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Description  |
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BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to optical imaging technology and, more
particularly, to measurement of and/or electronic compensation of optical
phase distortion induced by an aberrating medium.
Optical signals may be significantly distorted as they pass through an
aberrating medium such as the atmosphere. The phenomenon presents severe
difficulties in achieving desired resolution in high quality optical
imaging systems. The distortion generally takes the form of an aberration
which can be represented locally as a tilt or slope of the wavefront of
the received optical signal. Corrective compensation requires that either
the local tilts due to the aberrating medium be measured and appropriate
corrections be applied in the imaging process, or that the imaging process
itself be rendered insensitive to the aberrations.
Heretofore, systems of direct measurement of the aberrations had the
disadvantage of requiting the use of incoherent or unresolved sources.
None of the techniques could use a coherent, extended source as the basis
for measurements. In addition, prior measurement techniques are not
inherently self referencing and require a known optical source. Prior
imaging techniques which are insensitive to aberrations require either
non-deterministic image sharpness algorithms, or the use of unwieldy and
complex optical phase shifting means.
One conventional prior method of direct aberration measurement uses a
Hartmann-type wavefront sensor to measure the local tilts of the
wavefront. A basic Hartmann sensor has a detector array of individual
photosensitive cells that sense the optical signal passing through a
portion of the system aperture. That portion constitutes a subaperture
that is focused by a lenslet array onto individual detector cells. Under
ideal circumstances, the lenslets focus the subaperture portion of the
incoming optical signal squarely on the center of the individual detector
cells. However, the lenslets are sensitive to local tilts in the incoming
wave front, and focus the imperfect signal off the center of respective
detectors according to the tilt. This off center measurement is the
indication of the local wavefront tilt. The total wavefront aberration can
then be reconstructed by combining and processing these local tilt
measurements. A serious difficulty in implementing this type of wavefront
sensor lies in the nature of the off center determination. This requires
an extremely accurate and stable mechanical alignment of the optical
elements, and/or calibration scheme employing a local reference source.
The alignment and calibration schemes are difficult in a practically
realizable system.
A conventional method of performing imaging measurements which are
insensitive to the presence of aberrations uses three laser beams
illuminating an object of interest. The sources of the beams are separated
by an amount Dx in the x direction and Dy in the y direction. The three
beams are directed at a target. A resulting complex field pattern is
produced by the three beams prior to passing through the aberrating
medium. The field patterns of each of the three beams are spatially
displaced, but are otherwise identical. The beams are mutually coherent,
and thus create an interference pattern in the plane of a detector array.
The processing of data at the detector array containing the interference
pattern is essentially identical to that employed in the "4-bin" shearing
interferometer algorithm developed by ITEK Corporation. In this case, the
four distinct phases needed for processing at the detector array are
created by pulse train forming optics at the laser end of the system.
Thus this system is implemented as a shearing wavefront slope sensor, so
that the local wavefront slopes of the pattern at the detector array is
measured. Since a shearing interferometer is a common path interferometer,
the measurements at the detector may are insensitive to, and independent
of, the aberrating medium. However, when this system is used, it is
difficult to directly measure the intervening aberration. Furthermore, the
system requires a complex beam division and phase delay system in order to
provide the four distinct phases described above in the transmitted
illuminator pulses.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide for
direct measurement of intervening aberration in an imaging optical system.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a system
that does not require unreasonably stringent mechanical alignment of the
optical elements. It is also an objective of the present invention to
provide a system wherein either mutually coherent or mutually incoherent
laser beams may be used to provide an imaging system that compensates for
intervening aberrations as image enhancing corrections.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with these and other features and objectives of the present
invention, there is provided an optical system in which an object is
illuminated with multiple beams, and shifted but otherwise identical
complex fields appear prior to the aberrating medium. The beams are
individually tagged, and are therefore distinguishable at the sensor. They
do not form a stationary interference pattern, and depending upon the type
of sensor used, may be mutually incoherent. The tagging may comprise
amplitude modulation of the beams, frequency modulation of the beams,
frequency shifting of the beams, or any other technique which allows one
to distinguish between the beams at the sensor. Depending upon the
measurement sensor used, the beams may be beam-split off a single laser
source, or may be provided by entirely separate lasers. However the beams
must be close enough in frequency so as to produce nearly identical but
shifted speckle fields prior to the aberrating medium. Such an arrangement
provides a "look ahead" capability that is used to determine the
aberration of an intervening medium, and/or to determine the complex field
which would have been measured in the absence of an aberrating medium.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The various features and advantages of the present invention may be more
readily understood with reference to the following detailed description
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like
reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:
FIG. 1 shows a three dimensional schematic representation of a multi-laser
imaging system in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
and
FIG. 2 shows complex optical wavefront fields approaching sensor means
through an aberrating medium.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic representation of a
multilaser imaging system 10 according to the principles of the present
invention. To the left in FIG. 1 is shown a three dimensional, orthogonal
coordinate system 11 having an x-axis 12, a y-axis 13 and a z-axis 14.
