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Description  |
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The invention concerns a borehole for producing e.g. hydrocarbons
preferably in a soft or relatively soft underground formation, such as
chalk or sandstone.
Such boreholes are drilled in most cases by means of drill bits which are
tightened against the drill zone with a relatively large pressure.
Usually, it causes no major problem to provide this pressure since the own
weight of the drill string is used for this purpose as well as equipment
on the surface, but in case of relatively inclined or horizontally
extending holes there are limits to how far the pressure force can be
introduced into a borehole in the formation in this manner. Today,
however, there is a constantly increasing need for the ability to reach
deeper into the shallow hydrocarbon-bearing strata, which are present e.g.
in the underground below the North Sea, via horizontal holes so that it
will be possible to exploit these fields economically. With this end in
view, various self-moving or self-propelling drive assemblies have been
developed, which can drive the drill bit forwardly through a horizontal
hole in a formation, the reaction force from the drilling process being
transferred to the wall of the borehole. This takes place in some methods
by means of sets of clamping shoes which are alternately clamped against
the wall of the borehole and are reciprocated axially with respect to each
other, and in other methods by means of caterpillar belts or wheels which,
to obtain a sufficiently great propulsion power, are provided with teeth
to penetrate the relatively soft formations, such as chalk or sandstone
which frequently constitute the main component of the above mentioned
shallow, hydrocarbon-bearing strata. It is common to these known
structures that they are able to impart a greater pressure force to the
bit than has been possible in the past solely with the own weight of the
drill string and the surface equipment, but this has been at the expense
of the borehole wall which is seriously damaged when clamping shoes are
used, or are torn when wheels caterpillar belts with teeth are used. This
per se involves a new problem which limits the usefulness of the these
methods since it is frequently necessary to pull the drive assembly in and
out of the borehole to change the worn drill bit, and this is difficult or
impossible in long boreholes when the borehole wall has been damaged, and
the hole has therefore collapsed to a greater or smaller degree.
Moreover, the patent publications SE-B-395,300, U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,461 and
AU-B-547,821 disclose methods and devices for driving underground holes or
galleries in plastically deformable soil, such as clay. To this end there
is used a tapered, conical tool which is screwed into the soil by means of
rollers, augers or a combination of these to displace the soil
substantially radially outwardly in the surrounding soil, which is
consolidated in a region of considerable thickness around the underground
hole. The soil is now so much stiffer and stronger in this region that the
hole does not collapse. The method is useful for forming underground holes
in soil, such as clay, where no great requirements are made with respect
to the ability of the hole wall to mechanically withstand e.g. a flow of
drilling mud and the wheel pressure of a self-propelling drilling tool. A
travelling path proper for such a driving tool is not involved at all; on
the contrary, the rollers or augers of the known tapered, conical tools
cut into the wall of the underground hole. In fact, the mentioned
publications state that after withdrawal of the tool the hole may be
filled with concrete to form a load supporting column. The publication
AU-B-84028 moreover discloses a method whereby such a liner may be formed
while driving the underground hole. It is common to the methods and
devices known from the above-mentioned patent publications that they are
vitiated by the drawback that they can only be used for plastically
deformable soil, such as clay, but not for firmer underground formations,
such as chalk or sandstone requiring the material to be substantially
drilled out and removed from the borehole.
The object of the invention is therefore to provide a borehole of the type
mentioned in the opening paragraph for producing e.g. hydrocarbons in
particular from relatively soft formations, said borehole having a wall
which can absorb the reaction force from the drilling process better than
known before without being damaged considerably, and which can moreover
stand being flushed by the mud return flow without eroding.
This is achieved according to the invention in that the borehole is
characterized by being surrounded by one substantially tubular
reinforcement shell which consists of formation material so compressed
that the solid components of the material are substantially crushed to
particles, and these are bonded together by the fluid or viscous
components of the material and/or drilling mud. The wall of the borehole
is hereby reinforced in a simple and inexpensive manner so that it can be
used as a travelling path for a self-propelling drive assembly, carrying
the drill bit, without being damaged considerably, is able to absorb the
reaction force from the drill bit during the drilling process and can
stand the strong mud return flow from the drill zone without being eroded.
