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Description  |
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TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to the field of remotely monitoring locations of
individuals, such as prisoners under house arrest, and, more specifically,
to a wireless device for automatically locating house arrest prisoners and
other subjects over a wide area and responding to perimeter violations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As America's court system sentences offenders to longer prison terms,
America's prison system must deal with overcrowded prisons. Likewise,
there is a growing problem of non-violent offenders who are increasingly
at risk sharing prisons with violent offenders. Non-prison detentions are
being explored as an alternative to incarceration of these non-violent
offenders, thus adressing both problems. One such alternative is house
arrest.
One measure of the success of house arrest is by the success of the
surveillance equipment. In general, house arrest equipment provides a
monitor which is secured to the offender. Such monitors may include a
radio transmitter which generates radio signals at a predetermined
frequency. These signals are then picked up by a local receiver, which is
generally connected to a wire-based telephone at the offender's home. The
range of these systems is limited to a few hunted yards. Other monitors
require that the offender call in to a predetermined location periodically
to play a signal across the telephone line. By comparing the caller B of
the calling telephone and the signal from the device, the officer in
charge of the offender may then determine the offender's location.
The weak links in these systems is that each telephone-based system is
limited to a single subject, and both systems are limited in coverage area
and/or require a person to monitor the offenders and watch for violations.
In addition, the telephone system may be fooled by privacy systems that
block the sending of the calling line identification. As a result, many of
these systems have failed to stop offenders from violating their assigned
areas or times for reporting in, because the monitoring officer was not
available, too overworked, or not vigilant.
Therefore, a problem in the art is that house arrest monitors cannot
automatically monitor a number of prisoners and automatically contact law
enforcement officials when a boundary has been violated by a subject.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This problem is solved and a technical advance is achieved in the art by
locator device for monitoring the location of a plurality of subjects over
a wide area. A database system connected to a wireless system causes a
polling message to be sent periodically to each of the subject's locator
devices within the range of the wireless system. Each locator device
includes a wireless transceiver to receive the polling message and, in
response, queries a positioning system for the location of the subject.
The location is then sent back through the wireless system to the database
system. Alternatively, the transceiver may send out a signal which may be
triangulated by the wireless system to determine the location of the
locator device. The database system determines from a record on that
particular subject where that subject is supposed to be at that time and
compares this to the subject's actual location. Advantageously, this
determination could be a determination of inclusion, wherein the subject
is supposed to be within particular bounds, or exclusion, to determine
whether the subject has stayed out of a particular area, or some
combination thereof. If the subject being monitored is not in an approved
area, then the database may automatically contact law enforcement
officials. Alternatively, the database may signal the location device to
cause some action, such as an audio or visual alarm.
A locator device worn by a subject under house arrest comprises, according
to this invention, a position detection system and a communication system,
both of which are connected by a bus to a central processing unit. The
communication system is primarily configured for data communication, but,
advantageously, may be configured for both data and voice communication.
The communication system receives a polling message from a wireless system
and delivers the message to the central processing unit. In response, the
central processing unit causes the position detection system to determine
the subject's current location. The location information is then put into
a message format and delivered to a data interface of the communication
system, which transmits the location information of the subject to the
wireless system. Advantageously, a tamper detection device is included in
the locator device, in order to inform the central processing unit if the
device has been tampered with, which information is then transmitted to
the wireless system.
A method according to this invention, performed at a database system,
includes the steps of, for each subject in the database, retrieving the
subject's database record. A data call is then placed to the subject's
location device. If there is no response from the subject, the
authorities, such as local police, are alerted. If a response is received
from the subject's reported location device, the subject's location is
compared to the subject's approved location as determined from the
database. Advantageously, the approved locations may change according to
the time of day. If the subject is not in an appropriate location, then
the authorities are alerted.
In order to alert the authorities, advantageously a search can be made for
authorities (such as police, parole or probation officer) in the
approximate location of the offender. To this end, each police unit may
also carry a locator device according to the apparatus aspects of this
invention. The police unit closest to the offender, or the offender's last
known position, may then be alerted.
