N,N'-substituted imidodicarbonimidic diamides derived from hydroxylamines

We claim:

1. A compound of the formula ##STR7## wherein: R.sup.1 is substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group of 1 to 16 carbon atoms; wherein the substituents are mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, aryl and aralkyl,

R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of same group of values as R.sup.5 other than carbocycloaryl, and when further bonded to the nitrogen to which it is attached, a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms,

R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl of 3-8 carbon atoms, mono and polycarbocycloaryl of 4-7 atoms per ring, wherein the substituents are;

mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halo lower alkyl, cycloalkyl of 3-8 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, nitro, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, phenyl loweralkyl, phenyl, mono and polyhalophenyl, phenoxy, mono and polyhalophenoxy;

and halo provided however, that such halo substitution is in a mono and polycarbocycloaryl of 4-7 atoms per ring,

R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 which may be the same or different are hydrogen, alkanoyl or alkoxy alkanoyl, and when further bonded to the nitrogen to which either is attached, a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms, and

R.sup.7 may also be selected from the group consisting of same group of values as R.sup.5, and when further bonded to the nitrogen to which it is attached, a saturated or unsaturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms,

Y is oxygen or sulfur,

q is 0 or 1,

m is 1 or 0, having the latter value where R.sup.3 is a moiety having two bonds attached to N.sup.5,

provided that unless otherwise stated the prefix alk designates moieties which are straight chain or branched chain of 1-24 carbon atoms, and when further prefixed by the term lower, designates 1-6 carbon atoms,

the respective tautomers thereof, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and addition salts thereof and the hydrates of said salts and addition salts and mono and diacyl derivatives thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein:

R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl and n-decyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and methylcyclohexyl, wherein the substituents are;

mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting methyl, ethyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cycloheptyl; di- and tri halophenyl, di- and tri halophenoxy; and halo provided however, that such halo substitution is in an aryl moiety.

3. The compound of claim 1 wherein R.sup.3 is substituted and unsubstituted straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R.sup.3 is joined with the N.sup.5 to form, a saturated heterocycle of 4 to 8 carbon atoms.

5. The compound of claim 1 wherein the R.sup.5 moiety is unsubstituted and is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, n-decyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and phenyl.

6. The compound of claim 1 wherein the substituents on the R.sup.5 moiety may be mono or poly substituents and are selected from the group consisting of:

methyl, ethyl,

cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,

nitro,

methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,

benzyl, phenethyl, biphenylenyl; and

chloro, bromo and fluoro, provided however said halo substitutions occurs only on an aryl moiety.

7. The compound of claim 1 wherein the R.sup.3 moiety is substituted and said substituents are mono or poly substituents and are selected from the group consisting of:

methyl, ethyl,

cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,

methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,

benzyl, phenethyl, biphenylenyl.

8. The compound of claim 3 wherein R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl and iso-propyl.

9. The compound of claim 3 wherein R.sup.3 is substituted and the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkoxy of 1-6 carbon atoms.

10. The compound of claim 1 of the formula ##STR8## wherein: .phi. is a substituted phenyl, n is an integer of 1-4, Y is O, R.sup.1 is (CH.sub.2).sub.z where z is an integer of 1-4 and R.sup.3 is isopropyl, its tautomers, a non-toxic acid addition salt, or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

11. The compound of claim 1 which is N-[3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propoxy]-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, its tautomers, a non-toxic acid addition salt, or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

12. The compound of claim 1 which is N-[3-(2,5-dichlorothiophenoxy) propoxy]-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, its tautomers, a non-toxic acid addition salt, or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

13. The compound of claim 1 which is N-3-(4-chlorothiophenoxy) propoxy-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, its tautomers, a non-toxic acid addition salt, or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

14. The compound of claim 1 which is N-3,4-dichlorobenzoxy -N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide, its tautomers, or a non-toxic acid addition salt or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

15. A method of protecting subjects liable thereto from infections caused by an organism selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium sp., Mycobacterium sp and Pneumocystis carinii which comprises administering to a subject liable to infection by exposure to such organisms, a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

16. A method of claim 15 wherein the organisms are selected from the group consisting of P. falciparum, M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis and M. Kanasii.