According to the invention, in particularly advantageous embodiments of the
borehole the reinforcement shell has a thickness of between 2 and 10 mm,
preferably between 2 and 6 mm, and in particular between 3 and 5 mm.
The invention also concerns a method of forming a borehole of the above
mentioned type where the borehole is expanded by rolling, and this method
is characterized according to the invention by first predrilling in the
formation a hole with a smaller diameter than the final diameter of the
borehole, and then expanding said pre-drilled hole to final borehole
diameter by translatorily rolling the material of the formation so that
the solid components of the material substantially in a depth
corresponding to the desired thickness of the reinforcement shell are
crushed to particles, and these are bonded together by the fluid or
viscous components of the material and/or drilling mud. This entails that
the reinforcement shell of the borehole is advantageously formed during
the actual drilling process, and at the same time the wall zones which
successively serve to absorb the reaction forces from the drill process
get such a compacted state that they cannot be damaged by this load.
According to the invention, the compressing can take place by rolling down
the wall of the predrilled hole with a suitable number of rollers so that
any point on said wall is passed at least once by a roller in a manner
such that it is successively subjected to a pressure, where the solid
components of the material are substantially crushed to particles, and
then are bonded together by the fluid or viscous components of the
material and/or drilling mud, following which the pressure gradually
diminishes again from said size to zero. When the borehole wall is rolled
down in this manner it has surprisingly been found in a series of tests
performed by the inventor at the Danish Geotechnical Institute in
connection with a project for developing drilling equipment for forming
horizontal boreholes in relatively soft formations, such as chalk,
likewise performed by the inventor in 1987 and 1988 at the Technical
University of Denmark that the maximum size of the traction force is not
determined by the friction between the rollers and the formation material,
but by its own shear strength, and that if subsidence occurs, the
subsidence will not, as expected, take place between the rollers and the
formation material, but as shear inside it at a distance from the inner
side of the borehole.
Moreover, according to the invention, in a particularly advantageous
embodiment of the method the drilling pressure and the drilling moment may
be transferred to the borehole wall via the rollers, and these may be
positively drawn.
The invention also concerns an apparatus serving to perform the above
mentioned method, said apparatus comprising a drilling tool, e.g. a drill
bit and a self-propelling drive assembly connected with it and having
rollers for expanding the borehole and for advancing the drilling tool and
imparting to it the drilling pressure and moment necessary for performing
the drilling. According to the invention, this apparatus is characterized
in that the rollers are constructed to advance the drilling tool
substantially translatorily in the borehole, each of which rollers is
suspended and guided so as to be kept engaged with the borehole wall with
a maximum specific engagement pressure, where the solid components of the
material are substantially crushed to the particles, and these are bonded
together by the fluid or viscous components of the material and/or
drilling mud. This structure is particularly simple and expedient since it
serves to advance and drive the drilling tool into the drill zone and also
to roll down the wall of the predrilled hole so as to form, as desired, a
compressed reinforcement shell on which the drive assembly can travel when
it has to be reciprocated in the boreholes, often several kilometers long,
when the drilling tool has to be exchanged.
According to the invention, each roller may be so adapted that its face,
when loaded in a specific direction at right angles to it with a specific
engagement pressure, where the solid components of the material are
substantially crushed to particles, and these are bonded together by the
fluid or viscous components of the material and/or drilling mud, is
deformed elastically inwardly against the axis of rotation of the roller
in a ratio of between 1 and 20% with respect to the radius of the roller,
preferably between 3 and 15%, and in particular between 5 and 8%, whereby
the roller may advantageously have a fixed hub which is surrounded by an
elastic, preferably unpatterned tire of e.g. natural or synthetic rubber.
