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Description  |
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates in general to methods and apparatus for operator
interfacing with electrical devices, and more particularly to a pneumatic
switch interface which allows physically disabled people to interact with
a computer.
Even the most routine tasks most people encounter in everyday life,
including operating televisions, telephones, computers and other
electronic equipment, become great challenges when attempted by a severely
physically handicapped person. As a result, physically disabled persons
are largely forced to be dependent on others to help them accomplish these
basic needs.
Previously, substantial efforts have been devoted to the design of
user-operated devices that permit the physically disabled to perform tasks
by exploiting the abilities they do have. Thus, a number of devices have
been developed which are adapted to be operated by extremities in which
even severely physically handicapped people typically retain some degree
of movement. One such device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,229,059 to
Beatty, which comprises a chin-operated switching controller that controls
a television or radio when a person turns his head from side-to-side.
Although devices such as the Beatty controller allow handicapped persons to
perform simple tasks, they are becoming increasingly disfavored due to
their limited capability. Another approach is to use breath-controlled
switches, which are especially helpful for the more severely physically
handicapped persons, such as quadriplegics or bed-ridden patients. U.S.
Pat. No. 4,298,863 to Natitus et al. discloses such a device wherein a
bed-ridden patient blows on the pneumatic transducer of a portable patient
call system to produce an alarm signal for calling a nurse. U.S. Pat. Nos.
3,848,249 to Meiri and 4,453,043 to Zielinski et al. disclose controllers
for persons with motor impairments which automatically dial a telephone
number when a person blows on a breath-operated microswitch. U.S. Pat. No.
4,207,959 to Youdin et al. discloses a voice-activated wheelchair
controller with a plurality of breath-control tubes which override
speech-activated control circuits to manually operate the movement of a
motorized wheelchair. These devices help severely physically handicapped
persons to perform various very simple tasks, but none are sophisticated
enough to enable physically handicapped persons perform the complex tasks
involved in operating a computer.
One computer input device that allows a physically impaired person to
perform a limited number of functions on a computer is described in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,567,479 to Boyd. The Boyd device comprises vacuum-operated
switches which are controlled by a separate breath-control tube. Each
switch generates when actuated a control signal that is connected directly
into a computer which is controlled by a specially-modified software
program. The control signal generated by each switch is associated with a
different single operation to be performed by the computer as specified by
the modified program. The Boyd input device is thus not adaptable to other
computers or computer programs without creating new interface software and
hardware specific to each computer and computer program. In addition, the
Boyd input device is cranially mounted and operated, which may easily
fatigue a physically disabled user after prolonged use. Further, because
the Boyd input device is cranially operated, a user may require assistance
from another when placing or removing such a device from his or her head.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a
pneumatically-controlled, user-operated switch interface that allows a
user to operate a computer without special programming by sipping and
puffing into breath-control tubes to generate control signals which
replicate the operation of a peripheral computer input device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a
pneumatically-controlled, user-operated switch interface for electronic
equipment which is switchable between different signal output modes to
replicate the operation of a plurality of peripheral input devices.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a
pneumatically-actuated, user-operated switch interface for controlling
signal input to electronic devices that performs a greater number of
functions through an innovative multi-integrated design than permitted by
known breath-actuated switch interfaces.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a compact,
economical, non-fatiguing and easy to use electronic equipment input
control system for use by persons who are severely physically disabled.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide an
electronic equipment input control system for physically disabled users
that is compatible with off-the-shelf peripheral input devices.
Still another object of the present invention to provide a stand-alone,
breath-actuated switch interface which can be operated by a physically
handicapped person and also by a non-physically disabled individual.
These and other objects are achieved by a pneumatically-controlled,
user-activated switch interface for providing electrical input signals to
an electronic device via a plurality of inputs of the electronic device,
wherein the switch interface comprises
apparatus providing at least one airway passage;
first switching circuitry for producing a plurality of switching signals
and having at least one pneumatic switch responsive to air pressure in the
at least one airway passage;
second switching circuitry settable in first and second switch positions
for selectively connecting each of the plurality of switching signals to
selected ones of the plurality of electronic device inputs as the
electrical input signals, and
user-activated apparatus for setting the second switching circuitry in the
first and second switch positions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1a is a block diagram showing a functional orientation of a pneumatic
switch interface according to the invention.