17. A method of reducing the level of infection in subjects suffering therefrom caused by an organism selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium sp., Mycobacterium sp and Pneumocystis carinii which comprises administering to an infected subject an infection reductively effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

18. A method of claim 17 wherein the organisms are selected from the group consisting of P. falciparum, M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis and M. Kanasii.

19. A prophylactic composition for protecting subjects liable thereto from infections caused by an organism selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium sp., Mycobacterium sp. and Pneumocystis carinii which comprises a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

20. A composition of claim 19 wherein the organisms are selected from the group consisting of P. falciparum, M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis and M. Kanasii.

21. A composition for reducing the level of infection in subjects suffering from infections caused by an organism selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium sp., Mycobacterium sp. and Pneumocystis carinii which comprises an infection reductively effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

22. A composition of claim 21 wherein the organisms are selected from the group consisting of P. falciparum, M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis and M. Kanasii.

23. A composition of claim 19 formulated for oral administration.

24. A composition of claim 21 formulated for oral administration.

25. A composition of claim 23 formulated for administration as tablets or capsules.

26. A composition of claim 24 formulated for administration as tablets or capsules.

27. A method of potentiating the method of claim 15 which comprises the coadministration with sulfonamides or sulfones.

28. A method of potentiating the method of claim 17 which comprises the coadministration with sulfonamides or sulfones.

29. The compound of claim 11 which is N-[3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propoxy]-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride mono hydrate and its tautomers.

30. The compound of claim 1 which is N"-acetyl-N-[3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propoxyl]-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidod icarbonimidic diamide, its tautomers, a non-toxic acid addition salt, or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

31. The compound of claim 1 which is N-[3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) ethoxyl]-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidicdiamide, its tautomers, a non-toxic acid addition salt, or a mono or diacetyl derivative thereof.

32. The compound of claim 1 wherein R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, n-decyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl and morpholinyl, and also forms, with the nitrogen to which it is attached, a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of pyrrolino, piperidino or pyrrolidino.

Description Submit all comments and votes

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to N,N'-substituted asymmetrical imidodicarbonimidic diamides derived from hydroxylamines and their derivatives and to processes for making them.

2. Discussion of the prior art.

The related triazine derivatives (Onori, E. and Majori, G. Recent acquisitions on chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of malaria. Ann 1st Super Sanita. 25:659-74) (1989) are poorly absorbed and have been shown to be less effective in eliciting cures when administered orally, as compared to injection, to malaria-infected aotus monkeys. The related triazine derivatives, must be administered by injection to observe activity comparable to or exceeding other known antimalarial drugs. (Knight, D. J. and Peters, W. The antimalarial activity of N-benzyloxy dihydrotriazines. I. Ann. Tropical Med. Parasitor. 74:393-404 (1980). The antimalarial activity of N-benzyloxydihydrotriazines. IV. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 76:9-14, Knight, D. J. and Williamson, P. (1982), U.S. Pat. No. 4,232,022, U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,562). Additionally such triazines have been reported as poorly tolerated when given by the oral route (Knight, D. J. and Williamson, P. (1982) supra).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There are provided novel, pharmaceutically active compounds of the formula ##STR2## and all of its tautomers such as, for example: ##STR3## all being subsumed under the general designation of formula I. Any one of these formulae used herein shall be considered as the equivalent of and subsume the others.

In Formula I:

R.sup.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group of 1 to 16 carbon atoms; wherein the substituents are mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, aryl and aralkyl,

R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of same group of values as R.sup.5, and may also form, with the nitrogen to which it is attached a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms,

R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl of 3-8 carbon atoms, mono and polycarbocycloaryl of 4-7 atoms per ring,

wherein the substituents are mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halo lower alkyl, cycloalkyl of 3-8 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, nitro, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, phenyl loweralkyl, phenyl, mono and polyhalophenyl, phenoxy, mono and polyhalophenoxy, and halo provided however, that such substitution is in a mono and polycarbocycloaryl of 4-7 atoms per ring,

R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 may be the same or different when R.sup.6 is hydrogen, alkanoyl or alkoxyalkanoyl and may also form, with the nitrogen to which they are attached, a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms,

R.sup.7 may also be selected from the group consisting of same group of values as R.sup.5,

Y is oxygen or sulfur,

m is 0 or 1,

q is 0 or 1, provided that unless otherwise stated the prefix alk designates moieties which are straight chain or branched chain, and the term lower designates 1-6 carbon atoms and the unmodified term alk signifies 1-24 carbon atoms, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and addition salts thereof and the hydrates of said salts and addition salts, and the mono and diacyl derivatives thereof.