This entails that the rollers are capable of draining viscous materials,
such as mud, away from the traction zones of the borehole wall, and that
the rolling down operation can take place without the deformed formation
material sticking to the respective roller and being entrained upwardly as
has been found to be the case when firm rollers of e.g. steel are used.
Moreover, according to the invention, each roller may be suspended and
guided so that it can be moved from a position where its outermost point
is substantially within or in the vicinity of the outer boundary of a
self-propelling drive assembly, to a position where its outermost point is
positioned at a distance from the central axis of the drive assembly
corresponding approximately to twice the diameter of the borehole, and all
rollers may moreover be driven by a common transmission so that they are
caused to rotate with the same peripheral speed. This entails that the
drive assembly is capable of travelling through e.g. washed borehole zones
while retaining the constant engagement pressure of the rollers against
the wall of the borehole, and it is furthermore ensured that the resulting
traction force will be as great as possible since none of the rollers acts
as a brake with respect to the other rollers.
The invention will be explained more fully by the following description of
embodiments which only serve as examples, with reference to the drawing,
in which
FIG. 1 schematically shows the outer end of a borehole which is drilled by
means of a drill bit advanced by a self-propelling drive assembly,
FIG. 2 schematically shows a self-propelling, jointed drive assembly with a
drill bit,
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of one of the self-propelling drive links shown
in FIG. 2,
FIG. 4 is a section at a pair of rollers through the drive link shown in
FIG. 3,
FIG. 5 is a top view of the same,
FIG. 6 is a section at the swing axis of a swing arm through the drive
links shown in FIGS. 4 and 5,
FIG. 7 is a side view of a roller with an elastic tire, in an unloaded
state,
FIG. 8 shows the same, but loaded by the engagement pressure against the
wall of the borehole, and
FIG. 9 is a diagram of the engagement pressure.
FIG. 1 shows an underground formation 1 which consists of a relatively soft
material, such as chalk, lime or sandstone which is drilled to a borehole
2 by means of a drill bit 3, which is connected via a connecting member. 4
with a self-propelling drive assembly 5 which, with drawn rollers 6,
travels on the wall 7 of the borehole 2. A flexible pipe or an armoured
hose 8 serves to feed drilling mud to the drill zone from a station at the
surface. Both the drill bit 3 and the rollers 6 may be driven by means of
mud turbines (not shown) by this drilling mud, which is fed at such a
considerable pressure such as e.g. 50-100 bars, or additionally an
electric cable may be provided through the flexible hose to electric
motors which can advantageously be used instead of mud turbines in certain
cases.
As shown, the borehole is first predrilled to a diameter which is smaller
than the final diameter of the borehole, and then the predrilled hole is
rolled up to this diameter while the rollers roll along the borehole wall
with a maximum specific engagement pressure, where the solid components of
the material are substantially crushed To particles, and these are bonded
together by the fluid or viscous components of the material and/or
drilling mud. This pressure is quite considerable, e.g. between 2 MPa and
50 MPa, and this great load compresses the material so that it leaves a
2-10 mm thick reinforcement shell 9 which mechanically stabilizes the
borehole and forms a durable travelling path which can withstand being
repeatedly traversed by the drive assembly in connection with the exchange
of worn drill bits, and can moreover withstand being flushed without
erosion by the drilling mud which is discharged from the drill zone at a
rate of e.g. between about 0.9 and 1.2 m/sec. and a positive pressure of a
about 2 MPa.
FIG. 7 shows a roller 6 which is provided with an elastic tire 10 of
natural or artificial rubber of a quality capable of withstanding the high
pressures and temperatures which may occur in deep boreholes. The roller
has moreover a shaft 11 and may, as previously mentioned, be caused to
rotate about this shaft by means of a mud turbine or an electric motor.