Furthermore, if the subject is a stalker, the stalker's victim can also
carry a locator device. The victim's locator device's number is retrieved
from the database and a data call made to the victim. The victim's
location is determined and then a comparison made between the victim's
location and the stalker's location. If the stalker's location is proximal
to the victim's, then an alert may be sent to the victim, which may be
advantageously via an optional voice link.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete understanding of the invention may be obtained from a
consideration of the following description in conjunction with the
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication system in which an
exemplary embodiment of this invention may operate;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a locator device according to an exemplary
embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 3 is an exemplary database record for storing information regarding
prisoners according to an exemplary embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the operation of an exemplary embodiment of a
method according to this invention; and
FIG. 5 is a further flow chart of an exemplary operation according to the
method of this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless communication system 10 in which a locator
device and method for using it according to this invention may operate.
For purposes of describing this invention, the terms "subject,"
"prisioner" and "house arrest prisoner" are used to indicate a person
being monitored. This device may also be used by a parolee, probation, or
any other person that requires determination of location. Wireless
communication system 10 comprises a plurality of defined geographical
areas or cells 12 in which wireless calls may originate or terminate. Each
cell 12 is connected to a mobile telephone switching office 14 by way of
cell sites 1-5 (in the illustrated embodiment).
Wireless communication devices communicate with the cell sites by radio
signals, wherein the cell sites process the radio signals and switch the
call through the mobile telephone switching office 14, as is known in the
art. Mobile telephone switching office 14 may further be connected to the
public switched telephone network 15 for connection to land line
telephones and to other mobile telephone switching offices. Wireless
communications system 10 is merely illustrative for purposes of describing
an exemplary embodiment of this invention. Any system that has a
capability of sending and receiving data packets or messages may be
employed without departing from the scope of this invention. For example,
a two-way network that delivers data, as is currently known in the art,
may be used to implement the invention.
Mobile telephone switching office 14 is connected to a database system 16
according to the exemplary embodiment of this invention. Database system
16 comprises a processor 18 and storage media 20. In an exemplary
embodiment of this invention, for each subject, database processor 18
retrieves a record for that subject, and causes a polling message to be
sent through mobile telephone switching office 14 via all cell sites (1
through 5) to a locator device 22 associated with subject 24. The polling
message may be a standard wireless telephone message which determines
whether a specific wireless communication device is present in an area.
For purposes of describing the exemplary embodiment, one of the radio
channels in wireless communications system 10 is dedicated to this system,
so that the many subjects may be served rapidly. A dedicated radio channel
also makes the communications portion of the locator device simpler and
smaller.
In this exemplary embodiment of this invention, as will be described
further below in connection with FIG. 2, locator device 22 (FIG. 1)
determines its spatial coordinates from a global positioning system and
responds to the polling message with a response message which includes
such spatial coordinates. Mobile telephone switching office 14 receives
the message from the receiving cell site (in this case, cell site 1) and
forwards the message back to database processor 18. Database processor 18
then retrieves location information from a database record (which will be
described further below in connection with FIG. 3), and compares the
location coordinates sent from the locator device with approved
coordinates stored in the database record. Advantageously, these records
may include multiple locations, depending upon the time of day.
Alternatively, locator device 22 may broadcast a radio signal for a
predetermined period of time at a predetermined frequency responsive to
the polling message. This signal may be received, for example, by cell
sites 1, 2, and 3. The signal strength (or other parameters) may then be
measured by cell sites 1, 2, and 3, and this data delivered through mobile
telephone switching office 14 to database system 16. Processor 18 may then
determine the location of subject 24 through triangulation of the radio
signals. This alternative is desirable in areas where global positioning
systems may not function efficiently.
If subject 24 is not in an approved location, then database processor 18
polls known law enforcement locator devices, located in, for example,
patrol car 26, to determine which law enforcement unit is closest to
subject 24's location. A data (or optional voice) call is set up to the
law enforcement agent associated with patrol car 26 and the agent is
informed of the subject's location and of the fact that the subject 24 is
in violation of his or her boundaries.
Further information may be kept on subject 24. For example, if subject 24
has been judged to be a stalker and has an area of exclusion around his
victim 28, the victim may also be equipped with a locator device 22. After
the location of stalker 24 is determined at database 16, a further data
communication call can be set up from database processor 18 through mobile
telephone switching office 14 to determine the location of victim 28.
Locator device 22 associated with victim 28 responds to the polling
message with its coordinates through a cell site, in this example cell
site 3. Mobile telephone switching office 14 receives the coordinates from
cell site 3 and sends them to database processor 18.