It is believed the chemical formulas and names used herein correctly and accurately reflect the underlying chemical compounds. However, the nature and value of the present invention does not depend upon the theoretical correctness of these formulas, in whole or in part. Thus, it is understood that the formulas used herein, as well as the chemical names attributed to the correspondingly indicated compounds, are not intended to limit and do not limit the invention in any way, including restricting it to any specific tautomeric form or to any specific optical or geometric isomer.

Compounds within the scope of the present invention have antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity of various kinds, including antimalarial activity and provide a novel pharmacological activity since unlike previously reported triazine derivatives the parent compound and its derivatives described herein are highly bioavailable by virtue of their ability to be readily absorbed when taken orally.

There is disclosed a method for synthesizing the novel compounds of the present invention by reacting an appropriately substituted hydroxylamine, thioamine or isosteric amine with a substituted dicyanodiamide in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a disubstituted imidodicarbonimidic diamide with N and N' substituents. These products may then be further salified or further reacted to produce additional substituents in the biguanide.

The aforesaid substituted hydroxylamines may be synthesized as follows: ##STR4##

The foregoing route is valid where Y.sub.q is O or S and R.sup.7 is hydrogen, alkanoyl or alkoxyalkanoyl. However where R.sup.7 is selected from the R.sup.5 group a different route is desirable to compound (VII) and then to (I). ##STR5##

Thus there are also provided methods of protecting subjects liable thereto, from infections caused by an organism selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium sp., Mycobacterium sp and Pneumocystis carinii which comprises administering to a subject liable to infection by exposure to such organisms, a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of the above formula I. Similarly there are provided methods of reducing the level of infection in subjects suffering from infections caused by an organism selected from the foregoing group which comprise administering to such subjects an effective amount of a compound of formula I.

Prophylactic and treatment compositions for the foregoing purposes are also provided which comprise a prophylactically or infection reductively effective amount of a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such compositions may be formulated for oral administration by which route these compounds and compositions are well absorbed, especially as tablets or capsules.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

There are provided pharmaceutically active compounds of the formula ##STR6## wherein:

R.sup.1 is substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group of 1 to 16 carbon atoms, suitably lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, n-decyl, or cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl.

The substituents are mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, n-decyl, or cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, aryl, suitably phenyl, napthyl, tetrahydronapthyl, indanyl, indenyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, and aralkyl such as benzyl and phenethyl,

R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of same group of values as R.sup.5, if desired it may also form, with the nitrogen to which it is are attached, a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms such as pyrrolino, piperidinocer pyrrolidino,

R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, n-decyl, or cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, aryl, suitably phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, biphenylyl, heterocycloalkyl such as tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl and morpholinyl, wherein the substituents are mono or poly and are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, halo lower alkyl such as trifluoromethyl or cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, lower alkenyl, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, iso-propenyl, isobutenyl, n-pentenyl, lower alkynyl, such as ethynyl, n-propynyl, iso-propynyl, isobutynyl, n-pentynyl, nitro, lower alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, isobutoxy, n-pentoxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, such as formyloxy, acetoxy, propionyloxy, and butyryloxy, phenyl loweralkyl, such as benzyl, phenyl, phenoxy, mono and polyhalophenyl, mono and polyhalophenoxy, wherein the halo group is fluoro, chloro or bromo, which may also serve as mono and poly substituents for the above named aryl moieties.

R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 may be the same or different and are hydrogen or alkanoyl, suitably formyl, acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl. If desired they may also form, with the nitrogen to which they are attached a saturated heterocycle of 4-8 carbon atoms such as pyrrolidyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl.

Y is oxygen or sulfur.

m is 0 or 1.

q is 0 or 1,

the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and addition salts thereof and the hydrates of said salts and addition salts.