FIG. 1b is a block diagram showing a second functional orientation of a
pneumatic switch interface according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a pneumatic switch interface according to
the invention.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a mouthpiece support unit suitable for use
with the invention.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a holding piece suitable for use with the
invention.
FIG. 5a is a more detailed perspective view of a mouthpiece support unit
suitable for use with the invention.
FIG. 5b is a diagram of an airway filtering system integrated into an
integral mouthpiece unit suitable for use with the invention.
FIG. 6 is an internal view of the switch housing of the switch interface of
FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of the control circuitry within the switch housing of
the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of the user-activated means for setting the second
switching means of the switch interface of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram for a switch interface of the invention
configured for a digitizer for use with a computer mouse.
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram for a switch interface of the present
invention configured for a computer mouse.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram for a switch interface of the present
invention configured for a computer joystick.
FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram for a switch interface of the present
invention configured for a hand-held remote control for a television.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The electronic device which is controlled by the pneumatically-controlled,
user-activated switch interface of the present invention may be any device
which receives electrical input signals from another device. Preferably,
the signals are received via input wires or infrared electromagnetic
radiation. Suitable electronic devices include computers and
remote-controlled consumer electronic equipment such as televisions, video
cassette recorders and stereos.
The pneumatically-controlled user-activated switch interface mimics the
signals generated by a control device such as a computer input device, a
video game controller or a television remote control. Typical computer
input devices include a computer mouse, trackball, joystick, digitizing
board, puck, and WIZ. Preferably, the switch interface contains circuitry
which permits both conventional operation of the control device by a
physically able individual, such as a care giver, and switch interface
operation by a physically disabled individual when the care giver is
unavailable.
"Physically disabled" and "physically handicapped" are used synonymously
herein, and mean an individual who does not have adequate motor control to
operate commercially available electronic control devices which are used
by the general public in everyday life. It is believed the switch
interface will find its greatest utility and advantage among physically
disabled persons who possess sufficient control over at least one of their
arms and hands to permit them to use the user-activated means for setting
the second switching means in the first and second switch positions. More
severely disabled persons may utilize the switch interface with the
assistance of another individual, such as a care giver, to use the
user-activated means for setting the second switching means in the first
and second switch positions.
"High air pressure" means the higher than normal atmospheric air pressure
produced by a person puffing or blowing into an airway passage. "Low air
pressure" means the lower than normal atmospheric air pressure produced by
a person sucking or sipping into an airway passage.
The means for providing at least one airway passage may be any airtight
passage which can conduct high and low air pressure from one end of the
passage to the other. The airtight passage must be sufficiently strong not
to burst under high air pressure and sufficiently rigid not to collapse
under low air pressure. Preferably, the airtight passage is a flexible
tube. Most preferably, the means for providing at least one airway passage
include at least 3 separate flexible tubes, each made from an air
impermeable plastic.
One end of the airway passage communicates with the first switching means.
The opposite end of the airway passage receives high and low air pressure
from the user's mouth. Preferably, this is facilitated by means of a
mouthpiece which is detachably attached to the opposite end of the airway
passage.
The first switching means for producing switching signals comprises at
least one pneumatic switch responsive to the air pressure in the airway
passage. Preferably, the first switching means will generate a first
switching signal when there is high air pressure within the airway passage
and a second switching signal when there is low pressure within the airway
passage. A particularly preferred embodiment comprises a low-pressure
responsive switch and a high-pressure responsive switch, each in airtight
parallel communication with the airway passage, such that the air pressure
within the airway passage is simultaneously applied to each switch. In a
still more preferred embodiment, the first switching means comprise a
plurality of such pairs of vacuum-actuated and pressure-activated
switches, with each pair in separate communication with a separate airway
passage.
The second switching means comprises any means which is settable in first
and second switch positions so as to selectively connect the switching
signal generated by the first switching means to selected inputs of an
electronic device. The second switching means are settable in the first
and second switch positions by user-activated means, which may be any
means which may be used to set the second switching means in its first and
second switch positions. A rotatable switch incorporated into a housing of
the switch interface, push buttons and slide switches are three preferred
user-activated means for setting the second switching means. A
particularly preferred embodiment includes at least one electrical switch
exposed through an upper housing cap of the switch interface housing.