This coordinate system 11 represents means for supporting the sources of
first, second and third laser beams 15, 16, 17 that emanate substantially
from the origin of the axes system 11 and point substantially along the
Z-axis 14. In FIG. 1 the third laser beam 17 is referenced at the origin
of the coordinate system 11 and pointed along the z-axis 14. The remaining
two laser beams 15, 16 are also referenced substantially at the origin of
the coordinate system 11 but are displaced a fractional linear distance
from the origin along the x-axis 12 and the y-axis 13, respectively. These
two beams 15, 16 are also pointed at the same target object 20 as beam 17,
and are consequently tilted at a slight angle with respect to the z axis
14. As depicted in FIG. 1, the first beam 15 lies in the x-z plane with a
small negative x component of tilt, and the second beam 16 lies in the y-z
plane with a small negative y component of tilt. This fractional tilt
results in a fractional linear displacement in the plane of the sensor as
will be described below. The coordinate system 11 of FIG. 1 has means (not
shown) permitting pointing of the coordinate system 11, and thus of the
set of laser beams 15, 16, 17 at a target object 20 chosen for
investigation.
The laser beams 15, 16, 17 are provided by first, second and third lasers
31, 32, 33, respectively. These lasers 31, 32, 33 may comprise three
separate lasers or may comprise a single laser employing a beamsplitter to
form the three laser beams 15, 16, 17. Additionally, the lasers 31, 32, 33
provide identification means for tagging the three laser beams 15, 16, 17.
The tagging injects additional laser signal components that may comprise
amplitude modulation, frequency modulation or frequency shifting of the
laser beams 15, 16, 17. Any other tagging technique may be employed which
permits distinguishing between the laser beams 15, 16, 17.
In FIG. 1 there is also shown a sensor 23 as pan of the overall imaging
system 10. The sensor 23 may include an array of individual detector cells
wherein the center to center distance between individual detector cells is
adapted to substantially correspond to the fractional displacement between
the received complex fields. The sensor 23 may be a complex field or
wavefront slope sensor such as a Hartmann sensor, an optical wavefront
sensing system, a shearing interferometer, an electronic phased array or
any other heterodyne or homodyne system. The sensor 23 is connected to a
signal processor 24 that is adapted to extract the signal components
arising from the tagging of the first, second and third laser beams 15,
16, 17 and thus to distinguish between the laser beams 15, 16, 17 based on
measurements of their identification or tagging parameters. Also shown in
FIG. 1 is the target object 20 illuminated by the laser beams 15, 16, 17.
An aberrating medium 22 is shown between the target object 20 and the
sensor 23. The aberrating medium 22 may comprise the atmosphere or any
similar wavefront distorting medium.
In operation, the laser beams 15, 16, 17, illuminate the object 20 thus
producing corresponding reflected signals 25, 26, 27 from the target
object 20. The first, second and third laser beams 15, 16, 17, produce
corresponding first, second and third reflected signals 25, 26, 27,
respectively resulting in first, second and third identical complex fields
35, 36, 37 prior to the aberrating medium 22. However, because the sources
of the laser beams 15, 16, 17 are shifted with respect to each other, the
complex fields 35, 36, 37 associated with each of the laser beams 15, 16,
17 are shifted proportionally. If the sensor and laser source are located
at ranges r.sub.1 and r.sub.2 respectively from the target object 20, then
the displacement between the received fields is r.sub.1 /r.sub.2.
In the absence of the aberrating medium 22, all of the complex fields 35,
36, 37 are presented to the sensor 23. When, for example, the third and
first laser beams 17, 15 are shifted by the amount of the center to center
distance of the detector cells in the array of individual detector cells,
then the third laser beam 17 presents a corresponding third complex field
37 to an arbitrary detector i.sub.1 and the first laser beam 15 presents
its corresponding first complex field 35 to an adjacent detector i.sub.2
located in the direction of the x-axis 12 of the coordinate system 11.
