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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to mammography systems and more particularly to ultrasound mammography systems and ultrasonic scanners therefor.
Mammography is a generic term that is used herein to refer to various techniques by which breast imaging may be performed, normally for medical diagnostic purposes. Elsewhere, however, the term "mammography" has been used and continues to be
used in a more limited sense to mean X-ray breast imaging, since X-ray procedures have generally provided the best imaging results to date and, accordingly, have been the most widely used procedures.
While X-ray mammography has been successfully and widely used for breast cancer detection, there are nonetheless disadvantages associated with it. First, the X-ray mammography procedure creates a hazard of radiation exposure which desirably is
to be avoided if alternatives are available.
In addition, the X-ray mammography procedure typically is constrained by an equipment capability limit on the depth to which effective breast imaging can be achieved. As a result, effective breast imaging with X-ray mammography often requires
breast compression procedures that are usually painful.
X-ray mammography has also been limited in its effectiveness for younger female patients. As set forth in an article entitled "Ultrasound Breast Imaging--The Method of Choice for Examining the Young Patient" and published by Patricia Harper et
al. in Ultrasound in Med. & Biol. in 1981 in Great Britain, radiographic imaging has not significantly improved the accuracy of diagnosis of masses present in the dense breasts of young women. Thus, as indicated in this article, breasts of a majority
of patients under 30 years of age have a predominance of glandular tissue and are usually characterized, for purposes of radiographic imaging, as "dense breasts". The term "dense breast", as used in X-ray mammography, refers to a breast which contains a
predominance of dense tissue, such as glandular tissue, and, at the kilovoltages used in mammography, shows poor contrast between the predominant tissue and other breast tissues, either normal or pathological.
X-ray mammography is also somewhat limited from the standpoint of image dimensions. Thus, in the X-ray mammography procedure, a silhouette of a whole three-dimensional breast region is projected on a two-dimensional plate. To obtain an image
along another dimension, another image must be taken from another angle.
Microcalcifications in breast tissue are known to be a possible early precursor to a malignant tumor. Accordingly, it has been determined that, to be diagnostically effective, mammography procedures should have sufficiently high resolution to
detect microcalcifications 100 microns (millionths of a meter) or less in size. X-ray mammography has been widely accepted largely because it has the capability of detecting microcalcifications as small as 50 to 75 microns, whereas other procedures have
lacked such high resolution.
Various other potential mammography procedures have been determined to hold little promise for clinical use as described in a 1990 article entitled "Imaging Techniques Other than Mammography for the Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer" and
published by E. A. Sickles in Recent Results in Cancer Research. Thus, computerized tomography (CT) scanning with the use of dedicated breast scanners and whole body scanners have involved high examination cost, intravenous iodide administration with
radiation doses higher than those used for X-ray mammography, and difficulty of interpretation.
As further indicated in the 1990 article, transillumination procedures are limited by a fundamental problem of light scattering. Magnetic resonance imaging has been indicated as holding some promise as a diagnostic test to complement mammography
and physical examination for already detected lesions. Specifically, magnetic resonance may be useful in distinguishing benign from malignant solid masses with sufficient accuracy so that biopsy of many of the benign lesions can be avoided.
By far, an alternative technology that has held the greatest hope for improved mammography has been the use of sonographic procedures as indicated by much of the literature published over the last ten years or so. An article entitled "Ultrasound
Mammography" and published by Pat Harper, M.D. in University Park Press in Baltimore provides some description of the development of ultrasound breast examination procedures and apparatus from the 1960s through the 1980s. Harper concludes that
currently (at that time) there is an increased willingness to recognize the benefits of ultrasound as an adjunctive technique to X-ray mammography and under certain precisely specified circumstances as a sole examination modality.
In a 1983 article entitled "Breast Cancer Screening for Younger United States Women" and published by Elizabeth Kelly Fry in 1981 in Ultrasonic Examination of the Breast (John Wiley & Sons), it is indicated that ultrasound visualization had been
used in Japan in ongoing investigations for breast cancer screening with instruments similar to those used for examination of symptomatic patients. The Fry article concludes that the primary breast examination technique available to United States
asymptomatic women under the age of 35 is manual palpation, while limited use of X-ray mammography has been recommended for women in the age range of 35-50.
Fry further indicates that X-ray mammography is not an adequate detection technique for women between 35 and 50 who have dense (i.e., nonfatty) breasts, so that some of this age group are dependent on manual palpation. Since palpation does not
generally detect tumors less than 1 cm, it has limited value from the viewpoint of early detection. Efforts should be made to provide a non-ionizing screening technique for examination of adult women below the age of 50, with particular emphasis given
to women under age 35.
