber's VCR-ET. After downloading, the program may be viewed, stored in memory, edited and/or a hard copy of the program may be made on magnetic tape, optical disk, etc.

Switch 37 is provided to select connection to the fiber optic input/output port 18. An OFF or open position is provided The selected signal is delivered to or supplied from high speed data bus 34.

Analog output signals from AVRU 11 are delivered to the common terminal 38 of a selector switch 39. When set to position A, switch 39 delivers the output signal of AVRU 11 directly to a video output line 41 as a standard STCS composite signal; when set to position B switch 39 delivers the output of VRU 11 to the input of RF modulator 19. Modulator 19 converts the video signal to an RF-modulated composite signal for delivery to such devices as televisions and conventional VCR's. These types of devices play back the video program on a particular frequency channel (such as channel 4) on the television. Delivery to the television or VCR is via RF output line 42.

Digital output signals from VCR-ET 10 may be dispatched from high speed data bus 34 via line 43 to input leads of RGB converter 21 and audio/video transmitter/receiver 22.

RGB converter 21 converts the STCS signal into an RGB signal as required by computer monitors and similar display devices. The converted signal is received by a display device connected to RGB converter output line 44.

VCR-ET 10 includes audio/video transmitter/receiver 22 which is typically a built-in modem. Advantageously, the modem may be used to communicate an audio/video program over conventional phone lines in a manner similar to that described above with respect to optical fibers. The term modem is derived directly from its functionality as a modulator-demodulator which allows transfer of the audio/video signal in a digital format over the standard telephone line. Modems are commonly available for computers and are currently available in the form of a single integrated circuit. As an example, Sierra Semiconductor offers a 2400 baud single chip modem under its part number SC111006. Representative manufacturers of these single modem IC's can be found in the Apr. 14, 1988 issue of

Engineering Design News (EDN), pages 124-125. Some of these single IC modems have the added capability of generating the tones for dialing a phone number. The destination phone number may be entered by means of an optional keyboard/keypad 45 incorporated in the video recorder 10 of the invention. Output port 46 of transmitter/receiver 22 connects directly to the telephone line.

Also associated with Modem 22 is an auxiliary keyboard 45' (FIG. 1A) of buttons for commanding the modem to perform tasks such as starting a transmission over phone lines (45a), terminating a transmission (45b), automatic telephone answering to receive transmissions (45c), using an optional speaker (not shown) to monitor phone lines (45d), using an optional microphone (not shown) to speak over the phone lines (45e) and for controlling the baud rate (45f).

The application and utilization of the VCR-ET may include a number of forms or operating modes. In its first and simplest operating mode, AVRU 11 may be operated in the manner of a conventional VCR with signals from an antenna being received by tuner 16 and recorded directly on media 23 in analog form. At the same time the received program may be viewed on the television screen with the television connected at video output terminal 42. An optional signal source for this type of operation is the video line or camera input line 15 selectable by switch 35.

In a second operating mode a program stored in media 23 of AVRU 11 may be played back and viewed on the connected television set.

When it is desired to copy a program from one recording media to another, the recording media holding the desired program is installed in the AVRU. The recording media is then played back with optional viewing on a connected television set or other TV monitor or listening through speakers (as appropriate). As the recording media is played back, the analog signals from the recording media (video and/or audio) are dispatched to VCU 12 via connection 47. The analog signals are converted to digital signals by ADC 24, compressed by compressor/decompressor 26 and the compressed digital signals are stored in memory 13. The foregoing operations are accomplished under the control of contr