Soft tissue anchors and systems for implantation

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention is of a system for implanting soft tissue anchors for holding soft tissue in place relative to bone. More particularly, the invention provides a system for readily implanting soft tissue anchors as well as soft tissue anchors that are equipped with structural features preventing their inadvertent withdrawal from bone holes.

2. Description of the Related Art

In the field of surgery it is sometimes necessary to perform operations to reattach soft tissue to bone. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,865 describes a repair tack designed for use in arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in the knee. Reattachment of soft tissue to bone may also arise, for instance, when surgery is performed on a shoulder to remove or repair glenohumeral tissue.

Regardless of the circumstance, whenever bone must be reattached to tissue, it is desirable to have a fastener or "anchor" that will hold the tissue onto the bone at its point of reattachment, and that will allow the tissue to heal and naturally reattach itself to the bone. Thus, it is desirable that the soft tissue fixation element should not interfere with the healing process and should allow progressively heavier loads to be placed on both bone and soft tissue to encourage healing and development of attachment strength.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,590,928 and 4,851,005 disclose surgical implants that include an expandable stud and a pin for insertion into the stud to expand the stud. The stud and pin are both fabricated from biodegradable polymeric materials, and include carbon fibers aligned along their longitudinal axes. The stud body has an enlarged head at one end and, at the opposite end, its cylindrical surface is longitudinally split. Further, the stud has a cylindrical bore running throughout its length along its longitudinal axis. The pin is inserted into this bore thereby forcing the split distal ends radially outwards, to expand the stud body and lodge it firmly in a hole in bone. The stud and pin combination is used to connect a synthetic flexible cord for holding two bones together in a mammalian body.

Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,752 is directed to a "tissue augmentation device" for repairing ligaments or tendons. The device includes at least one strap-like element (substitute tendon) formed of stable biocompatible material and a biodegradable element for connecting the strap-like element to bone. The biodegradable fasteners shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 of the '752 patent, include a pin having a longitudinal body with a head at one end, a longitudinal bore through the body, and slits at the distal end of the body producing longitudinal distal segments. A pin is insertible into the bore of the body for expanding the segments radially outward so that they will grip the sides of a hole in bone. The embodiment of FIG. 4 shows barbs extending downward from the undersurface of the head for engaging the strap-like element and holding it in place.

EPO Application No. 0 409 364 shows a conical-shaped implant for joining together bone fragments. The longitudinal body of the implant is supplied with a conical axial hole, and a pin for inserting into the hole to expand the body of the implant, and wedge it firmly in surrounding bone tissue. The implant is bioresorbable to eliminate the need for later surgical removal. The outer surface of the implant is equipped with barb-like projections, presumably for assisting in holding the implant in place in the bone hole.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,590,928 and 4,851,005, likewise show an expandable stud for attaching a flexible cord, of biocompatible fibers in a biocompatible matrix, to bone. The stud has a longitudinal body with a head a one end, a bore extending along its longitudinal axis, and is split at its distal end to form separate legs so that when a pin is placed within the bore, it expands the legs radially outward to wedge the stud firmly in a hole.

What is yet needed is a surgical implantation kit that allows easy, accurate implantation of soft tissue anchors at desired bone-soft tissue contact points. The implanted anchors should grip soft tissue against the bone to promote rapid attachment and should decrease its gripping strength over time to gradually reduce stress shielding there by shifting stress loads to the soft tissue-bone interface so that the interface strengthens as it heals. Further, the anchors should be relatively small, to avoid drilling large holes in bone and soft tissue that increase healing time, but at the same time should resist being pulled out of the bone hole by applied forces.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a surgical kit for the implantation of soft tissue-to-bone anchors, and expandable soft tissue-to-bone anchor studs.

In one embodiment, the invention surgical implantation kit includes a hollow outer tube with a distal end to which is releasably or threadingly attached a soft tissue anchor, with its longitudinal axis aligned with the longitudinal axis of the outer tube. The soft tissue anchor has a bore along its longitudinal axis, through which a guiding K-wire or other guiding means may be freely drawn, and into which an anchor expanding pin may be wedged to expand the anchor body and lodge it securely in a hole in bone. The surgical implantation kit also includes a longitudinal inner tube, sized to fit within the hollow bore of the outer tube. An anchor pin, for expanding the anchor body, is frictionally held at the distal end of the inner tube. A pushrod, sized to fit within the inner tube, is supplied with means for gripping and applying leverage to force the anchor pin from the inner tube into the bore of the soft tissue anchor stud. This is achieved by nesting the inner tube into the outer tube. The inner tube has the anchor pin at its distal end and the pushrod inserted into its proximal end. Applying force to the pushrod forces the anchor pin into the bore of the anchor stud to wedge the stud in the bone hole.