Fry recommends that intensive efforts be placed, in the United States, on improving ultrasound instrumentation so that it is capable of detecting minimal cancers in that population of women where such early cancers are most likely to be found,
namely, the younger woman.
In the 1990 Sickles article, the major clinical role for breast ultrasound is to differentiate cysts from solid masses. Further, the greatest usefulness of sonography occurs when cyst-solid differentiation is needed for nonpalpable masses for
which aspiration is impractical (Kopans 1987; Sickles et al. 1984). This circumstance applies when a noncalcified nonspiculated mass is detected by mammography alone. Similarly, in a 1991 article entitled "Breast Sonography" and published by Lawrence
W. Bassett and Carolyn Kimme-Smith in AJR 156, it is concluded that sonographic equipment for breast imaging has continued to improve, and the role of breast sonography has evolved to that of an indispensable adjunct to (X-ray) mammography. Breast
sonography, using the hardware available today, is not useful for screening for breast cancer in any age group. Its main use is for the differentiation of cystic versus solid palpable and X-ray mammographically visible masses.
A 1991 article entitled "Usefulness of Mammography and Sonography in Women Less than 35 Years of Age" and published by L. W. Bassett, M.D., et al. in Radiology presents further discussion of the effectiveness of the use of X-ray mammography and
breast sonography for younger women. It concludes that mammography is apparently less effective in the evaluation of the radiodense breasts of younger women than of the less radiodense breasts of older women.
An article entitled "Automated and Hand-held Breast US: Effect on Patient Management" and published by L. W. Bassett, M.D., et al. in Radiology, it is indicated that automated ultrasound units, designed for examination of the breasts of
symptomatic patients, have been advocated as a potential screening device for breast cancer, with detection rates reportedly approaching those of X-ray mammography. Some investigators, however, have reported significant numbers of cancers detected with
mammography but undetected with automated ultrasound. Recently, it has been emphasized that identification of benign breast lesions with ultrasound in asymptomatic patients should not be considered a useful effect because it often leads to unnecessary
biopsies. However, ultrasound has been shown to be useful as a complement to X-ray mammography in specific clinical situations. Its most widely accepted current role is in the differentiation of cystic from solid masses found by palpation or on X-ray
mammogram. The results of a patient study show that although ultrasound, using currently available hardware, cannot replace X-ray mammography in breast cancer screening, it may play an important role in the evaluation of selected patients.
A more recent 1992 article entitled "Sonographic Demonstration and Evaluation of Microcalcifications in the Breast" and published by W. J. Leucht, M.D. et al in Breast Dis concludes that investigation has shown that sonographic demonstration of
microcalcification correlates (as tissue alterations and as visualized calcium particles) is possible. It is further indicated that routine preoperative mammary sonography is regarded as useful, as it can help determine the correct operative procedure.
Thus, radiographically detected microcalcifications suggestive of malignancy may be backed up by a sonographic microcalcification correlate predictive of malignancy.
The rapidly increasing interest in very high resolution ultrasonic mammography as represented by the above sampling of articles, is a response to the pain and radiation hazard problems from X-ray mammography and a desire to find a more effective
tumor detector. To achieve acoustic resolution comparable to X-ray resolution requires minimizing the image distortion problems arising from the heterogeneity in the breast. Heterogeneity results in variable acoustic path lengths and acoustic path loss
variation. Cost of equipment is also a major factor. An acoustic scanning method must also eliminate body movement effects during scanning. In general, these problem areas may be minimized by using an ultrasound mammography system with a scanner
having the smallest possible physical array with the lowest element spot count.
The acoustic absorption coefficient of breast tissue increases rapidly with frequency. Therefore, sufficient breast penetration requires use of a relatively low frequency and a large transducer array. For example, to achieve 100 .mu.m
resolution at the chest wall 6 inches below the array requires an 8 inch wide real array, operating at 10 mHz. The ray paths from the focus point to different points on this array can travel through different path lengths and tissue types. The
resulting signal amplitude and phase distortion across the scanner array can significantly degrade resolution. A fully populated square scanner array of this size would have 7.1.times.10.sup.6 element spots. Fabrication of such a scanner array and its
associated electronics is presently beyond the state of the art.