FIG. 8 shows the same roller 6, bug now kept engaged with the wall 7 of the
borehole with such a great engagement pressure that part of the formation
material 1 has been compressed and converted to the reinforcement shell 9.
FIG. 9 is a diagram where the engagement pressure is plotted as the
ordinate, and which illustrates in greater detail how the engagement
pressure develops during the roller passage of a point on the borehole
wall. Initially, the pressure is zero, but then it increases gradually to
a pressure, where the solid components of the material are substantially
crushed to particles, and these are bonded together by the fluid of
viscous components of the material and/or drilling mud. All viscous
material, such as drilling mud, is pressed away from the contact face
between the roller and the formation or pressed into its porosities at
this pressure, and the formation material itself is compacted to a certain
depth. In this pressure-loaded state the material adheres to the roller
with an extremely great strength so that a surprisingly great traction
force can be transferred in the boundary face between the roller and the
formation material, the size of said traction force depending solely upon
the shear strength in the actual pressure loaded and compacted formation
material lying below the roller. Towards the end of the passage the
pressure decreases gradually causing the state of the formation material
to change so that its adhesive capacity diminishes. Since the travelling
speed of the drive assembly is relatively small, e.g. between 1 and 150
meters per hour, the rolling will take place so slowly that the relieved
formation begins to liberate viscous materials serving as a release agent
in the boundary face between the formation and the roller. At the same
time its surface is bent forwardly and rearwardly so that the boundary
layer is subjected to shear tensions which, in connection with the reduced
adhesive capacity and the liberated release agent, separate the
reinforcement shell completely from the respective roller when its face
leaves the borehole wall during the rotation.
The mentioned three conditions, which are a prerequisite for the borehole
wall to be rolled down without simultaneously being damaged, cannot be
established with e.g. firm steel rollers since these when rotating will
pull the material out of the borehole wall, and the best result is
obtained when the elastic tire of the roller itself is deformed between
1-20%, preferably between 3-15%, and in particular between 5-8% of the
radius of the roller, during the compaction of the formation material.
Since, as previously mentioned, the maximum size of the friction force does
not depend upon the friction between the roller and the formation
material, additional traction forces cannot be transferred by providing
the elastic tire with teeth, tines or serrations, and a tire with a smooth
face is therefore preferred, which, during rolling, is most suitable for
draining viscous materials, such as drilling mud flowing along the
borehole wall, and which simultaneously imparts to it a smooth and even
surface forming the best possible travelling path for the drive assembly
and presents as little flow resistance as possible for the drilling mud
which returns from the drill zone.
FIG.2 shows an embodiment of a drive assembly 12 which is composed of a
number of mutually freely swingably connected drive links 13, each of
which is provided with a plurality of rollers 6. The front drive link is
connected with a drill bit 3 via a connecting member 4, e.g. a bent sub.
The rear drive link is connected with a flexible pipe or an armoured hose
8 for drilling mud and for advancing an electric cable (not shown). By
means of this structure the drive assembly, although it has a considerable
longitudinal extent, is capable of turning with a relatively small radius
from a vertical borehole and continuing in a horizontal borehole. Owing to
the large number of rollers 6 of the drive assembly such a great overall
traction force can be obtained that the horizontal borehole can be
provided considerably deeper in a horizontal formation than known in the
past, while the drive assembly is capable of pulling a drill string all
the way after it into the formed borehole. Hereby, it is now profitable to
exploit the shallow, horizontal hydrocarbon-bearing formations which are
found e.g. in the underground below the North Sea. As shown, the rollers 6
are distributed with such relatively great mutual spacing, in the
longitudinal direction of the drive assembly so that the strong mud return
flow running between the drive assembly and the borehole wall can easily
pass the rollers. The traction force is distributed at the same time over
such a large distance in the longitudinal direction of the borehole wall
that the drive assembly retains at least part of the traction force
although it passes e.g. washed regions where some of the rollers are
disengaged from the wall. Generally, the drilling moment advantageously
rotates the drive assembly slowly about its axis so that the predrilled
hole is rolled evenly upwardly along the entire wall, and the additionally
ensure this the rollers are angularly spaced with respect to each other
about the axis of the drive assembly.