The interface switch preferably includes a housing which may be preferably
rotatably mounted upon a surface. The mounting includes securing means
which preferably includes clamps, suction cups, screws or grips.
The operation of the above-described pneumatically-controlled,
user-operated switch interface may be briefly described as follows: The
physically disabled user, or his or her care giver, turns on the
electronic equipment which is desired to be used and manually selects
either the first or second switch positions on the switch interface using
the user-activated means for setting the second switching means, thus
setting the switch interface to provide electrical signals which comprise
input signals to the specific electronic equipment which is desired to be
used. The physically disabled user may then control the operation of the
electronic device by selectively puffing or sipping into the air passage,
thereby creating electrical signals in the first switching means which are
applied to the inputs of the electronic device through the second
switching means. When the user desires to utilize the switch interface for
a different electronic device, or a different electronic function of the
same device, the user, or his or her care giver, simply employs the
user-activated means for setting the second switching means to select the
other switch position, thereby altering the inputs applied to the
electronic device. Thus, the pneumatically-controlled, user-activated
switch interface of the present invention may be employed by a physically
disabled user to control more than one electronic device or more than one
function of a complex electronic device.
The general theory of operation of the present invention is illustrated in
FIGS. 1a and 1b. Referring to FIG. 1a, a pneumatically-controlled,
user-operated switch interface 1 in accordance with the invention is
interposed between two electronic devices A and B. In general, the control
signal output of device A controls the operation of device B. Typically,
device A is an input device such as a computer mouse or joystick having
manual switch buttons which, when pushed by a physically able person,
control a computer program on the computer of device B. Switch interface 1
is wired in parallel with device A so that either device A or switch
interface 1 may control the operation of device B. In this particular
case, switch interface 1 replicates the operation of the mouse or joystick
by reproducing the n-bit instruction word that is transmitted from device
A into device B.
FIG. 1b shows pneumatically-controlled, user-operated switch interface 1 in
a similar but slightly different configuration in which switch interface 1
is interposed between components I and II of device A for generating a
signal output for controlling device B. Typically, component I may be a
computer puck having manual switch buttons which communicates with the
digitizing tablet of component II for collectively controlling the
operation of device B by a physically able person. Switch interface 1 is
wired in parallel with the puck, thereby replicating the puck's signal
output.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, a pneumatically-controlled switch interface 1
comprises a flexible tube 2 extending from a main body 3 to distal end 4.
The distal end 4 of flexible tube 2 screws into threaded cap 5 of holding
piece 6. Holding piece 6 has a pair of jaws 7 which hold a mouthpiece
support unit 8.
Main body 3 can be secured in a vertical position during switch interface
operation, for example, by a suction cup that is attached to a lower
housing cap 26 that grips the surface of a floor or desk top, or by a
C-clamp that attaches around the circumference of a switch housing 25 of
the main body 3 and screws onto a jutting table edge or the like.
Switch housing 25 may be mounted horizontally on a table top as shown in
FIG. 2. In this configuration, the main body 3 is mounted onto a short
section of PVC tubing 43 in a swivel rigid mount connection. The threaded
end 44 of the section of PVC tubing screws into a mounting plate 45
attached onto the surface of a table. The swivel action of main body 3
provides an added degree of freedom to a handicapped user. For instance,
by gripping mouthpieces 10 with his or her teeth, a user may rotate the
mouthpiece support unit 8 into a working position or may push the unit
aside when a session is complete.
As shown in FIG. 3, the bottom of each support ring 9 fastens to mounting
stem 11 which serves to position the associated mouthpiece 10 for use by a
physically disabled user. Stems 11 are mounted side-by-side in closely
spaced planar relationship on short horizontal support bar 12 to allow
ready access to any mouthpiece 10 without substantial effort by the user.
Horizontal support bar 12 is mounted on one end of elongated tube 14 by
support rod 13. Elongated tube 14 has a hooked distal end section 14a for
locating the array of mouthpieces in a more accessible position for the
user. The other end of elongated tube 14 extends into and frictionally
engages the inner surface of a short, conically-shaped hollow support
member 15.