The required high element spot count also produces an excessive computation problem in an ultrasound mammography system. A typical breast volume is 8.2.times.10.sup.-4 m.sup.3. An achievable acoustic resolution volume is 2.5.times.10.sup.-12
m.sup.3 which gives a breast volume of 3.28.times.10.sup.8 resolution cells. The scanner array operates deep in the near field so that the processing load is proportional to the product of the array element spot count and the resolution cell count. The
fully populated 8 inch square real scanner array above requires approximately 9.8.times.10.sup.14 real multiplies to image the breast volume. A typical clinic load is 100 breasts per day so that 1.1.times.10.sup.12 real multiplies/second processing rate
would be required. This is several orders of magnitude beyond practical machine capability.
A Mill's Cross array reduces the element spot count by a factor of N/2 where N is the element spot count along one edge of the square array. For the example, the real multiply rate is reduced to 8.3.times.10.sup.9 multiplies per second which is
an achievable value. The maximum real Mill's Cross array dimensions are the same as the filled array, however, so the acoustic path distortion problems remain.
One dimension of the Mill's Cross beam resolution is produced by the projector beam. The depth of field about the focus range for this beam is very small when applied to the ultrasonic mammography problem. This requires the projector to be
refocused for typically 370 depth planes in addition to its typical range of 1270 lateral positions. The time to scan a breast is approximately 35 seconds. On a scale of 100 micron resolution, the breast moves excessively in this time period.
The final problem with the real Mill's Cross array is fabricating its two 8-inch real arrays of approximately 2667 elements each. This is beyond the state of the art.
Implementing the Mill's Cross array by scanning a projector element to form a synthetic array and collecting the data with a real hydrophone array reduces scan time computational load sufficiently. It does not reduce array size sufficiently,
however, nor does it avoid the problem of fabricating the hydrophone array.
The hydrophone array complexity can be reduced by scanning a single hydrophone element to form the hydrophone array synthetically. The hydrophone element is swept the length of its "array" for each transmission of the projector at spots along
its "array" length. This requires approximately 24 seconds to scan a breast, which is excessive.
In a copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/072,806 entitled "Sonar System Employing Synthetic Orthogonal Array" and filed by B. Mitchell and G. Greene, a synthetic Mill's Cross array is implemented with paired elements in a manner which
reduces the typical breast scan time to 1.1 seconds. The beam sidelobes are low enough so contrast is acceptable under some conditions but the scan time is still excessive to avoid image degradation from body movement.
A single element may be scanned in a circle over the image region to form a synthetic circular array used in the spotlight mode. A breast can be scanned in 0.48 seconds which is acceptable. The excessive sidelobe response results in
insufficient contrast.
A single element may also be used to form a square synthetic array. The typical scan time of 0.45 seconds for a breast is acceptable. The high sidelobe problem, which results in low contrast, is more severe than the circular synthetic array.
To be competitive with X-ray screening methods, ultrasonic scanners must provide similar resolution, image contrast, and scanning rate, with acceptable hardware cost. Commercial ultrasonic scanners are not used for screening today because they
achieve sufficient rate and low cost by scanning in one dimension with relatively low resolution transducer line arrays.
Improvements have been made in the prior art by focusing the beam either electronically or mechanically in the unscanned lateral dimension and by using a limited number of beams in parallel in the unscanned dimension. Others have used two
individual fan beams from one dimensional scanners and scanned the beams orthogonally. These methods have proven inadequate for breast screening purposes. The best prior art resolutions range from 400 to 100 microns and the resulting image contrast is
insufficient to see tumors smaller than 5000 microns in diameter. X-ray methods detect 100 micron diameter microcalcifications. A primary impediment to achieving very high three dimensional ultrasonic resolution has been an inability to obtain
sufficient image contrast with acceptable scanning rate and hardware cost.
While interest in ultrasound mammography has been high, the scanner resolution, image contrast, and fabricability problems outlined above have been a major deterrent to development of ultrasound mammography toward becoming a preferable
alternative to X-ray mammography.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The basic invention disclosed in the referenced patent application on which this continuation-in-part application is based, is directed to providing improved breast cancer detection by means of an ultrasound mammography system and an ultrasound
scanner therefor that enable essentially painless, radiation-free breast imaging to be performed reliably with sufficiently high resolution that microcalcifications smaller than 100 microns can be detected.
The invention disclosed herein provides additional features for the ultrasound mammography system of the basic invention, including an integration of heart monitor circuitry, for greater reliability in mammography system operation, and further
improved scanning structure and operation of the system to provide increased image contrast and faster target scanning.