In order to insert an anchor stud using the surgical implantation kit of the invention, soft tissue to be connected to bone is drawn into position across the surface of the bone to which it must be attached. This may be done by grasping or skewering the soft tissue with the tip of the K-wire. A suitable location for tacking the soft tissue to the bone is then selected. A hole is drilled through the tissue and into the bone at the selected location to the desired depth, using a cannulated drill with a K-wire, or other guide means, inserted into the drill cannula. When the hole has been drilled to a predetermined depth, the drill is removed but the K-wire or other guide means is retained in place. The soft tissue anchor and the outer tube of the invention implantation apparatus are then placed around the implanted K-wire. In this manner, the anchor is guided into place in the drilled hole. When the anchor is in position, the K-wire or other guide means is removed. In one embodiment, the inner tube is then placed inside the outer tube and the anchor-expanding pin at the distal end of the inner tube is guided and pushed into the anchor stud by depressing the pushrod which is nested in the inner tube, causing the anchor to expand so that its sides tightly grip the sides of the hole. When the anchor pin has been fully inserted, the outer tube can be released, sheared from, or threadingly disengaged from the inserted anchor.

In another embodiment, the surgical implantation kit includes an outer tube with an anchor stud releasably held at its distal end and a cannulated plunger designed to fit within the inner tube. The anchor pin is releasably held on the distal end of the plunger and is pushed into the anchor stud when the plunger is depressed. To insert an anchor stud, a hole is drilled as described above and the K-wire is passed through the cannulation of the anchor stud, into the outer tube, and then through the cannulation of the plunger. Thus, the anchor stud is guided into the hole. When the anchor stud is in place in the bone hole and the K-wire is removed, the plunger is depressed to guide and force the anchor pin into the communicating bore of the anchor stud. When the pin has entered and expanded the anchor stud, the outer tube containing the pushrod can be disconnected from the anchor stud and the plunger can be released from the anchor pin.

The invention also provides specific soft tissue anchor stud designs that are not easily removed from the hole in the bone. Further, the soft tissue anchors are preferably comprised of a bioabsorbable polymeric composition designed so that, as the bone and tissue heal together, the anchors will gradually bioabsorb thereby transferring stress to the attachment point and facilitating healing while minimizing stress shielding.

In particular, in one embodiment the invention soft tissue anchor stud comprises an elongated body portion having distal and proximal ends. The proximal end is supplied with an enlarged head having an underside equipped with downwardly extending spikes for gripping soft tissue. The underside surface of the head is preferably also angled at an angle .beta. to the horizontal so that soft tissue is gripped between the spikes and the angled undersurface which form a pinch point for gripping soft tissue.

Typically, the soft tissue anchor is inserted into a hole which is drilled at an angle of up to 30.degree. from the perpendicular in the bone. Thus, under ordinary circumstances, when the bone hole is angled, only the spikes on one side of the anchor will tightly engage soft tissue. The downwardly extending spikes on the other side may only lightly engage tissue.

In a second embodiment, the anchor stud does not have an enlarged head but instead is equipped with sutures attached to or embedded in the anchor body that can be used to affix soft tissue to an anchor wedged in a bone hole.

In an alternative embodiment, the anchor stud has an enlarged head tilted at an angle .gamma., approximating the angle to the perpendicular at which a hole is drilled into the bone. Thus, the tilt angle of the head permits downwardly extending spikes located on the underside of the head to engage soft tissue and hold the soft tissue firmly, but without inducing necrosis, between the underside of the head and the bone surface. This tilt-headed anchor stud is also expandable in that it is supplied with a longitudinal bore into which an expanding pin may be inserted to radially outwardly expand expandable legs of the anchor stud.

A longitudinal bore extends along the longitudinal axis of the invention's soft tissue anchors passing through their distal end. At the distal end, the soft tissue anchors have several legs, extending parallel with the longitudinal axis and radially outwardly expandable when an anchor pin is inserted into the longitudinal bores of the anchors. This radial outward spreading of the legs forces the legs against the sides of a bone hole and wedges the anchor studs securely in the hole.

To further assist in wedging the invention's anchor stud in place, the outside surface of the legs are provided with barb-like projections for engaging bone. These bone-engaging barbs counteract forces acting along the longitudinal axis of the anchor to withdraw the anchor from the bone hole. Further, on the upper or proximal portion of the outer surface of the anchor body, there are provided a series of "bending barbs" each placed so that they do not impede insertion of the anchor, and do not damage the bone tissue by broaching away bone that other bending barbs must later engage. These bending barbs resist forces acting at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the anchor body to remove the anchor from the bone. Specifically, these angled forces cause the anchor to bend slightly in the hole thereby forcing the bending barbs to engage bone tissue and thereby preventing the withdrawal of the anchor from the bone hole.