A comparison may then be made between the position of the stalker 24 and
victim 28 to determine if stalker 24 is closer than permitted. If so, a
law enforcement agent may be located and informed, as above. Additionally,
the victim may be alerted by database processor 18 establishing a data
and/or voice connection through mobile telephone switching office 14 and
cell site 3 to locator device 22 and informing victim 28 with an
audible/visual or other signal that stalker 24 is nearby. In this manner,
a house arrest prisoner, such as 24, may be actively monitored and law
enforcement agents, such as 26, may be informed immediately of a violation
so that meaningful house arrest boundaries may be established.
Additionally, stalkers and their potential victims can be monitored for
proximity and action taken whenever the stalker moves within a
predetermined distance of the intended victim.
Turning now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of an exemplary locator device 22 is
shown. According to an exemplary embodiment of this invention, locator
device 22 comprises a positioning system 202, a communication system 204,
and a central processing unit 206. Positioning system 202 and
communication system 204 are connected to antenna 208, as is known in the
art to be required for operation. Positioning system 202, communication
system 204 and central processing unit 206 are connected via an interface
bus 210, as generally known in the art.
Positioning system 202 comprises a commercially a global positioning system
card, as is known in the art, and available from Rockwell, Inc. These
systems generally determine latitude, longitude, and altitude coordinates
by triangulating a plurality of satellite signals. Most systems use three
to four satellite signals to determine its coordinates. For civilian use,
these coordinates are accurate to within approximately 200 meters but may
be as accurate as 30 meters. Global positioning systems are generally
described in Car and Driver Magazine, May, 1994, pages 105-114. Other
alternatives for positioning system 202 internal to locator device 22
include a system that receives radio signals from known fixed locations
and can triangulate such signals. Such signals may be from the wireless
cell sites, or may be an independent system. Further, in systems where
triangulation is performed external to locator device 22, positioning
system 202 is not necessary.
Communication system 204 generally comprises, in this exemplary embodiment,
a wireless communication device having a data interface 212 and a
communication interface 214. These systems may be a personal
communications system or cellular communications system. Data interface
212 comprises a modem, as is known in the art, which can receive data
from, for example, central processing unit 206, and convert such data to a
form appropriate for transmission. Communication interface 214 comprises a
wireless air interface which performs call processing protocol including
responding to polling messages, as is known in the art, and provides
communication between the communication system 204 and cell sites 1-5.
Optionally, an audio interface 216 for using communication system 204 as a
standard personal communication device (wireless and/or cellular
telephone) may be included. This can be useful, for example, a victim
calling law enforcement agencies and for verbal or audible warnings from
database processor 18. Additionally, communication interface 216 can be
used for law enforcement agents to communicate with potential victims
and/or prisoners. Central processing unit 206 comprises a microprocessor,
as is known in the art, and is connected to memory 218, which is used to
store operational programs. Communications system 204 may alternatively be
a transceiver usable in any data packet or data transfer network, as
mentioned above. Such communications system 204 may comprise, in this
alternative embodiment, a packet-based two-way radio communications
system. In this alternative embodiment, no voice option is possible, but
all other functionality is available.
Optionally, locator device 22 may also include a tampering or removal
detection circuit 220, such as those described in Dickerson, U.S. Pat. No.
4,812,823. Tampering detection circuit 220 is also attached through bus
210 to central processing unit 206, so that central processor 206 may send
a message through personal communication system 204 to alert database
system 16 of tampering with locator device 22. Alternatively, a radio
frequency may be dedicated for emergency signals. In this case, when
tampering is detected, then central processor 206 causes communications
system 204 to send an alert on the dedicated emergency frequency. The
emergency frequency is monitored continually, and the authorities are
notified when a signal is received. Advantageously, each emergency signal
may be coded to include the locator device's identification, which can
trigger a request for location, as will be described below in connection
with FIG. 4, reference numeral 408-420.
Locator device 22 may further include alarm circuit 222 connected to bus
210. Alarm circuit 222 may provide visual or audible alarms under control
of central processing unit 206. Alarms may be given, for example, to alert
the subject of a perimeter violation or loss of radio contact. Further
alarms can alert a victim of the approach of a stalker. Further alarms can
be given for system malfunction or low battery, so that the subject can
take corrective action. Locator device 22 is powered by rechargeable
batteries 222, as known in the art of personal communication systems.
Turning now to FIG. 3, a typical database record is shown. Database system
16 has one record per locator device to identify the prisoner associated
with the locator device. To this end, each database record has a type
field, which indicates whether a locator device is associated with a
prisoner, a stalker, a victim, police, or other person (e.g., parolee,
probationer, etc.). An ID num field identifies the identification number
of the locator device, which may be the telephone number, or other number
used to establish communications. The next field identifies the last known
or reported location of the locator device for this prisoner per the
coordinates delivered the last time this locator device was polled.