Also included are the mono and diacyl derivatives thereof, suitably alkanoyl or aralkanoyl derivatives such as acetyl and benzyl derivatives.

The compounds of formula I of the present invention may be synthesized by a number of routes of which the following is of most general applicability and is preferred. In this multi-step process, some of the intermediates may be commercially available, however for the sake of completeness, the following process description commences with readily commercially obtainable starting materials.

Where it is intended to form a compound wherein Y is oxygen or sulfur and q is 1, the starting material is an alkanol, a phenol or a mercaptan (II). Where the starting material is an alkanol, there is utilized an excess of the alkanol and the desired quantity to be reacted is treated with one equivalent of alkali metal sodium to form the alkali metal salt in alkanolic solution.

In the case of mercaptans or phenols there is utilized an excess of aqueous alkali, suitably sodium hydroxide, which forms the appropriate sodium salt at ambient temperatures in a few minutes. There is then added an excess, suitably a 2-fold excess of a dihaloalkane over the calculated amount of alkali metal salt, the position of the halo groups determining the length of the R.sup.1 moiety. The mixture is heated under reflux for from about 1 to about 4 hours. A further excess of alkali is added and the reaction mixture held at between 50.degree. and 70.degree. C. for about 1/2 hour. The mixture is cooled, the lower organic layer separated, washed, and distilled under reduced pressure to give water, unreacted dihaloalkane and the desired R.sup.5 oxy or thioalkyl halide (IV).

Acetohydroxamic acid is converted into the corresponding alkali metal hydroxamate (V) by addition of alkanoic, suitably an ethanolic solution of alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. The oxy or thioalkyl halide (IV) produced as above, is then added and the mixture heated under reflux, suitably from about 4 to about 8 hours and cooled. Precipitated alkali metal halide salt is removed by filtration, the solvents removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in a polar, water miscible, organic solvent, suitably acetone solution, again filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the corresponding oxy or thioalkyl acetohydroxamate (VI).

Where q is 0, for example where R.sup.5 -R.sup.1 is benzyl, the corresponding R.sup.5 -R.sup.1 halo compound (IV) such as benzyl bromide, may be commercially obtained and this is then reacted directly with the alkali metal acetohydroxamate as described above.

The acetohydroxamate (VI) is taken up in an alkanol, to which is added an excess of dilute mineral acid, suitably hydrochloric acid, the mixture heated under reflux for about 2 to about 6, suitably from 4 hours, the solvents removed under pressure and the residue extracted with dry diethyl ether. The solvent is then removed under reduced pressure and the residue recrystallized from an alkanol, suitably ethanol or isopropanol, to give the desired alkyloxyamine hydrochloride (VII).

The alkyloxyamine hydrochloride (VII) is taken up in an alkanol and treated with concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid until the solution is clearly acidic. The appropriate omega-substituted dicyandiamide, for example, a lower alkyl dicyandiamide (VII), is added in excess. The mixture heated under reflux for about 2 to about 6 hours, the solvents removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to yield the desired alkoxy omega-substituted iminodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride (I). This oil, upon treatment and trituration with anhydrous ether, gives a solid precipitate which may be recrystallized, suitably from ethyl acetate, as the hydrate.

Where reagent (VIII) is a mono omega-substituted dicyandiamide carrying no substitution on the remaining imino nitrogen, then R.sup.7 in compound (VIII) is hydrogen and the thus obtained product of formula I will carry no substituents on the N.sup.2 and N.sup.4 nitrogens, that is to say, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 will be hydrogen. Where both nitrogens of the imino groups are substituted, then R.sup.7 will be other than hydrogen.

Where it is desired either to place the same substituent on both the N.sup.2 and N.sup.4 nitrogens or, where R.sup.7 is other than hydrogen, to place a different substituent on the N.sup.2 nitrogen, the hydrochloride hydrate (I) is suspended in a suitable water immiscible reaction inert organic solvent, suitably ethyl acetate, shaken with an excess of aqueous alkali, suitably aqueous sodium hydroxide, the organic layer separated, dried, and heated under reflux for from about 1 to about 4 hours with an excess of a suitable acylating agent, for example acetyl chloride. After completion of the reaction, the volatile components are removed under reduced pressure to yield the desired N.sup.2 acylated compound.