Because the third and first complex fields 37, 35 are identical, the
tagged detector signal measured in detector i.sub.1 corresponding to the
third laser beam 17 is equal to the tagged detector signal measured in
detector i.sub.2 corresponding to the first laser beam 15. However, in the
presence of an aberrating medium 22, the two measurements may not be
equal. Then, any difference in the two detector measurements is due to the
aberrating medium 22 and is a measure of the distortion presented by the
aberrating medium 22. This is explained more fully by referring to FIG. 2.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a one dimensional representation of
the laser complex fields 37, 35 appearing relative to the aberrating
medium 22 and to the sensor 23. The sensor 23, has a horizontal axis 28
that represents a linear distance of the detector array, the tic marks
represent the individual detectors of the detector array. The detector
cells i.sub.1 and i.sub.2 are arbitrary detector cells from among the
detector array of the sensor 23 and chosen to illustrate the principle of
this invention. The vertical columns represent fast and second
subapertures 29 and 30 corresponding respectively to effective apertures
of detector cells i.sub.1 and i.sub.2. The upper graphs are one
dimensional representations of the third and first complex fields 37 and
35 respectively, and are shown displaced relative to one another by the
center to center distance between the detector cells. The aberrating
medium 22 is shown positioned between the third and first complex fields
37, 35 and the sensor 23.
FIG. 2 shows that the local wavefront slope of the third complex field 37
of the third laser beam 17 that falls within the first subaperture 29 of
detector cell i.sub.1 is equal to the local wavefront slope of the fast
complex field 35 of the first laser beam 15 that falls within the second
subaperture 30 of detector cell i.sub.2 prior to the aberrating medium 22.
Absent the aberrating medium 22, the third laser beam 17 presents the same
field to detector i.sub.1 as does the first laser beam 15 to detector
i.sub.2. In general, in this one dimensional example, the third laser beam
17 presents the same field to the i.sup.th detector as will the first
laser beam 15 to the (i+1)st detector. However, it is necessary to take
into account the presence of a "thin" aberrating medium 22 in the near
field of the sensor means 23. Since the detectors are small relative to
the structure of both the aberrating medium 22 and the third and first
complex fields 37, 35 reflected from the target object 20, then the third
and first complex fields 37, 35 sensed by any one given detector may be
defined to be correct.
The measurements of the rest of the detectors may now be referenced to that
one measurement. In FIG. 1 the field as sensed by the detector i.sub.1 is
defined to be correct. Then, the failure of the first complex field 35 as
sensed by detector i.sub.2 to look just like the third complex field 37 as
measured by detector i.sub.1 is due strictly to the intervening aberrating
medium 22. Since the detectors are small relative to the structure of the
aberrating medium 22, this error can be represented as a tilt, and
therefore the measurement of the fast laser beam 15 in detector i.sub.2
can be corrected. Since both laser beams 17 and 15, as sensed in detector
i.sub.2, have passed through the same aberrating medium 22, this
correction to the first laser beam 15 also corrects the third laser beam
17. Inductively, the measurement of the third laser beam 17 in detector i
may be used to correct the measurement of the first laser beam ! 5, and
perforce the third laser beam 17, in detector i+1. This not only results
in the correct measurements in each of the detectors, but also results in
the corrections providing a measure of the aberrating medium 22.
A correction procedure entirely analogous to the one given above may be
followed in a two dimensional case by repeating the iterative procedure in
each of the two dimensions. Since the starting detector cell is arbitrary,
and since there are many distinct paths between any two detectors within
the sensor, the sequential correction procedure described above may be
better described by an over determined set of algebraic equations, which
are solved in a least squares sense to determine a noise optimal estimate
for both the field and for the aberrations.
Thus there has been described a new and improved multi-laser imaging system
that allows an extended laser illuminated object to be imaged through a
near field aberrator, and/or to allow the phase distortions of the
aberrator to be measured directly. The system is deterministic and does
not require iterative algorithmic processing. It is entirely self
referencing, and does not require a known point source, or a set of
sources, between the aberrator and the object, or in the far field of the
imaging system, to be used as a reference. It allows simultaneous
measurement of the aberrator and imaging of the object without use of
deformable optics. It allows a variety of different wavefront sensing
techniques to be used in measuring the received dam. It may be used for
either real time image compensation with deformable optics or for computer
based imaging. Also, it allows the illuminator lasers to be either
mutually coherent but shifted from one another, or be mutually incoherent.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiment is merely
illustrative of some of the many specific embodiments which represent
applications of the principles of the present invention. Clearly, numerous
and other arrangements can be readily devised by those skilled in the art
without departing from the scope of the invention.
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