Thus, an ultrasound mammography system comprises a synthetic scanner array having a boundary formed by predetermined sides each having successive position spots with predetermined spacing therebetween.
Means are provided for projecting acoustic signals into a breast volume to be scanned and for receiving reflected signals from the scanned breast volume. The projecting means and the receiving means are disposed at predetermined locations along
the scanner array sides, and means are provided for stepping the projecting means and the receiving means from spot to spot along the array sides to enable a breast volume scan to be performed. The projecting means are energized to transmit an acoustic
signal into the breast volume from each spot to which the projecting means is stepped.
Electric signals generated by the receiving means are processed in response to reflected acoustic signals received at each spot to which the receiving means is stepped thereby to provide image data for the scanned breast volume. Means are
provided for controlling the rate at which the stepping and energizing means are operated so that sufficient return data is generated to enable a breast scan normally to be executed in less time than the time between heartbeats of a patient. The image
data is processed for display.
Means are provided for monitoring a patient's heart to generate an indication for each heartbeat. Means are provided for operating the stepping means, the energizing means, and the rate controlling means so that breast volume is scanned after a
detected heartbeat and prior to the next heartbeat.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the projecting and receiving are arranged and operated to employ a beamwidth that makes the scanned breast volume equal to a sub-volume of the breast. Means are further provided for driving the
scanner array to successive positions where the scanner array is operated as defined to generate successive breast sub-volume scans which are combined to form an image of the whole breast volume.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention and together with the description provide an explanation of the objects, advantages and
principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art Mill's Cross transducer array;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art square boundary array transducer array;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a synthetic, paired-element square, boundary transducer array employed in the system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of a sonar transceiver which incorporates the transducer array in FIG. 3 and a heart monitor to form a complete sonar mammography system;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a transducer element scanner mechanism which uses commercial parts to implement and test the invention;
FIG. 6A shows an electronic line array scanner employed in an embodiment of the invention in which a breast sub-volumes are sequentially scanned to provide a full breast, three-dimensional image;
FIG. 6B and 6C are schematic diagrams illustrating switching operation of the line arrays of FIG. 6A; and
FIG. 6D schematically illustrates the manner in which scanner positioning is achieved.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
In FIG. 1, there is shown a prior art Mill's Cross scanner array 100 which is formed from two transducer line arrays. The Mill's Cross is an array concept that has been employed in sonar technology for many years.
A limited description of the prior art Mill's Cross array 100 is provided herein to facilitate an understanding of the invention.
The prior art scanner array 100 includes orthogonal projector and hydrophone axes 102 and 104. Tiny acoustic projector elements (not indicated) are positioned along the Y-axis 102. Tiny hydrophone receiving elements (not indicated) are
positioned along the X-axis 104.
The projector elements transmit an acoustic beam that is focused on a circle around the Y-axis. The hydrophone elements receive an acoustic reflection beam focused from a circle around the X-axis. A point of maximum resolution in both the XZ
and YZ planes is indicated by the reference character 106.
Acoustic scanning of a volume to locate targets in three dimensions requires a scanner array having at least two dimensions with N elements along each dimension. As compared to a "full" two-dimensional array, the prior art Mill's Cross array 100
reduces the required number of transducer elements to 2N from N.sup.2. As indicated in the Background section hereof, the physical size of a real Mill's Cross array 100 and that of a filled two-dimensional array are the same. Further, the problem of
fabricating the real Mill's Cross array 100 and its electronics for mammography system use is severe, if not impractical.
An improved sonographic system having a new paired element synthetic Mill's Cross array is more fully described in the aforementioned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/072,806.
A prior art real square boundary scanner array 110 is shown in FIG. 2. The boundary array 110 is, in effect, a combination an L-shaped half of each of two juxtaposed Mill's Cross arrays, and can achieve the image resolution of the Mill's Cross
array 100 with half the array size.
As shown, four line arrays 112, 114, 116, and 118 form "boundary" sides for the prior art boundary scanner array 110. The opposite sides 110 and 112 have tiny projector transducer elements (not indicated) and the opposite sides 114 and 116 have
tiny hydrophone transducer elements (not indicated).