As illustrated above, where R.sup.7 has a value selected from the R.sup.5 group a different synthetic route is desirable. The methodology is that of Curd, F. H. S, et al J. Chem Soc. 1630-45 (1948) and Davidson, J. S., Chemistry and Industry, 1977-8 (1965).

The R.sup.3 isothiocyanate (XXXI) is added to a suspension of sodium cyanamide in alkanol, such as ethanol, which precipitates the sodium salt of N-cyano-N'-R.sup.3 thiourea (XXXII) which is filtered off, washed with alkanol. Methyl iodide is added with rapid stirring at ambient temperature. The product separates. The suspension is cooled in an ice bath, the solids filtered off and washed with water and dried to give N-cyano-N'-R.sup.3 -S-methylisothiourea (XXXIII).

The isothiourea (XXXIII) is added to an alkanolic solution of R.sup.7 amine and the mixture heated for 4 hours in a pressure bottle at about 50.degree. C. The resulting clear solution is gradually diluted with water (75 cc) and product crystallizes out to give the dicyano R.sup.3, R.sup.7 diamide (XXXIV). This can then be reacted with the hydroxylamine hydrochloride salt (VIII) as described previously to obtain the desired compound (I).

The compounds of the present invention may be made in the form of the monohydrohalic acid addition salts and/or the solvated compound, for example the hydrochloride hydrate or the hydrobromide. Other salts may be made however by simple reaction of a base with acid and may be desirable in order to modify the properties of the product such as its toxicity, taste, physical form or rate of release into the body. For example the compounds may be made in the form of the picrate, saccharinate, acetate, acid maleate, acid phthalate, succinate, phosphate, nitrobenzoate, stearate, mandelate, N-acetyl-glycinate, pamoate, sulfonate, di-sulfonate, cyclohexyl sulphamate, citrate, tartrate, or gluconate.

Stable salts are normally formed with a ratio of one molecule of N, N' poly-substituted imidodicarbonimidic diamides to 1 or 2 molecules of monobasic acid (or more than one molecule of compound 1 in the case of polybasic acids) but the possibility of having basic groups as substituents in R.sub.5 for example means that further quantities of acid may be combined with the disubstituted imidodicarbonimidic diamide in some cases. In addition the above molecules may contain various hydrated forms with molecules of water or other solvent included in the molecular formula of the stable entity.

The presence of the imino biguanide nitrogens on the molecule create the possibility of forming acyl derivatives by reaction with appropriate substrates.

There is disclosed an improved mode of prophylaxis and treatment of infections by one or more of Plasmodia; mycobacteria; toxoplasmosis and pneumocystis organisms; and agents causing nocardia infections. The N,N'-substituted asymmetrical biguanides of Formula I of the present invention and/or salts and/or derivatives have antimalarial and antibacterial activity as well as effectiveness against some fungi, protozoans, parasites and viruses. Additionally, the N" and N'" substituted derivatives of formula I exhibit like activities. In particular, these N,N'-substituted asymmetrical biguanides and salts, as well as their N" and N'" substituted derivatives exhibit antiparasitic activity including activity against the Plasmodia of malaria, P. falciparum exhibit antimicrobial activity against mycobacteria including but not limited to M. avium intercellulare, M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae and Toxoplasma gondii and Pneumocystis organisms such as P. carinii associated with but not limited to immunocompromised patients. In addition, these compounds have activity against nocardia infections. These compounds can also be potentiated in combination with sulfonamides or sulfones to improve the biological spectrum and potency of these compounds of Formula I.

Our use data have been confirmed by additional extensive animal studies supported by the U.S. Department of the Army.

It is our finding that the novel compounds of the present invention show high levels of effectiveness when given orally, as compared to the related triazine derivatives which are known to be poorly absorbed. Unlike the related triazine derivatives, this novel series of compounds need not be administered by injection to observe activity comparable to or exceeding other known antimalarial drugs.

EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE INVENTION

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

The method of testing for activity against human malaria parasites is described in detail by L. H. Schmidt, Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hygiene, 1978, 27:718-737. The detailed methods include all aspects of animal treatment, infection and evaluation of drug efficacy.