Jaws 7 of the holding piece 6 grip the outer surface of hollow support
member 15 to effectively support the mouthpiece support unit 8 in place.
The hollow support member 14 rotates within jaws 7 to position the array
of mouthpieces in different positions to accommodate the needs of each
individual user.
Referring to FIGS. 3, 4, 5a and 5b, mouthpiece support unit 8 includes an
array of support rings 9, each of which frictionally holds a mouthpiece
10. Each mouthpiece 10 preferably has an internal wet cotton filter, for
example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,153, which collects saliva and
entraps harmful bacteria during use of switch interface 1. The array is
replaceable to maintain proper sanitation between multiple users.
A plurality of air lines 16 are enclosed within the interior of flexible
tube 2. Air lines 16 exit flexible tube 2 through hole 18 and extend into
support member 15. At the open end 18 of elongated tube 14, air lines 16
separate, with each line extending into a hole 19 in the underside of a
respective one of the mouthpieces 10. Air lines 16 are held in frictional
contact with each hole 19 in an airtight connection.
To prevent damage to air lines 16 that might occur as a result of crimping
or twisting, a stainless steel spring or rigid reinforcing wire (not
shown) may be fixed on the exterior surface of flexible tubing 2.
Alternatively, each flexible tube 2 may be made from a protective ribbed
metal tubing, such as the type of tubing used to sheath the receiver coils
on a public telephone, that is durable enough to withstand normal
every-day use. Flexible tube 2 is sufficiently long and flexible to assume
any orientation required to position mouthpieces 10 for comfortable use by
a physically handicapped user.
Flexible tube 2 extends into main body 3 via opening 20 in upper housing
cap 21, as shown in FIG. 6. Flexible tube 2 attaches to upper housing cap
21 by via threaded flange 22 which mates with connector attachment 23 on
flexible tube 2. Each of the three air lines 16 are respectively connected
to a first switching means which are mounted within switch housing 25 of
main body 3. The second switching means is retained in rotatable housing
portion 60 which is mounted between switch housing 25 and upper housing
cap 21. The switch housing 25 may be made from PVC tubing that is secured
to upper housing cap 21, via rotatable housing portion 60, and a lower
housing cap 26 by screws (not shown) to form an enclosure around the first
switching means.
Specifically for the case where device B is a computer, as illustrated in
FIG. 1a, pneumatically-controlled switch interface 1 generates a signal
output which replicates the signal output of a selected peripheral
computer input device A. The first switching means comprise arrays of
pneumatic switch assemblies 28. The second switching means comprise a
group of external manual selector switches 29. The array of pneumatic
first switch assemblies 28 cooperates with the group of second switching
means 29 to complete an electrical circuit for placing signal voltages
onto the correct leads of a computer pin-plug interface for replicating
the operation of an input device, based on the high and low air pressure
exerted upon the pneumatic switch assemblies by the user.
As shown in FIG. 7, each switch assembly 28 comprises associated vacuum and
pressure sensitive micropneumatic switches 30A and 30B which produce
switching signals in response to high and low air pressure created within
an airline 16 by a user sipping or puffing onto a mouthpiece 10.
Micropneumatic switches 30A and 30B are commercially available, i.e.
Micropneumatic Logic Industry, Part #502-P-G-RANGE-A. Second switching
means 29 selectively connect switching signals generated by the pneumatic
first switching means 28 onto the correct pins of an 8-pin computer plug
to produce a signal output that is compatible with a selected computer
input device. It will be appreciated that first switching means (switch
assemblies 28) and second switching means (selector switches 29) can be
implemented using printed circuit board or integrated circuit technology
in lieu of discrete components.
Within switch housing 25, each air line 16 splits into two separate air
lines 16a and 16b via a Y-shaped connector 33. Air lines 16a and 16b are
connected to the associated vacuum switch 30A and the pressure switch 30B,
respectively, so that the air pressure within each air line 16 is applied
to both of its associated switches 30 simultaneously.