The next field includes a plurality of records, each one of which contains
perimeter coordinates and time of day when this particular record is
active. There may be one or multiple records depending on the situation.
The next field indicates if this particular type of record is a stalker,
and lists the victim's locator device ID number. The final field indicates
the frequency of polling to indicate how frequently this particular
individual must be watched. Other fields as may become necessary or
obvious to one skilled in the art, may be added to this database record.
The illustrated fields are just for purposes of describing the interaction
of the database system with the locator, as will be shown in the following
flowcharts.
Turning now to FIG. 4, a flow chart of the operation or a database system
16 (FIG. 1) is shown. Processing starts at circle 400 and moves to action
box 402, where the first subject in the subject list is identified. The
subject list is constructed from the database records present at a given
time. Each subject is polled at a frequency determined by the frequency
given in the database. The subject list is, therefore, a function of the
number of subjects being monitored, the frequency of monitoring for each
subject, and the time required for one instance of monitoring. The list
may be rebuilt each time a record is added, deleted or changed, or may be
rebuilt periodically to ensure that the subject list does not become
corrupt and drop records. Processing continues to action box 404 where the
time is noted from a database clock. In action box 406, the database
record (FIG. 3) for the current subject is retrieved. In action box 408 a
counter is initialized and processing proceeds to decision diamond 410
where a determination is made whether counter equal zero. If the counter
equals zero, then the database system has not been able to contact the
subject's locator device and, in response, the police and potential victim
are alerted according to subroutine 500 (FIG. 5), which will be described
below.
If, in decision diamond 410, the counter is not equal to zero, then the
counter is decremented in action box 412 and, in action box 414, a data
call is placed to the subject's locator device. In decision diamond 416, a
determination is made whether a response has been received. If a response
has not been received, then processing proceeds back to decision diamond
410.
If a response has been received in decision diamond 416, then processing
proceeds to action box 418 where the database system retrieves the
subject's location from the message response from the subject's locator
device. Processing proceeds to decision diamond 420 (FIG. 4b), where a
determination is made if the subject is in an approved location. This may
be done by determining if the location coordinates of the subject are
within a polygon defined by the subject's record from the database. Such
algorithms are described in F. P. Preparata, Computation and Geometry,
Springer-Verlog, 1985.
If the subject is not in an approved location, then processing moves to
subroutine 500, FIG. 5, where the police and any potential victim is
alerted. If the subject is within the approved location, then processing
continues to action box 422 where, if necessary, a timer is set to wait
for the next subject entry. Processing continues to decision diamond 424
where a determination is made if the end of the subject list has been
reached. If it has, then processing continues back to action box 402 where
the subject list starts again. If it is not, then processing continues to
action box 426 where the next subject is selected.
Turning now to FIG. 5, a flow chart of alerting police and the victim is
shown. Processing enters at 500 from two different points in flow chart,
FIG. 4. Processing starts at action box 502 where a search is made for
police units in the area of the subject. This may comprise polling all
police units identified in the database or reviewing the database for
records identified as police (FIG. 3), and examining last location
information.
Processing proceeds to action box 504 where a call is placed to the police
unit informing the police of the last beat on of the stalker. The police
may advantageously use their global positioning system to determine the
shortest route to the offender, or other action may be taken.
Processing proceeds to decision diamond 506 where a determination is made
whether an offender is a stalker. If the offender is not a stalker, then
processing continues to return box 518. If the offender is a stalker, then
processing continues to action box 508 where the locator number is
retrieved from the database. A data call is then placed to the victim in
action box 510 to retrieve the location information. Alternatively, the
location stored in the victim's database record may be used, because the
victim will also be periodically polled. In response to receipt of the
message back from the victim's locator system, the victim's location is
obtained, and, in decision diamond 514, a determination is made if the
stalker's location is close to the victim. If the stalker is not close to
the victim, then processing proceeds to the return 518. If the stalker is
close to the victim, then processing proceeds to action box 516 where the
victim is alerted. This may comprise placing a voice call to the victim
over the locator system, playing an alert, or taking other action.
Processing continues to return 518.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are merely
illustrative principles of the invention, and that many variations may be
devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of
the invention. It is, therefore, intended that such variations be included
within the scope of the claims.
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