The testing is carried out by in vivo screening in a system accepted as the standard for identifying effective antimalarial compounds in humans. The test system utilizes night monkeys (Aotus, Trivergatus) native to Columbia. The monkeys are infected with various selected strains of malaria by means of an intravenous inoculation of 5.times.10.sup.6 trophozoites. These trophozoites are obtained directly from P. falciparum infections isolated from humans and the infectious organisms are well characterized with respect to their response to medication. The Aotus system is unique in that it makes possible the evaluation of human falciparum malaria. The drugs are administered to the monkeys via stomach tube, and the usual schedule of testing involves daily dosing of the test animals for seven days. Activity is determined by the clearance or the eradication of the malarial infection.

In Table 1. provided, the activity of title compound JPC7776, N-[3-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propoxy]-N'-(1-methylethyl)imidodicarbonimidi c diamide, is compared to two known antimalarial drugs and is tested comparatively in the highly drug resistant Vietnam Smith strain of Plasmodia falciparum. JPC7776 elicited a clearcut dose response with 8/8 animals treated with 3.0 mg/kg daily for three days showing clearance of parasites (100% response). Three of eight subjects were cured (37.5%). Higher doses produced higher cure rates of 75% and 100% at doses of 30.0 and 150.0 mg/kg. Comparison with proguanil or cycloguanil up to 150 mg/kg for three days showed no activity (0% response).

TABLE 1 ______________________________________ ACTIVITY OF JPC7776 AGAINST PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTIONS MALARIA DOSE mg/kg PRIMARY TREATMENTS STRAIN TOTAL DAILY CLEARED CURED ______________________________________ Smith 0.3 0.1 0/4 0/4 3.0 1.0 8/8 3/8 30.0 10.0 7/8 6/8 1 died early 150.0 50.0 3/3 3/3 ACTIVITY OF PROGUANIL, AGAINST PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTIONS Smith 3.0 1.0 0/2 0/2 30.0 10.0 0/2 0/2 150.0 50.0 0/2 0/2 ACTIVITY OF CYCLOGUANIL, AGAINST PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTIONS Smith 3.0 1.0 0/2 0/2 30.0 10.0 0/2 0/2 150.0 50.0 0/2 0/2 ______________________________________

Comparative tests in vivo in mice against Plasmodium have been carried out. Confirming tests conducted under the auspices of the U. S. Department of the Army demonstrate favorable oral activity. Results demonstrate the superior bioavailability and effectiveness of JPC7776 via the oral route as compared to its corresponding triazine WR99210 and the antimalarial proguanil. These data in Table 2 show the number of cures and the effective dose curing 50% of infected animals (ED-50) when drugs were administered in peanut oil via the subcutaneous route (SQ) or when administered as a single oral dose (PO). Premature deaths of animals (earlier than five days post infection) are considered as indications of toxicity. Table 2 summarizes the reduced toxicity of JPC7776 in this screening test and the superior oral efficacy.

A second widely recognized standard test is also presented in Table 3 demonstrating a direct comparison of subcutaneous (SQ) versus oral (PO) dosage of P. Berghei in mice. These tests systems are described in detail in publications by L. Rane and D. S. Rane, 9th Int. Congr. Trop. Med. Malaria. (1973) 1:281 (#406) and (2) T. S. Osdedne, P. B. Russell and L. Rane, J. Med. Chem. 1967. 10:431.

In this methodology, groups of 5 or 10 mice are infected with a standard inoculum of a blood-induced P. berghei infection and are treated with a single subcutaneous dose (9 ng/kg) of test drug suspended in peanut oil or a single oral dose of test drug suspended in hexamethyl cellulose and Tween. The animals are then observed for a maximum of thirty days. Control animals normally live between 6 and 7 days. For a drug to be considered effective, test animals must survive at least twice as long as untreated infected control animals. Animals surviving for thirty days are considered cured.