During operation of switch interface 1, a puff of air on a mouthpiece 10
causes high air pressure within an associated air line 16 that is
simultaneously applied to both an associated vacuum switch 30A and
pressure switch 30B via communicating air line branches 16a and 16b. The
high air pressure closes pressure switch 30B to generate a corresponding
first signal output while the vacuum switch 30A remains inactive.
Analogously, low air pressure caused by a sip through airline 16 closes a
vacuum switch 30A to produce a corresponding second signal output while
the pressure switch 30B remains inactive. Therefore, each airline 16 has
the capability of specifying two independent functions that can be
performed on a computer.
Closing the pneumatic first switching means creates switching signals which
are selectively directed onto the correct pin configuration by the second
switching means (external selector switches 29) for replicating the signal
output of a desired peripheral computer input device.
By adding air lines and associated switching circuitry, switch interface 1
may be expanded to specify more functions. For example, a switch interface
having two air lines is able to implement four functions, a switch
interface having three air lines is able to implement six functions, and
so on.
Referring to FIG. 8, the second switching means are mounted so that four
operator actuator members 29A thereof extend through hole 38 in rotatable
housing portion 60. By varying the orientation of operator actuator
members 29A between two switching configurations, the
pneumatically-controlled switch interface can produce a signal output
which replicates the signal output of a selected computer input device.
Rotation of housing portion 60 so that rotatable housing portion 60
engages three of the four selector members 29A causes the selector members
29A to move into a second configuration. The fourth switch must be
manually switched from one position to a second position. Switching
configuration I produces a signal output which is compatible with a first
class of input devices. Alternatively, switching configuration II produces
a signal output which is compatible with a second group of input devices.
Once a physically disabled user sips or puffs on a mouthpiece 10 to select
a desired function on the computer, switch interface 1 replicates the
signals produced by a selected input device by placing signal voltages on
those leads which correspond to a specific input pin configuration. The
signals pass from the switch housing along these leads into the computer
serial input port for processing by the associated computer input device
software. By selectively connecting signal voltages onto the correct pins
of a computer plug interface, switch interface 1 can replicate the
operation of various input devices.
Input devices may be integrated onto the switch interface 1 by connecting
the jack on an input device cable to its female counterpart 40 on an
external cable that extends from switch housing 25. By the same token the
switch interface 1 may employ an external cable to carry signals out from
the switch housing for processing.
FIG. 9 shows a practical example of how switch interface 1 replicates the
operation of one class of input devices when second switching means 29 are
moved into first switching configuration. FIGS. 10-12 show practical
examples of how switch interface 1 can replicate the operation of a second
class of input devices when second switching means 29 are moved into a
second switching configuration.
The circuit diagram of a pneumatically controlled, user-activated switch
interface for replicating the signal output of a CALCOMP Model 33110 WIZ
computer input device is shown in FIG. 9. The WIZ is a computer input
device comprising a puck with six manual switch buttons which select
functions on a digitizing board for implementing functions on a computer.
Pneumatically-controlled switch interface 1 uses its first switching means
to generate switching signals for replicating the signal generated by
pushing each manual switch button. By manually placing selector switch M1
in the configuration shown, switch interface 1 generates switching signals
from its first switching means 200-205 which reproduce the puck's manual
switch button signals. The three air pressure-actuated switches 200, 202
and 204 and the three vacuum-actuated switches 201, 203 and 205
individually close to complete specific circuit paths which selectively
connect signal voltages to output leads 6, 7 or 8 of pin-plug 210 on the
digitizing board. The pneumatically-controlled first switching means of
switch interface 1 is connected in parallel to corresponding leads from
the WIZ input device so that it retains full operational capability in
lieu of signals directed through switch interface 1.