In the prior art real square boundary array, hydrophone and projector element count is the same as that of a real Mill's Cross with the same resolution. The projector is two dimensional however. In ultrasonic mammography applications where the
high range resolution requires time delay projector focusing in two dimensions, the scan time is nearly the square of the real Mill's Cross scan time discussed in the Background Section above. The real square boundary array, with its large arrays of
tiny closely packed elements and long scan time, is impractical for mammography.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the arrangement of hydrophone and projector line arrays of a boundary array are implemented synthetically in a manner which minimizes complexity and scan time. Generally, the present
invention provides an improved ultrasound mammography system that employs a synthetic array and boundary array concepts to achieve whole breast scanning with a significant reduction in scanner array size and transducer element count.
An example of the present preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings and will now be described in detail.
A scanner array 130 arranged in accordance with the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3. A synthetic array structure reduces the array hardware complexity and resolves projector depth of field problems and has the overall dimensions of the
boundary array. The physical element count is low which permits using a wide range of established element fabrication techniques. To obtain high contrast and high resolution images reliably, an imaged volume must remain motionless during the period it
is being scanned. In the specific mammographic case, the scan time must be less than the time between heartbeats, i.e., less than approximately 0.8 seconds. As subsequently described more fully herein, the invention employs heart monitoring to enable
synchronized scanning that reliably results in high-resolution breast images.
Synthetic array methods have generally imitated airborne synthetic radar array technology. Of these "traditional" methods, the straight line, circular boundary, and square boundary are the most common. As noted in the Background Section above,
the circle and square configurations have acceptable scan time but unacceptable sidelobe levels when scanning breasts. The scan time of 1.1 seconds for the synthetic paired element Mill's Cross (copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/072,806)
is also excessive. With the incorporation of synthetic array methodology in the invention, the increased resolution results in a smaller array with acceptable scan time for mammography.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, four transducer elements, H1, P1, H2, and P2, are mechanically scanned along coplanar straight lines as shown in FIG. 3, to form a four-sided and preferably a square scanner array 130.
Elements P1 and P2 are projectors and elements H1 and H2 are hydrophones. The array dimensions are L.times.L.
A rectangular boundary array (not shown) can also be formed if the beam resolution is different along the x axis relative to the y axis and if the number of element spots along the two axes are the same.
To form the synthetic boundary array 130, each projector or hydrophone element is placed on one of the boundary sides for stepped movement from spot to spot there along. The respective elements start at the respective corners of the square array
130. At the starting corner spot, P1 projector first transmits an acoustic pulse signal and backscatter acoustic data is collected by both hydrophones H1 and H2 and stored. Projector P2 then transmits an acoustic pulse signal and its backscatter data
is collected by the projector H1 and H2 and stored.
After collection of the backscatter data, the projector elements are advanced along their lines to their next positions. These element spot positions are normally uniformly spaced but the spacing may be variable and the sequence of positions
does not have to move the projectors uniformly from one end to the other of their respective lines. They must eventually scan the full line length however.
The hydrophones, H1 and H2 are repositioned along their lines when the projectors are repositioned. Their sequence of positions may be equally spaced or random and they may travel in the same direction from one end of the their lines to the
other or they move randomly about. They must eventually scan their full line lengths however and each hydrophone element spot must be paired with a specific projector element spot.
The two basic methods of scanning--uniform or random--result in different characteristics in the array beam pattern. The method of processing the collected data also changes the beam pattern shape. The scanning and processing method is selected
to match the application.
Maximum resolution is obtained by processing the data under programmed computer control as follows. The recorded data sample collected at the time required for the projected pulse to travel from P1 to the focus point and back to H1 is retrieved
for each P1/H1 position pair. These samples are summed in complex form. This is repeated for the P1/H2, P2/H1, and P2/H2 combinations. The result is four complex numbers. The P1/H1 and P2/H2 numbers are added as are the P1/H2 and P2/H1 numbers. The
magnitudes of the two resulting numbers are multiplied. The result is the beam response described by EQUATION (1). The logic needed to provide this data processing is embodied in a suitable programmed procedure that is executed by a block 37. ##EQU1##
This beam pattern function has approximately four times the resolution of the synthetic Mill's Cross. Since it is produced by the multiplication of two subarray outputs which have fan beam responses, it is not applicable in a strong reverberant
volume such as a human breast because of loss in contrast. It may be used where reverberation is limited to an adjacent surface or a limited number of scatterers in the volume.
For the mammogram application, the pseudorandomized scanning method causes the subarray response to drop rapidly with increasing distance from the focal point. EQUATION (1) correctly predicts beam resolution and the sidelobes are low enough to
achieve good contrast. A beam resolution of 100 microns can be achieved at six inch range with a three-inch square array operating at 10 mHz. The scan time, with overhead for randomizing the scan, is approximately 0.5 seconds. This is well under the
limit imposed by heartbeats moving the body.