TABLE 2 ______________________________________ ACTIVITY OF JPC7776, TRIAZINE WR99210 AND PROGUANIL AGAINST P. BERGHEI INFECTIONS. COMPARISON OF INJECTED VS. ORAL DOSES 50% CURES; 50% CURE; INJECTED ORAL PO ED-50; TEST DRUG SQ ED-50; MG/KG MG/KG ______________________________________ JPC7776 498 567 (7/10 Cures @ 640) Not Toxic TRIAZINE 245 No Cures @ 640 WR99210 PROGUANIL NO CURES No Cures, Toxic @ >160 ______________________________________

TABLE 3 ______________________________________ COMPARATIVE ORAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS EFFICACY OF JPC7776 GIVEN TO MICE INFECTED WITH P. BERGHEI: ENHANCED SURVIVAL AND CURES Survival Untreated Time Survival (days) (days) Cures (%) ______________________________________ SC Dose; Trial 1 40 mg/kg 11.6 6.5 0/5 0% 160 n/a (30)* 6.5 5/5* 100% 640 8.0 6.5 4/5* 80% SC Dose; Trial 2 20 7.4 6.5 0/5 0% 40 8.8 6.5 0/5 0% 80 11.8 6.5 0/5 0% 160 16.3* 6.5 2/5* 40% 320 n/a (30)* 6.5 5/5* 100% 640 n/a (30)* 6.5 5/5* 100% PO Dose; Trial 1 40 8.8 6.5 4/5* 80% 160 15.2* 6.5 0/0 0% 640 10.0 6.5 4/5* 80% PO Dose; Trial 2 20 7.0 6.5 0/0 0% 40 7.4 6.5 0/0 0% 80 12.4 6.5 0/0 0% 160 15.4* 6.5 0/0 0% 320 22.5* 6.5 3/5* 60% 640 n/a (30) 6.5 5/5* 100% ______________________________________ *denotes active with survival greater than 2.times. controls or cures based on 30 day animal survival.

Table 4 below provides comparative data for the efficacy of JPC7776 against various strains of malaria as tested in vitro with and without a sulfonamide to determine the benefits, if any, of such coadministration with the compounds which are the subject of this invention. The results shown below, measured as the in vitro dose to inhibit 50% growth (ID-50) of the malarial parasites grown in standard culture, (C. S. Genther and C. C. Smith, J. Med. Chem. 1977. 20:237-w243) are presented in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). These data show that the intrinsic activity of JPC7776 is potentiated from 4 to 19 fold (see ID-50 values) by sulfonamides in the presence of certain drug resistent parasites.

TABLE 4 ______________________________________ POTENTIATION OF JPC7776 BY SULFONAMIDES IN MALARIAL PARASITES INHIBITED IN VITRO. POTENTIATION FACTOR* JPC776 ID-50 JPC7776 ID-50 without Sulfa- with Sulfa- methoxazole methoxazole Parasite (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Factor ______________________________________ African 19.41 4.88 4 FCB 540.81 28.46 19 ______________________________________ *Potentiation factor is the ratio of 50% inhibition value (ID50) of test drug without sulfonamide divided by the ID50 against the same parasite using an equivalent standard value of sulfonamide.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII

Evaluation of drugs for activity against Pneumocystis carinii is carried out in the widely recognized and well defined testing system developed and published by Dr. Walter T. Hughes. It is widely referred to and is a generally accepted method clearly defined in the literature as to animal maintenance, infection, treatment protocol and evaluation by autopsy and survival of efficacy. A description of the methodology described by W. Hughes et al. is found in Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1988, 32:623-625.

In this method rats are immunosuppressed with high doses of glucocorticosteroids while being protected from bacterial infection by concurrent administration of the antibiotic tetracycline. In a standard evaluation animals are immunosuppressed with steroids and various doses of test compounds are administered for six weeks during which time unprotected animals will develop pneumocystis pneumonitis. The percentage of animals free of the disease represents the effectiveness of a selected dose of test drug.

When the animals are immunosuppressed and treated according to the accepted methodology it is normal to observe 75% or more of the test subjects spontaneously developing pneumocystis. A customary method to produce pneumocystis in the animals is to administer 2 mg of dexamethasone and 50 mg tetracycline hydrochloride per liter of drinking water. The test compounds are integrated in the food. For the positive treatment control compound sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) is fully effective to protect the animals from pneumocystis when given at a dosage of 250 mg/kg SMX in combination with 50 mg/kg of TMP. Another widely used fully effective compound is Dapsone at a dosage of 125 mg/kg.