Pneumatically-controlled first switching means 200-205 individually close
for generating a 4-pin signal for performing one of six distinct computer
functions. Pins 1 and 2 carry source voltage from the digitizing board's
power supply (not shown) to pneumatically-controlled first switching means
200-205. For example, pin 2 may carry a +5 V dc signal to vacuum-actuated
switches 201,203,205. Accordingly, pin 1 carries -5 V dc to
pressure-actuated switches 200,202,204. If +5 V dc is considered high (H)
and -5 V is considered low (L), the following Table I represents the
6-line signal generated by pneumatically-controlled first switching means
200-205 across pins 6, 7 and 8 of an 8-pin computer serial port for
performing 6 separate functions:
TABLE 1
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Pins
6 7 8 Computer functions
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-- -- L function 1
-- -- H function 2
-- L -- function 3
-- H -- function 4
L -- -- function 5
H -- -- function 6
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Specifically, when pneumatic switch 200 closes, which would be analogous to
pressing a manual switch button on the WIZ's puck, -5 V dc is selectively
connected from pin 1 along lead 250 to pin 8, making pin 8 go low.
Similarly, when switch 201 closes, +5 V dc is selectively connected from
pin 2 along lead 251 to pin 8 through selector switch M1, making pin 8 go
high. This would correspond to closing a second manual switch on the WIZ
puck. Analogously, when switch 202 closes, +5 V dc is selectively
connected to pin 7, making it high. When switch 203 closes, -5 V dc is
selectively connected to pin 7 through selector switch M2, making it low.
And, when switches 204 and 205 close, -5 V dc and +5 V dc are placed on
pin 6, respectively, making it low and high in each case. Selector
switches M3 and M4 selectively connect source voltages from pins 1 and 2
to switches 204 and 205, respectively. Pins 3,4 and 5 are inoperative in
this illustrative embodiment.
For the second selector switch configuration, the circuit diagrams of
switch interface 1 for replicating the push of buttons on a computer
mouse, joystick, and a remote control are shown. A computer mouse
typically has several buttons which, when pushed, control different
functions on a computer. FIG. 10 shows the circuit diagram for switch
interface 1 for a GENIUS Model GM-6 mouse. In this configuration, three
pneumatically-controlled first switching means 300,301 and 302 generate
switching signals which correspond to each of three manual switches on the
mouse. The switching signals form a 3-bit digital signal which is
selectively placed onto pins 6,7 and 8 for input into the computer when
certain pneumatic switches are closed. Selector switch M1 connects source
voltage from pin 2 to switch 301. Pins 1,3 and 4 bypass all associated
pneumatic circuitry to carry mouse positional signals to the computer. Pin
5 is inoperative in this illustrative example. The following Table 2
defines the 3-bit digital code generated by switch interface 1 for
emulating the operation of the mouse.
TABLE 2
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Pins
6 7 8 Mouse functions
______________________________________
0 0 1 switch 1
0 1 0 switch 2
1 0 0 switch 3
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FIG. 11 shows the circuit diagram for the switch interface 1 corresponding
to a CALCOMP Model 23120 puck and digitizing board computer input device.
In this configuration, an additional pneumatically-controlled switch 303
is added to the first switching means circuitry of FIG. 10. Pneumatic
switching signals generate a 4-bit digital code that corresponds to each
of four buttons on the puck. Selector switch M1 connects source voltage
from pin 2 to the vacuum-actuated pneumatic switches. Pins 1,3 and 4 carry
positional signals directly from the puck to the digitizing board
bypassing all pneumatic circuitry. The following Table 3 defines 4-bit
digital signal generated by switch interface 1 for replicating the
operation of the puck.
TABLE 3
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Pins
5 6 7 8 Computer functions
______________________________________
1 0 0 0 function 1
0 1 0 0 function 2
0 0 1 0 function 3
0 0 0 1 function 4
______________________________________
FIG. 12 shows the circuit diagram for a pneumatically-controlled,
user-operated switch interface corresponding to a Curtis Mathis hand-held
remote controller for a television set. In this configuration, additional
pneumatically-controlled switches are added for performing six different
television functions. By puffing or sipping into the appropriate air line,
a user may be able to turn a television on or off, increase or decrease
volume, and change the channel. Pin 8 is inoperative in this illustrative
embodiment.
The pneumatically-controlled, user-operated switch interface of the present
invention may be used to operate any number of input devices, to provide a
physically disabled person the ability to operate complicated drawing
programs, such as AutoCAD, or video games, such as NINTENDO.
Those of ordinary skill in this art will understand that the
above-described embodiments are merely illustrative examples of the
invention application. Numerous other arrangements may be readily devised
by those skilled in the art which will embody the principles of the
invention and fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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