The invention anchor stud and pin for expanding the anchor stud may be made of any biocompatible polymer. Suitable nonbioabsorbable biocompatible polymers include ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and the like. Bioabsorbable polymers are preferred for certain applications and include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers thereof, and the like.

The invention provides surgical soft tissue anchor implantation kits that are easy to use for the implantation of any expandable soft tissue anchors in any surgical operation where it is desired to anchor soft tissue or soft tissue substitute, such as a synthetic ligament, to bone. Further, the invention provide specific types of soft tissue anchors that are bioabsorbable, expandable, and that resist withdrawal forces acting on the anchors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when the following "detailed description of the preferred embodiments" is considered in conjunction with the following drawings which are not to scale and in which significant features have been exaggerated to show detail.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention system for the implantation of an expandable soft tissue anchor.

FIG. 1A is a schematic enlarged view of a distal portion of the inner tube of FIG. 1 showing the anchor pin held in place.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1A taken at B--B.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention soft tissue anchor with the left hand side in the "expanded position" and right hand side in the non-expanded, or "insertion position."

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention soft tissue anchor showing its attachment to the distal end of an outer tube.

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of a cross section taken of FIG. 3 at A--A.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of the invention soft tissue anchor implanted in bone and gripping soft tissue.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the soft tissue anchor stud implanted in bone.

FIG. 6 is a schematic depiction of an anchor stud with a tilted head and legs radially outwardly expandable.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a system for implantation of an expandable soft tissue anchor.

FIG. 7A is a cross-section along B--B of FIG. 7 showing the anchor expanding pin held by the outer tube by friction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment of the invention surgical kit for implantation of a soft tissue anchor may better be understood with reference to FIG. 1. A soft tissue anchor 4 is attached to the distal end 3 of an outer tube 2, which also has a proximal end 1. The outer tube is hollow and has a longitudinal bore 10 extending along the entire length of the outer tube 2. The distal end of the outer tube 3 is releasably or threadingly connected to the upper surface of the head 11 of soft tissue anchor 4. An anchor bore 12, coextensive with and communicating with outer tube bore 10, extends longitudinally through soft tissue anchor 4 from its proximal extremity to its distal extremity. The distal end 13 of anchor stud 4 includes at least two separate legs 22, each outwardly expandable when an anchor pin, sized to fit snugly within the bore of the soft tissue anchor, is positioned within the bore of soft tissue anchor 4.

An inner tube 6, sized to fit within the bore 10 of outer tube 2, is equipped with a releasably held anchor pin 8, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. With reference to FIG. 1A, a segment of inner tube 6 is slit horizontally at four places thereby producing segments 50. These segments are resilient and two opposing segments can be depressed inward towards the longitudinal axis of bore 9 of inner tube 6. Thus, the depressed segments 50 create a pinch point of sufficient clamping action to hold anchor pin 8 in place. When the anchor stud 4, releasably held at the distal end 3 of outer tube 2 has been implanted in the bone hole, then inner tube 6 is inserted into the bore 10 of outer tube 2 and pushrod 30 is inserted into the bore 9 of inner tube 6. Pushrod 30 is then depressed by pushing on leveraging means 31 while holding gripping means 5. This depressing of pushrod 30 releases anchor pin 8 from the pinch point of segments 50 and guides the pin down the bore 9 to the communicating bore in anchor stud 4 into which the anchor pin 8 is then forced by pushrod 30 thereby expanding legs 22 of stud 4 radially outward to hold the stud in place. When the anchor pin 8 has been inserted into the soft tissue anchor, then the outer tube can be released from or threadingly disengaged from the implanted soft tissue anchor. The release of the outer tube 2 from the anchor stud 4 may be achieved by shearing a connection of predetermined strength between the two devices, by unscrewing one from the other, or by other means.

In an alternative embodiment, the surgical implantation kit does not require an inner tube. With reference to FIG. 7, showing this alternative embodiment, a plunger 40 is desirably permanently engaged within an outer tube 2. The outer tube 2 has an anchor stud 4 releasably engaged at its distal end 3. This releasable engagement may be achieved by screw threads cooperating between distal end 3 and the head 8 of anchor stud 4. Alternatively, the anchor stud may be releasably held by friction or may be engineered for attachment with the distal end of the tube with a predesigned weakening at the point of attachment so that the distal end 3 may be separated cleanly from the head 8 upon application of an appropriate amount of force. In this embodiment, plunger 40 has an anchor pin 8 releasably attached to its distal end. As shown, the distal end of the plunger pushes agains