Table 5 demonstrates the effectiveness of JPC7776 as compared to these known active treatments which are used in treating and preventing pneumocystis infections in humans. JPC 7776 is 100% effective and is effective as Dapsone which is a recommended antipneumocystis drug in humans.

TABLE 5 ______________________________________ PREVENTION OF PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII (PCP) INFECTION TREAT- DAILY # # IN- EFFI- MENT DOSE TREATED FECTED CACY ______________________________________ JPC7776 25 mg/kg 10/10 0/10 100% Dapsone 125 mg/kg 10/10 0/10 100% SMX/TMP 250/50 mg/kg 10/10 0/10 100% none -- 10/10 10/10 0% ______________________________________

ACTIVITY AGAINST MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Testing of new drugs for activity against Mycobacterial infections is carried out in vitro and in vivo in well defined laboratory procedures which have been widely published. The method used to test for biological activity against growing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium kanasii (MK) are described by A. H. Gonzalez et al. in J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1989, 24:19-22; S. Majumder and M. H. Cynamon, Amer. Soc. for Microbiology Mtgs, U-4, May 1992, abstract.

Activity in vitro was determined against clinical isolates of MAC, MTB and MK using a broth dilution method. Mycobacteria were grown for several days in 7H10 broth, ph 6.6, with 10% OADC enrichment and 0.05% Tween 80. Serial two-fold dilutions of antimicrobial drugs were prepared in 7H10 broth at 128 .mu.g/ml and less. Cultures containing a final concentration of approximately 2.5.times.10.sup.4 to 6.3.times.10.sup.5 CFU/ml were incubated on a rotary shaker at 37.degree. C. for 7 days and read where the minimum inhibitory concentration was defined as the MIC at the lowest concentration without visual turbidity. JPC7766 in these studies was compared to known active antimicrobial drugs Proguanil (PG), Cycloguanil (CG), Sulfamethazine (SM) and/or Dapsone (DDS). The results are considered favorable at concentrations below 64 .mu.g/ml and are shown in Table 6. JPC7776 tests as superior to the other drugs.

TABLE 6 ______________________________________ ACTIVITY OF JPC7776 AND OTHER DRUGS AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM ISOLATES M. avium (MAC), M. tuberculosis (MTB) and M. kanasii (MK). [Concentrations (MIC), .mu.g/ml, to inhibit growth in vitro] ISOLATE JPC7776 DDS PG CG SM ID .mu.g/ml .mu.g/ml .mu.g/ml .mu.g/ml .mu.g/ml ______________________________________ MAC 101 16 16 >128 -- >128 MAC LPR 32 32 128 >128 32 MAC FAR 32 64 64 -- 16 MK Picciano 8 -- -- 64 64 MTB H.sub.37 R.sub.v 8 -- -- 64 64 MTB 311 16 -- -- 64 64 ______________________________________

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising as active ingredient a compound according to the present invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The water solubility of the hydrochloride of the parent compound and most other salts are not very great, so when solutions are required it may often be necessary to add solubilizing agents to the water, choose non-aqueous solvents, or find a more soluble salt or prepare very dilute solutions.

Oral formulations are preferred and this invention has the advantage over related products of being readily absorbed by mammals in sufficient levels to make the compounds of the present invention orally active as therapeutic agents. Formulations for oral or injected use are based on sufficient solubility as to allow the therapeutic agent to enter solution in the stomach or in an injectable medium. The drug formulations will include tablets, pills, capsules, sachets, granules, powders, chewing gums, suspensions, emulsions and solutions: particularly preferred for oral use are tablets and capsules of all varieties and microbe-free solutions for injection or infusion. Where appropriate and necessary the formulations may include diluents, binding agents, dispersing agents, surface-active agents, lubricating agents, coating materials, flavoring agents, coloring agents, controlled release formulations, sweeteners or any other pharmaceutically acceptable additives, for example, gelatin, sodium starch glycolate, lactose, starch, talc, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, Povidone, hydrogenated or unsaturated oils, polyglycols, syrups or other aqueous solutions. Where the formulations are tablets or capsules and the like the formulations may be presented as premeasured unit doses or in multidose containers from which the appropriate unit dose may be withdrawn.

The injectable form may be an aqueous or nonaqueous solution, suspension or emulsion in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, e.g. sterile pyrogen-fr