The second method of processing the data is to add the four complex numbers resulting from the four combinations from pairing P1, P2, H1, and H2. The resolution is half that achieved by multiplying the subarray outputs. With uniform element
scanning, the highest sidelobes are down only six dB over extended distances. Using the pseudorandom scan method reduces the sidelobe to an acceptable level for mammography.
A mammography system 10 shown in FIG. 4 includes the synthetic boundary array scanner 100 and other system elements to produce three-dimensional breast images from the scanner data in accordance with the above-described data processing procedures
of the invention. The mammography system 10 is operated with the patient in a supine position.
A timing and control block 11 is employed in the mammography system 10 to generate command signals for the system circuitry. A precision clock 12 preferably operating with an accuracy of one part in 10.sup.7 parts provides an absolute time base
during the time period of an array scan. A drift of less than 6 degrees over the span of a ping can be achieved if the clock 12 is embodied as a stable quartz crystal oscillator.
A heartbeat monitor or detector 13 is employed to indicate when breast motion, induced by a heartbeat, has subsided sufficiently for the breast to be scanned. The detector 13 utilizes any of several standard sensor methods such as electrical,
acoustic, or acceleration to determine when a heartbeat occurs. After a short delay to insure that breast motion has subsided sufficiently, the detector 13 sends a signal to the sonar timing and control 11 to provide a basis for synchronizing breast
scanning with the beating operation of the heart. The delay duration depends on the method used for detection and may typically be 0.1 to 0.2 seconds.
Respective translator motors 14 are provided for the transducer elements of the boundary scanner array 100, i.e., a separate motor 14 is provided for each transducer P1, P2, H1, and H2. Motor drive electronics 16 controls the energization of the
motors 14 in response to command signals from the timing and control block 11.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a test system 140 for an element scanner mechanism 141 used to test the present invention. The test system is controlled from a desktop computer 142 and uses commercially available components as indicated
in FIG. 5. The mechanism required to move one element 143 is shown. Upon command from the system timing and control function, the computer 142 issues a position command to a servo system 144 which drives the element 143 to the correct position with a
precision lead screw 146. The pattern of positions for the illustrated element 141 and the other three elements (not shown) is precomputed and stored in the computer 142. This test system has been used to collect data from targets and process the data
into images.
Respective power amplifiers 18 and 20 in FIG. 4 are connected to the projectors P1 and P2 to generate acoustic signals (pings) at the selected spot locations on the array sides. After each breast scan, the timing and control 11 sets up the
system for the next scan, and, in doing so, waits for the next heartbeat detector signal to indicate that the breast is stable. Upon receipt of the stable heart signal, control 11 monitors the sonar signal to be transmitted and at a predetermined time
point, such as the next positive going zero crossing, the control 11 gates out a predetermined number of sonar signal cycles which form the sonar pulse to be transmitted. Maximum delay in transmission after receipt of the heartbeat detector signal is
probably about 0.2 microseconds. All precision system timing is referenced to the start of the transmitter pulse, so small delays between receipt of the heartbeat detector signal and start of the transmit pulse are substantially inconsequential.
The timing and control block 11 applies command signals to respective gates 22 and 24 which, in turn, trigger the power amplifiers 18 and 20 to energize the projectors P1 and P2 and generate the pings from each spot location. Hydrophones H1 and
H2 collect the acoustic signal backscatter from the P1 and P2 transmissions.
Preamplifiers 26 and 28 amplify and bandpass filter the two hydrophone output signals which are then converted to digital form by respective analog to digital converters 30 and 32. The digital signals are stored in a high speed buffer memory 34
until the scanning process is over. The form of the stored signal samples may be either complex or real. The complex form is preferred to simplify subsequent computations.
The signals are converted to complex form prior to computations made to form focused beams. This can be done with analog circuitry in the preamplifiers 26 and 28, by taking sequential samples 90 degrees apart in the converters 30 and 32, as
preferred herein, by using coaxial cable delay lines or by subsequent digital filtering.
In a scan operation, the gate 22 is first turned on by the timing and control 11 to direct a transmit pulse through the power amplifier 18 to the projector P1. Since timing precision has been established by using the same precision clock to
generate the transmit pulse and to control subsequent signal sampling in the receiver, the control of the gate 22 need not be precise. The gate 22 is turned on long enough to pass the transmit pulse in its entirety. The electrical pulse from power
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