FIG.3 is an enlarged view of a single drive link 13 which has a pair of
rollers 6,6 at each end part. The horizontal end walls of the drive link
moreover mount universal couplings in the form of pairs of brackets 14 and
universal joints 15 for coupling the individual drive links 13 with each
other.
It appears more fully from FIGS. 4-6 how the roller pairs shown in FIG. 3
are suspended and guided. FIG. 4 shows an axial section through a drive
link 13 with a roller pair 6,6. The swing arm 16 can swing about a central
transverse axis 17, it being connected via a drawbar 18 with a swing
bracket 19 which can be swung by an activation cylinder 20 to thereby
force the rollers 6,6 outwardly against the borehole wall at their
respective sides of the drive link 13.
The rollers 6,6 are driven by means of a shaft mounted coaxially with the
swing axis, said shaft mounting a drive 21 which meshes with a gear wheel
22, which in turn mounts a drive 23 which meshes with a toothing 24
provided inwardly in the roller 6. The other roller is driven
correspondingly, an idler wheel 26 being inserted between the drive 21 and
a gear wheel 25 corresponding to the gear wheel 22.
FIG. 5 shows this arrangement from above. As shown, the swing arm is
constructed as a double fork whose one side is occupied by the
above-mentioned gear wheel transmission which is engaged in a flat box.
The gear wheel transmission and the swing arms are preferably made as flat
as possible so that the rollers 6,6 may be dimensioned as wide as
possible, and so that sufficient space is left for advancing hoses for
drilling mud and transmission shafts for driving the rollers.
FIG. 6 is a section through the drive link 13 at the central transverse
axis 17 of the swing arm 16. The swing arm 16 has a solid central part 27
with journals for the drawbar 18, and it can swing about two short pins
29,30, each of which has a relatively large diameter and is journalled in
the chassis 31 of the drive link 13. The drive shaft 32 for the gear wheel
drive 21 is passed through the pin 30, and outside this the shaft 32 is
provided with a worm wheel 33 driven by a worm on a through-going drive
shaft 34. By means of universal joints and axially movable couplings the
drive shaft may be connected with the corresponding drive shafts in the
other drive links, so that all rollers in the drive assembly will rotate
synchroniously, thereby providing for maximum traction force since none of
the rollers will serve as a brake with respect to the others. As shown,
space is left in the chassis of the drive link 13 partly for a plurality
of hoses 35 serving to supply the drilling mud to the drill bit, partly
for additional drive shafts 36,37 for operating e.g. the drill bit.
By means of the roller suspension described above the rollers may in a
balanced state be moved from a position in the vicinity of the actual
drive assembly to a position around the double diameter of the borehole,
thereby ensuring that each roller maintains its engagement with the
borehole wall even though the diameter of the borehole varies relatively
much during the passage of e.g. washed formation regions. The elastic
tires of the rollers additionally contribute to this effect.
Instead of being suspended as described above, the rollers may also be
suspended (not shown) such that the resistance per se offered by the
formation against rolling entails that the engagement pressure of the
rollers is increased.
The axes of rotation of the rollers may moreover form a suitable angle with
the direction of transport instead of being at right angles to it, so
that, during rolling, each roller will describe a helical line along the
borehole wall with simultaneous rotation of the drive assembly.
If the borehole is not to follow a highly curved course, a relatively long
drive assembly may also be made in one piece of a single long, suitably
flexible pipe instead of being composed of a plurality of mutually
swingable links. This provides a simpler structure which is more reliable
in operation.
The drive assembly may also incorporate drive means in the form of mud
turbines or electric motors for driving the rollers and the drill bit as
well as various electric measuring and drilling equipment of a type known
per se.
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